SIST EN ISO 8655-2:2022
(Main)Piston-operated volumetric apparatus - Part 2: Pipettes (ISO 8655-2:2022)
Piston-operated volumetric apparatus - Part 2: Pipettes (ISO 8655-2:2022)
This document specifies
— metrological requirements,
— maximum permissible errors,
— requirements for marking and
— information to be provided for users,
for air-displacement (type A) and positive displacement (type D) single-channel and multi-channel pipettes, complete with their selected tip(s) and any other essential, consumable parts, designed to deliver the selected volume (Ex).
Volumenmessgeräte mit Hubkolben - Teil 2: Pipetten (ISO 8655-2:2022)
Dieses Dokument trifft Festlegungen hinsichtlich
— metrologischer Anforderungen,
— Fehlergrenzen,
— Anforderungen an die Kennzeichnung, und
— Benutzerinformation
von Pipetten mit Luftpolster (Form A) und von Direktverdrängerpipetten (Form D); es gilt für Einkanal- und Mehrkanalpipetten, die dazu konzipiert sind, vollständig mit ihren ausgewählten Pipettenspitzen und anderen wichtigen Verbrauchsmaterialien, das gewählte Volumen abzugeben (Ex).
Appareils volumétriques à piston - Partie 2: Pipettes (ISO 8655-2:2022)
Le présent document spécifie:
— les exigences métrologiques;
— les erreurs maximales tolérées;
— les exigences relatives au marquage; et
— les informations à fournir aux utilisateurs;
pour les pipettes monocanal et multicanaux à déplacement d’air (type A) et à déplacement positif (type D), équipées de leur(s) cône(s) sélectionné(s) et de toutes les autres parties essentielles à usage unique, conçues pour distribuer le volume sélectionné (Ex).
Volumetrične naprave, delujoče na bat - 2. del: Pipete (ISO 8655-2:2022)
Ta dokument določa: – meroslovne zahteve; – največje dopustne pogreške; – zahteve za označevanje; in – informacije, predvidene za uporabnike, za enokanalne in večkanalne pipete z izpodrivom zraka (tip A) ter s prisilnim pretokom (tip D), opremljene z izbranimi konicami in drugimi bistvenimi, potrošnimi deli, ki so namenjeni dovajanju izbranega odmerka (Ex).
General Information
Relations
Overview
EN ISO 8655-2:2022 - Piston-operated volumetric apparatus, Part 2: Pipettes - is the CEN-endorsed European adoption of ISO 8655-2:2022. This standard defines the metrological framework and user information requirements for piston-driven pipettes used in laboratory settings. It covers both air-displacement (type A) and positive-displacement (type D) pipettes, including single‑channel and multi‑channel instruments, supplied complete with selected tip(s) and any essential consumable parts intended to deliver the selected volume (Ex).
Key topics and technical requirements
- Metrological requirements: Criteria for accuracy, precision and performance testing of pipettes (fixed- and variable-volume types).
- Maximum permissible errors: Defines maximum permissible systematic and random errors for pipettes and associated pipette tips.
- Marking and user information: Requirements for markings on the instrument and documentation to be supplied to users (performance data, intended use, adjustment instructions).
- Tip and accessory requirements: Specifications for air-displacement and positive-displacement pipette tips and related consumables.
- Design and operation: Definitions of pipette types, principles of operation (forward pipetting), adjustment procedures and considerations such as hand‑warmth transfer.
- Testing guidance and annexes: Informative Annex A (sources of error for air-displacement pipettes) and Annex B (electronic/motorised pipettes and methods for multi-dispensing testing). The 2022 edition revises tables of permissible errors and tightens tip performance requirements compared with the 2002 edition.
Practical applications and users
This standard is essential for:
- Manufacturers - to set design criteria, quality control and to prepare manufacturer’s performance declarations.
- Calibration laboratories and test houses - as a reference for independent calibration, verification and routine testing (gravimetric, photometric or alternative procedures by reference to ISO 8655-6, -7, -8).
- Laboratory managers and end users - to select appropriate pipettes, tips and to interpret marking and performance information for reliable liquid handling.
- Regulatory and QA personnel - to ensure compliance in regulated environments (clinical, pharmaceutical, research).
Related standards
- ISO 8655-1 (terminology, general requirements)
- ISO 8655-6, -7, -8 (reference measurement procedures)
- ISO 3696 (water for analytical laboratory use)
EN ISO 8655-2:2022 is the authoritative reference for pipette metrology and user information, improving consistency in calibration, product selection and routine laboratory practice for accurate volumetric liquid handling.
Frequently Asked Questions
SIST EN ISO 8655-2:2022 is a standard published by the Slovenian Institute for Standardization (SIST). Its full title is "Piston-operated volumetric apparatus - Part 2: Pipettes (ISO 8655-2:2022)". This standard covers: This document specifies — metrological requirements, — maximum permissible errors, — requirements for marking and — information to be provided for users, for air-displacement (type A) and positive displacement (type D) single-channel and multi-channel pipettes, complete with their selected tip(s) and any other essential, consumable parts, designed to deliver the selected volume (Ex).
This document specifies — metrological requirements, — maximum permissible errors, — requirements for marking and — information to be provided for users, for air-displacement (type A) and positive displacement (type D) single-channel and multi-channel pipettes, complete with their selected tip(s) and any other essential, consumable parts, designed to deliver the selected volume (Ex).
SIST EN ISO 8655-2:2022 is classified under the following ICS (International Classification for Standards) categories: 17.060 - Measurement of volume, mass, density, viscosity; 71.040.20 - Laboratory ware and related apparatus. The ICS classification helps identify the subject area and facilitates finding related standards.
SIST EN ISO 8655-2:2022 has the following relationships with other standards: It is inter standard links to SIST EN ISO 8655-2:2002, SIST EN ISO 8655-2:2002/AC:2009, SIST EN ISO 8655-2:2002/AC:2009, SIST EN ISO 8655-2:2002. Understanding these relationships helps ensure you are using the most current and applicable version of the standard.
You can purchase SIST EN ISO 8655-2:2022 directly from iTeh Standards. The document is available in PDF format and is delivered instantly after payment. Add the standard to your cart and complete the secure checkout process. iTeh Standards is an authorized distributor of SIST standards.
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-julij-2022
Nadomešča:
SIST EN ISO 8655-2:2002
SIST EN ISO 8655-2:2002/AC:2009
Volumetrične naprave, delujoče na bat - 2. del: Pipete (ISO 8655-2:2022)
Piston-operated volumetric apparatus - Part 2: Pipettes (ISO 8655-2:2022)
Volumenmessgeräte mit Hubkolben - Teil 2: Pipetten (ISO 8655-2:2022)
Appareils volumétriques à piston - Partie 2: Pipettes (ISO 8655-2:2022)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO 8655-2:2022
ICS:
17.060 Merjenje prostornine, mase, Measurement of volume,
gostote, viskoznosti mass, density, viscosity
71.040.20 Laboratorijska posoda in Laboratory ware and related
aparati apparatus
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
EN ISO 8655-2
EUROPEAN STANDARD
NORME EUROPÉENNE
May 2022
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 17.060 Supersedes EN ISO 8655-2:2002, EN ISO 8655-
2:2002/AC:2009
English Version
Piston-operated volumetric apparatus - Part 2: Pipettes
(ISO 8655-2:2022)
Appareils volumétriques à piston - Partie 2: Pipettes Volumenmessgeräte mit Hubkolben - Teil 2: Pipetten
(ISO 8655-2:2022) (ISO 8655-2:2022)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 13 February 2022.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and
United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2022 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 8655-2:2022 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
Contents Page
European foreword . 3
European foreword
This document (EN ISO 8655-2:2022) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 48
"Laboratory equipment" in collaboration with Technical Committee CEN/TC 332 “Laboratory
equipment” the secretariat of which is held by DIN.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by November 2022, and conflicting national standards
shall be withdrawn at the latest by November 2022.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document supersedes EN ISO 8655-2:2002.
Any feedback and questions on this document should be directed to the users’ national standards
body/national committee. A complete listing of these bodies can be found on the CEN website.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland,
Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of
North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the
United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO 8655-2:2022 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO 8655-2:2022 without any
modification.
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 8655-2
Second edition
2022-04
Piston-operated volumetric
apparatus —
Part 2:
Pipettes
Appareils volumétriques à piston —
Partie 2: Pipettes
Reference number
ISO 8655-2:2022(E)
ISO 8655-2:2022(E)
© ISO 2022
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii
ISO 8655-2:2022(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Principle of operation . 2
5 Adjustment .2
5.1 Basis of adjustment . 2
5.2 Initial adjustment . 2
5.3 Subsequent adjustment . 2
5.4 Adjustment for other liquid properties . 2
6 Design . 3
6.1 Types of pipette . 3
6.2 Transfer of hand warmth . 3
7 Pipette tips . 4
7.1 General . 4
7.2 Air-displacement pipette tips . 4
7.3 Positive-displacement pipette tips . 4
8 Type, designation . 5
9 Metrological performance requirements . 5
9.1 General . 5
9.2 Fixed-volume pipettes of types A and D1 . 5
9.3 Fixed-volume pipettes of type D2 . 5
9.4 Variable-volume pipettes of types A, D1 and D2 . 6
9.5 Multi-channel pipettes . 6
9.6 Calculation of maximum permissible errors for volumes not listed in Tables 1, 2
and 3 . 6
9.7 Pipette tips . 9
10 User information . 9
10.1 Pipettes . 9
10.2 Pipette tips and accessories. 10
11 Marking . .10
11.1 Pipettes . 10
11.2 Pipette tips . 10
Annex A (informative) Possible sources of error for air displacement pipettes .11
Annex B (informative) Electronic motorised air displacement pipettes and method
for testing in multi-dispensing mode .13
Bibliography .15
iii
ISO 8655-2:2022(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to
the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see
www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 48, Laboratory equipment, in collaboration
with the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) Technical Committee CEN/TC 332, Laboratory
equipment, in accordance with the Agreement on technical cooperation between ISO and CEN (Vienna
Agreement).
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 8655-2:2002), which has been technically
revised. It also incorporates the Technical Corrigendum ISO 8655-2:2002/Cor.1:2008.
The main changes are as follows:
— ISO 8655-7 and ISO 8655-8 have been added as normative references;
— metrological performance requirements for pipette tips have been further specified;
— Tables 1 and 2 have been revised;
— a new Table 3 has been introduced;
— a new informative Annex B for motorised pipettes has been introduced;
— former Annex A has been added as new Clause 10.
A list of all parts in the ISO 8655 series can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
iv
ISO 8655-2:2022(E)
Introduction
The ISO 8655 series addresses the needs of:
— manufacturers, as a basis for quality control including, where appropriate, the issuance of
manufacturer’s declarations;
— calibration laboratories, test houses, users of the equipment and other bodies as a basis for
independent calibration, testing, verification and routine tests.
The tests specified in the ISO 8655 series are intended to be carried out by trained personnel.
v
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 8655-2:2022(E)
Piston-operated volumetric apparatus —
Part 2:
Pipettes
1 Scope
This document specifies
— metrological requirements,
— maximum permissible errors,
— requirements for marking and
— information to be provided for users,
for air-displacement (type A) and positive displacement (type D) single-channel and multi-channel
pipettes, complete with their selected tip(s) and any other essential, consumable parts, designed to
deliver the selected volume (Ex).
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 3696:1987, Water for analytical laboratory use — Specification and test methods
ISO 8655-1, Piston-operated volumetric apparatus — Part 1: Terminology, general requirements and user
recommendations
ISO 8655-6:2022, Piston-operated volumetric apparatus — Part 6: Gravimetric reference measurement
procedure for the determination of volume
ISO 8655-7:2022, Piston operated volumetric apparatus — Part 7: Alternative measurement procedures
for the determination of volume
ISO 8655-8:2022, Piston-operated volumetric apparatus — Part 8: Photometric reference measurement
procedure for the determination of volume
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 8655-1 apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
ISO 8655-2:2022(E)
4 Principle of operation
Pipettes are used to accurately handle preselected volumes. A tip is attached to the pipette. Pipettes
are typically operated using forward pipetting. Using forward pipetting, with the piston positioned at
the lower aspiration limit, the tip is dipped into the liquid to be dispensed. When moved to the upper
aspiration limit, the piston aspirates the liquid. The liquid volume to be dispensed is then expelled by
depressing or sliding the piston between the volume-defining limits. Some air-displacement pipettes
(see 6.1, Type A) have an extra air volume that can be used to expel the last drop of liquid.
See also Figure 1.
Manufacturers' instruction manuals should contain detailed and specific information about the proper
operation of pipettes.
5 Adjustment
5.1 Basis of adjustment
A pipette shall be adjusted for the delivery (Ex) of its nominal volume (or selected volume, in the case of
a variable-volume model).
For countries that have adopted the standard reference temperature of 20 °C, the adjustment shall be
for the temperature of 20 °C, a relative air humidity of 50 % and a barometric pressure of 101,3 kPa,
when handling grade 3 water as specified in ISO 3696:1987.
For those countries that have adopted a standard reference temperature of 27 °C, the adjustment shall
be for the temperature 27 °C, a relative air humidity of 50 % and a barometric pressure of 101,3 kPa,
when handling grade 3 water as specified in ISO 3696:1987.
5.2 Initial adjustment
A pipette shall be provided with an initial adjustment.
5.3 Subsequent adjustment
Some pipettes have provision for adjustment when, for example, it is found in a routine check that
the volume delivered is not within specification. Such adjustment shall be made in accordance with
the manufacturer's instructions and by reference to a measurement procedure in accordance with
ISO 8655-6, ISO 8655-7 or ISO 8655-8.
Any pipette so adjusted shall have clear, visible evidence that the initial adjustment has been modified.
This information shall also be recorded.
5.4 Adjustment for other liquid properties
Some pipettes are designed to have their factory pre-set adjustment altered by the user so that they will
dispense their specified volume when used with liquids with physical properties differing from those
of water (see Annex A for details). In such cases, the design shall prevent unintentional readjustment.
Such adjustment shall be made in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions or by reference to
the selected test procedure from ISO 8655-7 and the modifications made.
If the pipette is readjusted, it shall be clearly and unequivocally indicated on the outside of the pipette
that readjustment has been affected. The outside of the pipette shall be marked with the name of the
liquid and the adjusted volume range. This information shall be documented appropriately.
ISO 8655-2:2022(E)
6 Design
6.1 Types of pipette
A pipette may be designed as follows:
— fixed volume, designed by the manufacturer to dispense only its nominal volume, e.g. 100 μl;
— variable volume, designed by the manufacturer to dispense volumes selectable by the user within
its specified usable volume range, e.g. between 10 μl and 100 μl.
The piston may:
— either have a body of air contained between the piston and the surface of the liquid (air displacement
– Type A); or
— be in direct contact with the surface of the liquid (positive or direct displacement – Type D).
In the case of the Type D pipette, either the plunger or the capillary, or both may be reusable (Type D1)
or disposable (Type D2). See Figure 1 for details.
Type D Type A
Positive (direct) displacement Air displacement
a) Single-channel pipettes b) Multi-channel pipette
Figure 1 — Pipettes
6.2 Transfer of hand warmth
The construction of pipettes and the materials used for their manufacture shall be chosen in such a way
that any heat transmitted from the user's hand to the apparatus during periods of use is minimized.
NOTE Transfer of hand warmth will appear as a systematic drift of results (the delivered volume decreases
over time) during a series of deliveries.
...
SIST EN ISO 8655-2:2022는 피펫의 계량적 요구사항과 최대 허용 오차, 마킹 요구사항, 사용자에게 제공될 정보 등을 규정한 문서입니다. 이 표준은 공기 변위(유형 A) 및 양정 변위(유형 D) 단일 채널과 다채널 피펫을 대상으로 하며, 선택된 팁 및 필수 소모품 부품을 포함하여 선택된 용적(Ex)을 전달하도록 설계되었습니다. 이 표준의 주요 강점은 명확한 계량적 요구사항을 통해 사용자에게 신뢰할 수 있는 분주 결과를 보장한다는 점입니다. 최대 허용 오차를 규정함으로써 실험실에서의 정밀도를 유지하는 데 기여하며, 이는 다양한 연구 분야에서의 표준화된 결과물 제공에 필수적입니다. 또한, 마킹 요구사항을 통해 사용자가 제품을 쉽게 식별하고 사용할 수 있도록 도움을 줍니다. SIST EN ISO 8655-2:2022의 중요성은 현대 과학 연구 및 품질 관리 시스템에서의 피펫 사용의 표준화를 강화하는 데 있습니다. 이 문서가 제공하는 명확한 지침은 실험 결과의 재현성과 일관성을 높이는 데 기여하며, 따라서 연구의 신뢰성을 크게 향상시킵니다. 또한, 사용된 소모품의 선택과 관리에 대한 정보 제공은 사용자로 하여금 실험 환경을 최적화할 수 있게 돕습니다. 결론적으로, SIST EN ISO 8655-2:2022는 다양한 과학 분야에서 필수적인 표준으로, 피펫의 정확성과 신뢰성을 보장하며, 사용자에게 필요한 정보를 명확히 제공함으로써 실용성을 높이는 데 중대한 역할을 합니다.
The SIST EN ISO 8655-2:2022 standard provides a comprehensive framework for the assessment and regulation of piston-operated volumetric apparatus, specifically focusing on pipettes. Its scope is well-defined, covering several critical aspects essential for professionals in laboratories that utilize pipetting techniques. One of the standard’s key strengths is its detailed metrological requirements, which ensure accuracy and reliability in the measurement processes involving air-displacement and positive displacement pipettes. This contributes significantly to the quality assurance standards in various applications, from clinical laboratories to research facilities, where precision in volumetric measurements is paramount. Another notable aspect of this standard is the inclusion of maximum permissible errors. By establishing these limits, the document aids manufacturers and users in understanding the acceptable variance in performance, ultimately enhancing the reliability of experimental results. This further emphasizes the importance of adhering to stringent quality controls in pipetting operations. The requirements for marking and the information provided for users are also crucial strengths of the SIST EN ISO 8655-2:2022 standard. By outlining specific marking protocols, it ensures that pipettes are easily identifiable and that relevant performance data is readily available to users. Such clarity not only aids in compliance with the standards but also enhances user efficiency and safety in laboratory environments. In terms of relevance, the standard addresses contemporary needs in laboratory practices, particularly in the utilization of single-channel and multi-channel pipettes. By encompassing both types in its scope, the document ensures that a wide range of pipetting equipment is covered, aligning with the evolving technology and methodologies in the field. Overall, the SIST EN ISO 8655-2:2022 standard serves as an essential guideline for manufacturers and users of pipettes, reinforcing best practices in volumetric measurement while catering to the diverse needs of the scientific community.
SIST EN ISO 8655-2:2022 は、ピペットに関する標準として、計量要件や最大許容誤差、マーキングの要求、およびユーザーに提供すべき情報を明確に定めています。この文書は、エアディスプレースメント（タイプA）およびポジティブディスプレースメント（タイプD）のシングルチャネルおよびマルチチャネルピペットを対象としており、選択されたチップやその他の重要な消耗品パーツを含んでいます。 この標準の強みは、計量の正確性を保証するための明瞭なメトロロジー要件を規定している点にあります。これにより、研究や実験におけるデータの信頼性が向上し、結果の再現性が高まります。また、最大許容誤差の明確化は、ユーザーが使用する機器の精度を確保するために不可欠であり、適切な調整や校正を行うための基準を提供します。 さらに、マーキングに関する要求は、ピペットが市場で正しく識別され、安全に使用されるための指針を示しています。このように、SIST EN ISO 8655-2:2022 は、ピペットの品質管理や性能評価において重要な役割を果たしており、特に科学研究や医療分野において、その関連性は非常に高いと言えます。
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