SIST EN 62747:2014
(Main)Terminology for voltage-sourced converters (VSC) for high-voltage direct current (HVDC) systems
Terminology for voltage-sourced converters (VSC) for high-voltage direct current (HVDC) systems
EN IEC 62747 defines terms for the subject of self-commutated voltage-sourced converters used for transmission of power by high voltage direct current (HVDC). The standard is written mainly for the case of application of insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) in voltage sourced converters (VSC) but may also be used for guidance in the event that other types of semiconductor devices which can both be turned on and turned off by control action are used. Line-commutated and current-sourced converters for high-voltage direct current (HVDC) power transmission systems are specifically excluded from this standard.
/
Terminologie relative aux convertisseurs de source de tension (VSC) des systèmes en courant continu à haute tension (CCHT)
L'IEC 62747:2014 définit les termes relatifs aux convertisseurs de source de tension autocommutés utilisés pour le transport d'énergie en courant continu à haute tension (CCHT). La norme a été essentiellement élaborée pour l'application des transistors bipolaires à grille isolée (IGBT) des convertisseurs de source de tension (VSC), mais elle peut également être utilisée comme guide en cas d'utilisation d'autres dispositifs à semiconducteur pouvant être activés ou désactivés par une action de commande. Les convertisseurs commutés par le réseau et les convertisseurs à source de courant des systèmes de transport d'énergie en courant continu à haute tension (CCHT) sont exclus de la présente norme.
Terminologija za napetostne pretvornike (VSC) za visokonapetostne enosmerne sisteme (IEC 62747:2014)
Standard EN IEC 62747 določa izraze za predmet napetostnih pretvornikov z lastno komutacijo, ki se uporabljajo za prenos moči z visokonapetostnim enosmernim tokom (HVDC). Ta standard je napisan zlasti za primer uporabe bipolarnih tranzistorjev z izoliranimi vrati (IGBT) v napetostnih pretvornikih (VSC), vendar se lahko uporablja tudi za navodila v primeru, da se uporabljajo druge vrste polprevodniških naprav, ki jih je s kontrolnim ukrepom mogoče vklopiti in izklopiti. Pretvorniki z linijsko komutacijo in tokovni pretvorniki za visokonapetostne enosmerne sisteme za prenos moči so izrecno izključeni iz tega standarda.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN 62747:2014
01-november-2014
Terminologija za napetostne pretvornike (VSC) za visokonapetostne enosmerne
sisteme (IEC 62747:2014)
Terminology for voltage-sourced converters (VSC) for high-voltage direct current (HVDC)
systems
/
Terminologie relative aux convertisseurs de source de tension (VSC) des systèmes en
courant continu à haute tension (CCHT)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN 62747:2014
ICS:
01.040.29 Elektrotehnika (Slovarji) Electrical engineering
(Vocabularies)
29.200 8VPHUQLNL3UHWYRUQLNL Rectifiers. Convertors.
6WDELOL]LUDQRHOHNWULþQR Stabilized power supply
QDSDMDQMH
SIST EN 62747:2014 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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SIST EN 62747:2014
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SIST EN 62747:2014
EUROPEAN STANDARD EN 62747
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
September 2014
ICS 29.200; 29.240
English Version
Terminology for voltage-sourced converters (VSC) for high-
voltage direct current (HVDC) systems
(IEC 62747:2014)
Terminologie relative aux convertisseurs de source de Terminologie für Spannungszwischenkreis-Stromrichter
tension (VSC) des systèmes en courant continu à haute (VSC) für Hochspannungsgleichstrom(HGÜ)-Systeme
tension (CCHT) (IEC 62747:2014)
(CEI 62747:2014)
This European Standard was approved by CENELEC on 2014-08-21. CENELEC members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC
Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration.
Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC
Management Centre or to any CENELEC member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CENELEC member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the
same status as the official versions.
CENELEC members are the national electrotechnical committees of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, the Czech Republic,
Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia,
Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
Turkey and the United Kingdom.
European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
Comité Européen de Normalisation Electrotechnique
Europäisches Komitee für Elektrotechnische Normung
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2014 CENELEC All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CENELEC Members.
Ref. No. EN 62747:2014 E
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SIST EN 62747:2014
EN 62747:2014 - 2 -
Foreword
The text of document 22F/301/CDV, future edition 1 of IEC 62747, prepared by SC 22F "Power
electronics for electrical transmission and distribution systems", of IEC/TC 22 "Power electronic
systems and equipment" was submitted to the IEC-CENELEC parallel vote and approved by
CENELEC as EN 62747:2014.
The following dates are fixed:
– latest date by which the document has to be implemented at (dop) 2015-05-21
national level by publication of an identical national
standard or by endorsement
– latest date by which the national standards conflicting with (dow) 2017-08-21
the document have to be withdrawn
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CENELEC [and/or CEN] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such
patent rights.
Endorsement notice
The text of the International Standard IEC 62747:2014 was approved by CENELEC as a European
Standard without any modification.
In the official version, for Bibliography, the following notes have to be added for the standards indicated:
IEC 60146-1-1 NOTE Harmonized as EN 60146-1-1.
IEC 60146-2 NOTE Harmonized as EN 60146-2.
IEC 60747 NOTE Harmonized in EN 60747 series.
IEC 60633 NOTE Harmonized as EN 60633.
IEC 62501 NOTE Harmonized as EN 62501.
1)
IEC 62751-1 NOTE Harmonized as EN 62751-1 .
1)
IEC 62751-2 NOTE Harmonized as EN 62751-2 .
1) To be published.
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SIST EN 62747:2014
- 3 - EN 62747:2014
Annex ZA
(normative)
Normative references to international publications
with their corresponding European publications
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated
references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
NOTE 1 When an International Publication has been modified by common modifications, indicated by (mod),
the relevant EN/HD applies.
NOTE 2 Up-to-date information on the latest versions of the European Standards listed in this annex is
available here: www.cenelec.eu.
Publication Year Title EN/HD Year
IEC 60027 series Letter symbols to be used in electrical EN 60027 series
technology
IEC 60617 - Graphical symbols for diagrams - -
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SIST EN 62747:2014
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SIST EN 62747:2014
IEC 62747
®
Edition 1.0 2014-07
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
colour
inside
Terminology for voltage-sourced converters (VSC) for high-voltage direct
current (HVDC) systems
Terminologie relative aux convertisseurs de source de tension (VSC) des
systèmes en courant continu à haute tension (CCHT)
INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
COMMISSION
ELECTROTECHNIQUE
PRICE CODE
INTERNATIONALE
CODE PRIX V
ICS 29.200; 29.240 ISBN 978-2-8322-1702-3
Warning! Make sure that you obtained this publication from an authorized distributor.
Attention! Veuillez vous assurer que vous avez obtenu cette publication via un distributeur agréé.
® Registered trademark of the International Electrotechnical Commission
Marque déposée de la Commission Electrotechnique Internationale
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CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 3
1 Scope . 5
2 Normative references. 5
3 Symbols and abbreviations . 5
3.1 List of letter symbols . 5
3.2 List of subscripts . 6
3.3 List of abbreviations . 7
4 Graphical symbols . 8
5 General terms related to converter circuits . 9
6 VSC topologies . 10
7 Converter units and valves . 10
8 Converter operating conditions. 16
9 HVDC systems and substations . 20
10 HVDC substation equipment . 23
11 Modes of control . 26
12 Control systems . 27
Bibliography . . 30
Figure 1 – Converter symbol identifications . 7
Figure 2 – Graphical symbols . 8
Figure 3 – Voltage-sourced converter unit . 11
Figure 4 – Phase unit of the modular multi-level converter (MMC) in basic half-bridge,
two-level arrangement, with submodules . 13
Figure 5 – Phase unit of the cascaded two-level converter (CTL) in half-bridge form . 14
Figure 6 – Phasor diagram showing a.c. system voltage, converter a.c. voltage and
converter a.c. current . . 18
Figure 7 – Example of bipolar VSC transmission with earth return . 21
Figure 8 – VSC transmission with a symmetrical monopole illustrated with capacitive
earthing on the d.c. side . 22
Figure 9 – VSC transmission with an asymmetrical monopole with metallic return . 22
Figure 10 – VSC transmission with an asymmetrical monopole with earth return . 22
Figure 11 – Major components that may be found in a VSC substation . 25
Figure 12 – Hierarchical structure of an HVDC control system . 29
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SIST EN 62747:2014
IEC 62747:2014 IEC 2014 – 3 –
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
____________
TERMINOLOGY FOR VOLTAGE-SOURCED CONVERTERS (VSC)
FOR HIGH-VOLTAGE DIRECT CURRENT (HVDC) SYSTEMS
FOREWORD
1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote
international co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To
this end and in addition to other activities, IEC publishes International Standards, Technical Specifications,
Technical Reports, Publicly Available Specifications (PAS) and Guides (hereafter referred to as “IEC
Publication(s)”). Their preparation is entrusted to technical committees; any IEC National Committee interested
in the subject dealt with may participate in this preparatory work. International, governmental and non-
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with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by
agreement between the two organizations.
2) The formal decisions or agreements of IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, an international
consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation from all
interested IEC National Committees.
3) IEC Publications have the form of recommendations for international use and are accepted by IEC National
Committees in that sense. While all reasonable efforts are made to ensure that the technical content of IEC
Publications is accurate, IEC cannot be held responsible for the way in which they are used or for any
misinterpretation by any end user.
4) In order to promote international uniformity, IEC National Committees undertake to apply IEC Publications
transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and regional publications. Any divergence
between any IEC Publication and the corresponding national or regional publication shall be clearly indicated in
the latter.
5) IEC itself does not provide any attestation of conformity. Independent certification bodies provide conformity
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6) All users should ensure that they have the latest edition of this publication.
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Publications.
8) Attention is drawn to the Normative references cited in this publication. Use of the referenced publications is
indispensable for the correct application of this publication.
9) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this IEC Publication may be the subject of
patent rights. IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
International Standard IEC 62747 has been prepared by subcommittee 22F: Power
electronics for electrical transmission and distribution systems, of IEC technical committee 22:
Power electronic systems and equipment.
The text of this standard is based on the following documents:
CDV Report on voting
22F/301/CDV 22F/317A/RVC
Full information on the voting for the approval of this standard can be found in the report on
voting indicated in the above table.
This publication has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
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The committee has decided that the contents of this publication will remain unchanged until
the stability date indicated on the IEC web site under "http://webstore.iec.ch" in the data
related to the specific publication. At this date, the publication will be
• reconfirmed,
• withdrawn,
• replaced by a revised edition, or
• amended.
IMPORTANT – The 'colour inside' logo on the cover page of this publication indicates
that it contains colours which are considered to be useful for the correct
contents. Users should therefore print this document using a
understanding of its
colour printer.
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SIST EN 62747:2014
IEC 62747:2014 IEC 2014 – 5 –
TERMINOLOGY FOR VOLTAGE-SOURCED CONVERTERS (VSC)
FOR HIGH-VOLTAGE DIRECT CURRENT (HVDC) SYSTEMS
1 Scope
This International Standard defines terms for the subject of self-commutated voltage-sourced
converters used for transmission of power by high voltage direct current (HVDC).
The standard is written mainly for the case of application of insulated gate bipolar transistors
(IGBTs) in voltage sourced converters (VSC) but may also be used for guidance in the event
that other types of semiconductor devices which can both be turned on and turned off by
control action are used.
Line-commutated and current-sourced converters for high-voltage direct current (HVDC)
power transmission systems are specifically excluded from this standard.
2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and
are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any
amendments) applies.
IEC 60027 (all parts), Letter symbols to be used in electrical technology
IEC 60617, Graphical symbols for diagrams
3 Symbols and abbreviations
3.1 List of letter symbols
Essential terms and definitions necessary for the understanding of this standard are given
here; other terminology is as per relevant parts of IEC 60747.
The list covers only the most frequently used symbols (see Figure 1). IEC 60027 shall be
used for a more complete list of the symbols which have been adopted for static converters.
See also other standards listed in the normative references and the bibliography.
U direct voltage
d
U converter d.c. voltage
dc
U pole-to-earth direct voltage
dpe
U pole-to-pole direct voltage
dpp
U rated pole-to-pole direct voltage
dppN
U rated pole-to-earth direct voltage
dpeN
U line-to-line voltage on line side of interface transformer, r.m.s. value including
L
harmonics
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U line-to-earth voltage on line side of interface transformer, r.m.s. value including
Le
harmonics
U rated value of U
LN L
U line-to-line voltage on valve side of interface transformer, r.m.s. value including
v
harmonics
U line-to-earth voltage on valve side of interface transformer, r.m.s. value including
ve
harmonics
U line-to-line converter voltage, r.m.s. value including harmonics
c
NOTE U is equal to U minus the voltage drop across the phase and valve reactors. However, U has only a
c v c
clear meaning during balanced conditions (steady state).
U line-to-earth converter voltage , r.m.s. value including harmonics
ce
U voltage between terminals of a valve (any defined value)
valve
I direct current (any defined value)
d
I rated direct current
dN
I current on line side of interface transformer, r.m.s. value including harmonics
L
I rated value of I
LN L
I current on valve side of interface transformer, r.m.s. value including harmonics
ν
I current through a valve
νalve
3.2 List of subscripts
0 (zero) at no load
e earth
p pole
N rated value or at rated load
d direct current or voltage
L line side of interface transformer
c converter
v valve side of interface transformer
valve through or across one valve
max maximum
min minimum
n pertaining to harmonic component of order n
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SIST EN 62747:2014
IEC 62747:2014 IEC 2014 – 7 –
Positive d.c. terminal
I I
valve d
U
valve
U U U
Le ve dpe
U
c
U
ce
U
L
I
L I
v
U
dpp
U
v
transformer transformer
line side valve side
I
d
I
valve
Negative d.c. terminal
IEC
Figure 1 – Converter symbol identifications
3.3 List of abbreviations
The following abbreviations are always in capital letters and without dots.
CTL cascaded two-level converter
ERTB earth return transfer breaker
ESCR effective short-circuit ratio
FWD free-wheeling diode
HF high frequency
HVDC high-voltage direct current
IGBT insulated gate bipolar transistor
MMC modular multilevel converter
MRTB metallic return transfer breaker
MTDC multi-terminal HVDC transmission system
MVU multiple valve (unit)
NBS neutral bus switch
NGBS neutral bus grounding switch
PCC point of common coupling
PCC-DC point of common coupling – d.c. side
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SCR short-circuit ratio
VBE valve base electronics
VCU valve control unit
VSC voltage-sourced converter
NOTE Even though the word “breaker” is used in the abbreviations, it does not necessarily imply the ability to
interrupt fault currents.
4 Graphical symbols
Figure 2 shows the specific graphical symbols which are defined only for the purposes of this
standard. IEC 60617 shall be used for a more complete list of the graphical symbols which
have been adopted for static converters.
IEC
Figure 2 – Graphical symbols
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IEC 62747:2014 IEC 2014 – 9 –
5 General terms related to converter circuits
5.1
conversion
in the context of HVDC, the transfer of energy from a.c. to d.c. or vice versa, or a combination
of these operations
5.2
converter
in the context of HVDC, the device employed to transfer of energy from a.c. to d.c. or vice
versa, it connects between three a.c. terminals and two d.c. terminals
5.3
voltage-sourced converter
VSC
electronic a.c./d.c. converter having an essentially smooth d.c. voltage provided by e.g. a
common d.c. link capacitor or distributed d.c. capacitors within the converter arms
5.4
arm
converter arm
part of a converter connecting the a.c. phase terminal with the d.c. pole terminal
5.5
commutation
transfer of current between any two paths with both paths carrying current simultaneously
during this process
5.6
line commutation
method of commutation whereby the commutating voltage is supplied by the a.c. system
5.7
self-commutation
commutation where the commutating voltage is supplied by components within the converter
or the electronic switch
5.8
commutating voltage
voltage which causes the current to commutate, provided either by the system or by a
switching action of valve/semiconductor devices
5.9
commutation inductance
total inductance included in the commutation circuit, in series with the commutating voltage
Note 1 to entry: The commutation inductance is typically referred as stray inductance or loop inductance.
5.10
coupling inductance
equivalent inductance referred to the converter side of the interface transformer between the
point of common coupling (PCC) and the d.c. terminal of the valve
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6 VSC topologies
6.1
two-level converter
converter in which the voltage between the a.c. terminals of the VSC unit (see 7.6) and VSC
unit midpoint (see 7.28) is switched between two discrete d.c. voltage levels
6.2
three-level converter
converter in which the voltage between the a.c. terminals of the VSC unit (see 7.6) and VSC
unit midpoint (see 7.28) is switched between three discrete d.c. voltage levels
6.3
multi-level converter
converter in which the voltage between the a.c. terminals of the VSC unit (see 7.6) and VSC
unit midpoint (see 7.28) is switched between more than three discrete d.c. voltage levels
6.4
modular multi-level converter
MMC
multi-level converter in which each VSC valve (see 7.8, 7.9) consists of a number of MMC
building blocks (see 7.11) connected in series
Note 1 to entry: See also Figure 4.
6.5
cascaded two-level converter
CTL
modular multi-level converter in which each switch position consists of more than one IGBT-
diode pair connected in series
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 5.
7 Converter units and valves
7.1
turn-off semiconductor device
controllable semiconductor device which may be turned on and off by a control signal, for
example an IGBT
7.2
insulated gate bipolar transistor
IGBT
turn-off semiconductor device with three terminals: a gate terminal (G) and two load terminals
emitter (E) and collector (C)
7.3
free-wheeling diode
FWD
power semiconductor device with diode characteristic
Note 1 to entry: A FWD has two terminals: an anode (A) and a cathode (K).
Note 2 to entry: The current through FWDs is in the opposite direction to the IGBT current.
7.4
IGBT-diode pair
arrangement of IGBT and FWD connected in inverse parallel
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IEC 62747:2014 IEC 2014 – 11 –
Note 1 to entry: An IGBT-diode pair is usually in one common package, however, it can include individual IGBTs
and/or diodes packages connected in parallel.
7.5
converter unit
indivisible operative unit comprising all equipment between the point of common coupling on
the a.c. side (see 9.25) and the point of common coupling – d.c. side (see 9.26), essentially
one or more VSC units, together with one or more interface transformers, converter unit
control equipment, essential protective and switching devices and auxiliaries, if any, used for
conversion
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 3.
7.6
VSC unit
three VSC phase units, together with VSC unit control equipment, essential protective and
switching devices, d.c. storage capacitors, phase reactors and auxiliaries, if any, used for
conversion
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 3.
7.7
VSC phase unit
equipment used to connect the two d.c. terminals to one a.c. terminal
Note 1 to entry: In the simplest implementation, the VSC phase unit consists of two VSC valves, and in some
case, it may include also valve reactors. The VSC phase unit may also include control and protection equipment,
and other components.
7.8
VSC valve
arrangement of IGBT-diode pairs connected in series and arranged to be
switched simultaneously as a single function unit
VSC valveVSC valve VSC valveVSC valve VSC valveVSC valve
D.c.
capacitor
ValveValve ValveValve ValveValve
reactorsreactors reactorsreactors reactorsreactors
PhasePhase PhasePhase PhasePhase
reactorreactor reactorreactor reactorreactor
VSC valveVSC valve VSC valveVSC valve VSC valveVSC valve
Phase PhasePhase PhasePhase
unit unitunit unitunit
D.c. Protective Dynamic
Converter control
capacitor devices braking valve
IEC
Figure 3 – Voltage-sourced converter unit
Note 1 to entry: In some designs of VSC, the phase reactors may fulfill part of the function of the converter-side
high frequency filter. In addition, in some designs of VSC, part or all of the phase reactor may be built into the
three “phase units” of the VSC unit, as “valve reactors”.
Note 2 to entry: In some designs of VSC, the VSC d.c. capacitor may be partly or entirely distributed amongst the
three “phase units” of the VSC unit, where it is referred to as d.c. submodule capacitors.
Note 3 to entry: Valve and/or phase reactors shown above show optional configurations which may not be
included in all schemes.
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Note 4 to entry: Just a typical example of how a VSC unit could look like is shown in Figure 3, differences may
exist at all levels.
7.9
VSC valve
complete controllable voltage source assembly, which is
generally connected between one a.c. terminal and one d.c. terminal
7.10
VSC valve level
the smallest indivisible functional unit of VSC valve
Note 1 to entry: For any VSC valve in which IGBTs are connected in series and operated simultaneously, one
VSC valve level is one IGBT-diode pair including its auxiliaries (see Figure 4). For MMC type without IGBT-diode
pairs connected in series, one valve level is one submodule together with its auxiliaries (see Figure 5).
7.11
MMC building block
self-contained, two-terminal controllable voltage source together with d.c. capacitor(s) and
immediate auxiliaries, forming part of a MMC
7.12
switch position
semiconductor function which behaves as a single, indivisible switch
Note 1 to entry: A switch position may consist of a single IGBT-diode pair or, in the case of the Cascaded Two
Level converter, a series connection of multiple IGBT-diode pairs.
7.13
submodule
MMC building block where each switch position consists of only one IGBT-diode pair
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 4.
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SIST EN 62747:2014
IEC 62747:2014 IEC 2014 – 13 –
P
Valve
MMC building block
= Submodule
= VSC valve level
Switch
position
AC
Valve
N
IEC
Figure 4 – Phase unit of the modular multi-level converter (MMC)
in basic half-bridge, two-level arrangement, with submodules
7.14
cell
MMC building block where each switch position consists of more than one IGBT-diode pair
connected in series
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 5.
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P
Valve
VSC valve level
MMC building block
= Cell
Switch
position
AC
Valve
N
IEC
Figure 5 – Phase unit of the cascaded two-level converter (CTL) in half-bridge form
7.15
diode valve
semiconductor valve containing only diodes as the main semiconductor devices and
associated circuits and components if any, which might be used in some VSC topologies
7.16
diode valve level
part of a diode valve composed of a diode and associated circuits and components, if any
7.17
dynamic braking valve
complete controllable device assembly, which is used to control energy absorption in a
dynamic braking resistor
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IEC 62747:2014 IEC 2014 – 15 –
7.18
dynamic braking valve level
part of a dynamic braking valve comprising a turn-off semiconductor device and an associated
diode, or controllable switches and diodes connected in parallel, or turn-off semiconductor
devices and diodes connected to a half bridge arrangement, together with their immediate
auxiliaries, storage capacitor, if any
7.19
valve
VSC valve, dynamic braking valve or diode valve according to the context
7.20
redundant levels
the maximum number of series connected VSC valve levels or diode valve levels in a
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