SIST EN ISO 3452-1:2021
(Main)Non-destructive testing - Penetrant testing - Part 1: General principles (ISO 3452-1:2021)
Non-destructive testing - Penetrant testing - Part 1: General principles (ISO 3452-1:2021)
This standard defines a method of penetrant testing used to detect discontinuities, e.g. cracks, laps, folds, porosity and lack of fusion, which are open to the surface of the material to be tested. It is mainly applied to metallic materials, but can also be performed on other materials, provided that they are inert to the test media and they are not excessively porous, examples of which are castings, forgings, welds, ceramics, etc.
This standard is not intended to be used for acceptance criteria and gives no information relating to the suitability of individual test systems for specific applications nor requirements for test equipment.
The term 'discontinuity' is used here in the sense that no evaluation concerning acceptability or non-acceptability is included.
Methods for determining and monitoring the essential properties of penetrant testing products to be used are specified in ISO 3452-2 and ISO 3452-3.
Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung - Eindringprüfung - Teil 1: Allgemeine Grundlagen (ISO 3452-1:2021)
Dieses Dokument legt ein Verfahren mit Weißlicht oder UV A Strahlung (365 nm) für die Eindringprüfung zum Auffinden von Fehlern wie z. B. Rissen, Überlappungen, Falten, Poren und Bindefehlern fest, die zur Oberfläche des zu prüfenden Werkstoffs hin offen sind. Es wird vorwiegend bei metallischen Werkstoffen angewendet, kann jedoch auch bei anderen Werkstoffen eingesetzt werden, vorausgesetzt, diese Werkstoffe sind gegenüber den Prüfmitteln inert und nicht übermäßig porös (Guss und Schmiedestücke, Schweißnähte, Keramik usw.).
Dieses Dokument enthält außerdem die Anforderungen an Prozess und Kontrollprüfungen, ist jedoch nicht für die Anwendung von Annahmekriterien vorgesehen. Es enthält weder Angaben bezüglich der Eignung der einzelnen Prüfsysteme für spezielle Anwendungen noch Anforderungen an die Prüfgeräte.
ANMERKUNG 1 Die Verfahren zur Bestimmung und Darstellung der wesentlichen Eigenschaften der verwendeten Eindringprüfmittel sind in ISO 3452 2 und ISO 3452 3 festgelegt.
ANMERKUNG 2 Der Begriff „Fehler“ wird in diesem Dokument in dem Sinne verwendet, dass keine Bewertung im Hinblick auf Zulässigkeit oder Unzulässigkeit eingeschlossen ist.
ANMERKUNG 3 CEN/TR 16638 behandelt die Eindringprüfung mit aktinischem Blaulicht
Essais non destructifs - Examen par ressuage - Partie 1: Principes généraux (ISO 3452-1:2021)
Le présent document spécifie une méthode d’examen par ressuage utilisée pour localiser des discontinuités, telles que fissures, replis, plis, porosités et manque de liaison, ouvertes et débouchant à la surface du matériau à examiner, à l’aide d’une lumière blanche ou d’un rayonnement UV-A (365 nm). Cette méthode est principalement appliquée aux matériaux métalliques mais peut également être utilisée pour d’autres matériaux, à condition que ces derniers ne soient pas attaqués par les produits utilisés et ne soient pas excessivement poreux (pièces moulées ou forgées, soudures, céramiques, etc.).
Le présent document comprend également les exigences applicables aux essais de processus et de contrôle, mais ne définit pas de critères d’acceptation. Il ne donne ni information relative à l’aptitude à l’emploi de systèmes de ressuage spécifiques à des applications particulières, ni exigences relatives à l’équipement d’essai.
NOTE 1 Les méthodes de détermination et de contrôle des propriétés principales des produits de ressuage à utiliser sont spécifiées dans l’ISO 3452‑2 et l’ISO 3452‑3.
NOTE 2 Dans le présent document, le terme «discontinuité» ne sous-entend aucune évaluation en matière d’acceptabilité ou de non-acceptabilité.
NOTE 3 Les examens par ressuage à la lumière bleue actinique sont abordés par le rapport technique CEN/TR 16638.
Neporušitvene preiskave - Pregled s penetranti - 1. del: Splošna načela (ISO 3452-1:2021)
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN ISO 3452-1:2021
01-september-2021
Nadomešča:
SIST EN ISO 3452-1:2013
Neporušitvene preiskave - Pregled s penetranti - 1. del: Splošna načela (ISO 3452-
1:2021)
Non-destructive testing - Penetrant testing - Part 1: General principles (ISO 3452-1:2021)
Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung - Eindringprüfung - Teil 1: Allgemeine Grundlagen (ISO 3452-
1:2021)
Essais non destructifs - Examen par ressuage - Partie 1: Principes généraux (ISO 3452-
1:2021)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO 3452-1:2021
ICS:
19.100 Neporušitveno preskušanje Non-destructive testing
SIST EN ISO 3452-1:2021 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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SIST EN ISO 3452-1:2021
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SIST EN ISO 3452-1:2021
EN ISO 3452-1
EUROPEAN STANDARD
NORME EUROPÉENNE
June 2021
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 19.100 Supersedes EN ISO 3452-1:2013
English Version
Non-destructive testing - Penetrant testing - Part 1:
General principles (ISO 3452-1:2021)
Essais non destructifs - Examen par ressuage - Partie 1: Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung - Eindringprüfung - Teil 1:
Principes généraux (ISO 3452-1:2021) Allgemeine Grundlagen (ISO 3452-1:2021)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 16 May 2021.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and
United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2021 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 3452-1:2021 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
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SIST EN ISO 3452-1:2021
EN ISO 3452-1:2021 (E)
Contents Page
European foreword . 3
2
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SIST EN ISO 3452-1:2021
EN ISO 3452-1:2021 (E)
European foreword
This document (EN ISO 3452-1:2021) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 135 "Non-
destructive testing" in collaboration with Technical Committee CEN/TC 138 “Non-destructive testing”
the secretariat of which is held by AFNOR.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by December 2021, and conflicting national standards
shall be withdrawn at the latest by December 2021.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document supersedes EN ISO 3452-1:2013.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland,
Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of
North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the
United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO 3452-1:2021 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO 3452-1:2021 without any
modification.
3
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SIST EN ISO 3452-1:2021
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SIST EN ISO 3452-1:2021
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 3452-1
Third edition
2021-05
Non-destructive testing — Penetrant
testing —
Part 1:
General principles
Essais non destructifs — Examen par ressuage —
Partie 1: Principes généraux
Reference number
ISO 3452-1:2021(E)
©
ISO 2021
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SIST EN ISO 3452-1:2021
ISO 3452-1:2021(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2021
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
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SIST EN ISO 3452-1:2021
ISO 3452-1:2021(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Safety precautions . 2
5 General principles . 2
5.1 Personnel . 2
5.2 Description of the method . 2
5.3 Process sequence . 2
5.4 Equipment . 3
5.5 Effectiveness . 3
6 Products, sensitivity and designation . 3
6.1 Product family . 3
6.2 Testing products . 3
6.3 Sensitivity . 3
6.4 Designation . 4
7 Compatibility . 4
7.1 General . 4
7.2 Compatibility of penetrant testing products . 4
7.3 Compatibility of penetrant testing products and the material to be tested . 4
8 Test procedure . 5
8.1 Written test procedure . 5
8.2 Precleaning . 5
8.2.1 General. 5
8.2.2 Mechanical precleaning . 5
8.2.3 Chemical precleaning . 5
8.2.4 Drying . 5
8.3 Temperature . 5
8.4 Application of penetrant . 6
8.4.1 Methods of application . 6
8.4.2 Penetration time . 6
8.5 Excess penetrant removal . 6
8.5.1 General. 6
8.5.2 Water . 6
8.5.3 Solvents . 6
8.5.4 Emulsifier . 6
8.5.5 Water and solvent . 7
8.5.6 Excess penetrant removal check . 7
8.5.7 Drying after excess penetrant removal. 7
8.6 Developing . 7
8.6.1 General. 7
8.6.2 Dry developer . 8
8.6.3 Water-suspendable developer . 8
8.6.4 Solvent-based developer . 8
8.6.5 Water soluble developer . 8
8.6.6 Water- or solvent-based for special application (e.g. peelable developer) . 8
8.6.7 No developer (type I only) . 8
8.7 Inspection . 9
8.7.1 General. 9
8.7.2 Viewing conditions . 9
8.7.3 Wipe-off technique. 9
8.7.4 Recording .10
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SIST EN ISO 3452-1:2021
ISO 3452-1:2021(E)
8.8 Post cleaning and corrosion protection.10
8.8.1 Post cleaning.10
8.8.2 Corrosion protection .10
8.9 Retesting .10
9 Test report .10
Annex A (normative) Main stages of standard penetrant examination .12
Annex B (normative) Process and control tests .14
Annex C (informative) Example test report .22
Bibliography .23
iv © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
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SIST EN ISO 3452-1:2021
ISO 3452-1:2021(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www .iso .org/
iso/ foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 135, Non-destructive testing,
Subcommittee SC 2, Surface methods, in collaboration with the European Committee for Standardization
(CEN) Technical Committee CEN/TC 138, Non-destructive testing, in accordance with the Agreement on
technical cooperation between ISO and CEN (Vienna Agreement).
This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition (ISO 3452-1:2013) which has been technically
revised.
The main changes compared to the previous edition are as follows:
— clarification of understanding of product family;
— addition of the new procedure “no developer”;
— technical revision according to the state of the art.
A list of all parts in the ISO 3452 series can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/ members .html.
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved v
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SIST EN ISO 3452-1:2021
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SIST EN ISO 3452-1:2021
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 3452-1:2021(E)
Non-destructive testing — Penetrant testing —
Part 1:
General principles
1 Scope
This document specifies a method of penetrant testing used to detect discontinuities, e.g. cracks, laps,
folds, porosity and lack of fusion, which are open to the surface of the material to be tested using white
light or UV-A (365 nm) radiation. It is mainly applied to metallic materials, but can also be performed
on other materials, provided that they are inert to the test media and not excessively porous (castings,
forgings, welds, ceramics, etc.)
This document also includes requirements for process and control testing, but is not intended to be
used for acceptance criteria. It gives neither information relating to the suitability of individual test
systems for specific applications nor requirements for test equipment.
NOTE 1 Methods for determining and monitoring the essential properties of penetrant testing products to be
used are specified in ISO 3452-2 and ISO 3452-3.
NOTE 2 The term "discontinuity" is used in this document in the sense that no evaluation concerning
acceptability or non-acceptability is included.
NOTE 3 CEN/TR 16638 addresses penetrant testing using actinic blue light.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 3059, Non-destructive testing — Penetrant testing and magnetic particle testing — Viewing conditions
ISO 3452-2, Non-destructive testing — Penetrant testing — Part 2: Testing of penetrant materials
ISO 3452-3, Non-destructive testing — Penetrant testing — Part 3: Reference test blocks
ISO 3452-4, Non-destructive testing — Penetrant testing — Part 4: Equipment
ISO 3452-5, Non-destructive testing — Penetrant testing — Part 5: Penetrant testing at temperatures
higher than 50 degrees C
ISO 3452-6, Non-destructive testing — Penetrant testing — Part 6: Penetrant testing at temperatures
lower than 10 degrees C
ISO 12706, Non-destructive testing — Penetrant testing — Vocabulary
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 12706 apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved 1
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SIST EN ISO 3452-1:2021
ISO 3452-1:2021(E)
— IEC Electropedia: available at http:// www .electropedia .org/
4 Safety precautions
As penetrant inspection techniques often require the use of harmful, flammable and/or volatile
materials, safety regulations (e.g. optical radiation legislation) shall be taken into account.
Prolonged or repeated contact of these materials with the skin or any mucous membrane should be
avoided. Working areas shall be adequately ventilated and sited away from sources of heat, sparks or
naked flames, taking into account all applicable safety regulations.
The penetrant testing products and equipment shall be used with care and always in compliance with
the instructions supplied by the manufacturer.
UV-A sources shall always be maintained in a good condition.
Care shall be taken to ensure the safe implementation of the method.
5 General principles
5.1 Personnel
Testing shall be carried out by proficient, suitably trained and qualified personnel and, where applicable,
shall be supervised by competent personnel nominated by the employer or, by delegation of the
employer to the inspection company in charge of testing. To demonstrate appropriate qualification, it
is recommended that personnel be certified according to ISO 9712 or an equivalent formalized system.
Penetrant testing operations, unless otherwise agreed, shall be authorized by a competent supervisory
individual (Level 3 or equivalent) approved by the employer.
5.2 Description of the method
Prior to penetrant testing, the surface to be inspected shall be clean and dry. Suitable penetrant is then
applied to the test area and enter discontinuities open to the surface. After the appropriate penetration
time has elapsed, the excess penetrant is removed from the surface and the developer applied. The
developer absorbs the penetrant that has entered and remains in the discontinuities and may give a
clearly visible enhanced indication of the discontinuity.
Should complementary non-destructive testing (NDT) be required, it is preferable that the penetrant
inspection be performed first, so as not to introduce contaminants into open discontinuities. If
penetrant inspection is used following another NDT technique or method, the surface shall be cleaned
carefully to remove contaminants before application.
5.3 Process sequence
The penetrant process shall be continuous with no undue delays between the stages. If process
parameters are not met, surfaces shall be cleaned and reprocessed.
Testing generally proceeds through the following stages:
a) preparation and precleaning (see 8.2);
b) application of penetrant (see 8.4);
c) excess penetrant removal (see 8.5);
d) application of developer (see 8.6);
e) inspection (see 8.7);
2 © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
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SIST EN ISO 3452-1:2021
ISO 3452-1:2021(E)
f) postcleaning and corrosion protection (see 8.8).
The process shall be as given in Annex A.
5.4 Equipment
The equipment used for carrying out penetrant testing depends on the number, size, weight and shape
of the parts to be tested. The equipment shall be as specified in ISO 3452-4.
5.5 Effectiveness
The effectiveness of the penetrant testing depends upon many factors, including
a) types of penetrant materials and testing equipment;
b) surface preparation and condition;
c) material under examination and expected discontinuities;
d) temperature of the test surface;
e) penetration and development time;
f) viewing conditions.
Control checks shall be carried out to demonstrate that the correct testing parameters are used in
accordance with Annex B.
6 Products, sensitivity and designation
6.1 Product family
Various test systems exist in penetrant testing. The penetrant system and the product family shall be
selected according to the application. Various factors have an impact on the effectiveness and sensitivity
of the process, e.g. the surface roughness and condition, size and shape of the parts to be tested and
the sensitivity level of the product family. For example, using a high sensitivity penetrant on a rough
surface may result in a less sensitive test than using a lower sensitive penetrant.
A product family is understood as a combination of the following penetrant testing materials: penetrant,
excess penetrant remover (except method A) and developer. A product family may be defined by the
manufacturer, user or inspection authority and the testing materials do not necessarily have to be from
the same manufacturer, but shall be type tested in accordance with ISO 3452-2.
6.2 Testing products
The products used for testing are given in Table 1.
6.3 Sensitivity
Sensitivity levels shall be determined according to ISO 3452-2. By using specific product families,
different sensitivity levels may be achieved. ISO 3452-2 describes penetrant baseline sensitivity and
product family sensitivity.
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved 3
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SIST EN ISO 3452-1:2021
ISO 3452-1:2021(E)
6.4 Designation
The product family to be used for penetrant testing is given a designation comprising the type, the
method and the form for the testing products, and a figure which indicates the sensitivity level achieved
by testing according to ISO 3452-2.
EXAMPLE A product family comprising a fluorescent penetrant (I), water as the excess penetrant remover
(A), and a dry-powder developer (a), and having a system sensitivity of level 2 gives the following penetrant
testing system designation when using ISO 3452-1 and ISO 3452-2: product family ISO 3452-2, IAa Level 2.
Table 1 — Testing products/procedures
Penetrant Excess penetrant remover Developer
Type Denomination Method Denomination Form Denomination
I Fluorescent A Water a Dry
II Colour contrast B Lipophilic emulsifier b Water-soluble
III Dual purpose (fluo- C Solvent c Water-suspendable
rescent and colour
D Hydrophilic emulsifier d Solvent-based (non-aque-
contrast)
ous for type I)
a
E Water and solvent e Solvent-based (non-aque-
ous for Types II and III)
f Special application
b
g No developer (type I only)
NOTE For specific cases, it is necessary to use penetrant testing products complying with particular requirements with
regards to flammability, sulfur, halogen and sodium content and other conta
...
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
oSIST prEN ISO 3452-1:2020
01-februar-2020
Neporušitvene preiskave - Pregled s penetranti - 1. del: Splošna načela (ISO/DIS
3452-1:2019)
Non-destructive testing - Penetrant testing - Part 1: General principles (ISO/DIS 3452-
1:2019)
Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung - Eindringprüfung - Teil 1: Allgemeine Grundlagen (ISO/DIS
3452-1:2019)
Essais non destructifs - Examen par ressuage - Partie 1: Principes généraux (ISO/DIS
3452-1:2019)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: prEN ISO 3452-1
ICS:
19.100 Neporušitveno preskušanje Non-destructive testing
oSIST prEN ISO 3452-1:2020 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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oSIST prEN ISO 3452-1:2020
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oSIST prEN ISO 3452-1:2020
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD
ISO/DIS 3452-1
ISO/TC 135/SC 2 Secretariat: SABS
Voting begins on: Voting terminates on:
2019-12-06 2020-02-28
Non-destructive testing — Penetrant testing —
Part 1:
General principles
Essais non destructifs — Examen par ressuage —
Partie 1: Principes généraux
ICS: 19.100
THIS DOCUMENT IS A DRAFT CIRCULATED
This document is circulated as received from the committee secretariat.
FOR COMMENT AND APPROVAL. IT IS
THEREFORE SUBJECT TO CHANGE AND MAY
NOT BE REFERRED TO AS AN INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD UNTIL PUBLISHED AS SUCH.
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
ISO/CEN PARALLEL PROCESSING
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL,
TECHNOLOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND
USER PURPOSES, DRAFT INTERNATIONAL
STANDARDS MAY ON OCCASION HAVE TO
BE CONSIDERED IN THE LIGHT OF THEIR
POTENTIAL TO BECOME STANDARDS TO
WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN
Reference number
NATIONAL REGULATIONS.
ISO/DIS 3452-1:2019(E)
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED
TO SUBMIT, WITH THEIR COMMENTS,
NOTIFICATION OF ANY RELEVANT PATENT
RIGHTS OF WHICH THEY ARE AWARE AND TO
©
PROVIDE SUPPORTING DOCUMENTATION. ISO 2019
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oSIST prEN ISO 3452-1:2020
ISO/DIS 3452-1:2019(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2019
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Fax: +41 22 749 09 47
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2019 – All rights reserved
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oSIST prEN ISO 3452-1:2020
ISO/DIS 3452-1:2019(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Safety precautions . 2
5 General principles . 2
5.1 Personnel . 2
5.2 Description of the method . 2
5.3 Process sequence . 2
5.4 Equipment . 3
5.5 Effectiveness . 3
6 Products, sensitivity and designation . 3
6.1 Product family . 3
6.2 Testing products . 3
6.3 Sensitivity . 3
6.4 Designation . 4
7 Compatibility . 4
7.1 General . 4
7.2 Compatibility of penetrant testing products . 4
7.3 Compatibility of penetrant testing products and the material to be tested . 4
8 Test procedure . 5
8.1 Written test procedure . 5
8.2 Precleaning . 5
8.2.1 General. 5
8.2.2 Mechanical precleaning . 5
8.2.3 Chemical precleaning . 5
8.2.4 Drying . 5
8.3 Temperature . 5
8.4 Application of penetrant . 6
8.4.1 Methods of application . 6
8.4.2 Penetration time . 6
8.5 Excess penetrant removal . 6
8.5.1 General. 6
8.5.2 Water . 6
8.5.3 Solvents . 6
8.5.4 Emulsifier . 6
8.5.5 Water and solvent . 7
8.5.6 Excess penetrant removal check . 7
8.5.7 Drying after excess penetrant removal. 7
8.6 Developing . 7
8.6.1 General. 7
8.6.2 Dry developer . 8
8.6.3 Water suspendable developer . 8
8.6.4 Solvent based developer . 8
8.6.5 Water soluble developer . 8
8.6.6 Water or solvent based for special application (e.g. peelable developer) . 8
8.6.7 No developer . 8
8.7 Inspection . 9
8.7.1 General. 9
8.7.2 Viewing conditions . 9
8.7.3 Wipe-off technique. 9
8.7.4 Recording . 9
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8.8 Postcleaning and corrosion protection .10
8.8.1 Postcleaning .10
8.8.2 Corrosion protection .10
8.9 Retesting .10
9 Test report .10
Annex A (normative) Main stages of penetrant examination .12
Annex B (normative) Process and control tests .13
Annex C (informative) Example test report .20
Bibliography .21
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Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www .iso .org/
iso/ foreword .html.
This document was prepared by the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) Technical
Committee CEN/TC 138, Non-destructive testing, in collaboration with ISO Technical Committee
ISO/TC 135, Non-destructive testing, Subcommittee SC 2, Surface methods, in accordance with the
Agreement on technical cooperation between ISO and CEN (Vienna Agreement).
This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition (ISO 3452-1:2013) which has been technically
revised. Changes from the first edition include a table referring to the testing products.
The main changes compared to the previous edition are as follows:
— clarification of understanding of product family
— new procedure “no developer” added
— technically revised according to the state of the art.
A list of all parts in the ISO 3452 series can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/ members .html.
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DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/DIS 3452-1:2019(E)
Non-destructive testing — Penetrant testing —
Part 1:
General principles
1 Scope
This part of ISO 3452 specifies a method of penetrant testing used to detect discontinuities, e.g. cracks,
laps, folds, porosity and lack of fusion, which are open to the surface of the material to be tested using
white light or UV-A (365 nm) radiation. It is mainly applied to metallic materials, but can also be
performed on other materials, provided that they are inert to the test media and not excessively porous
(castings, forgings, welds, ceramics, etc.)
It also includes requirements for process and control testing, but is not intended to be used for
acceptance criteria and gives neither information relating to the suitability of individual test systems
for specific applications nor requirements for test equipment.
NOTE 1 Methods for determining and monitoring the essential properties of penetrant testing products to be
used are specified in ISO 3452-2 and ISO 3452-3.
NOTE 2 The term discontinuity is used in this part of ISO 3452 in the sense that no evaluation concerning
acceptability or non-acceptability is included.
NOTE 3 CEN/TR 16338 addresses penetrant testing using actinic blue light.
2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated
references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 3059, Non-destructive testing — Penetrant testing and magnetic particle testing — Viewing conditions
ISO 3452-2, Non-destructive testing — Penetrant testing — Part 2: Testing of penetrant materials
ISO 3452-3, Non-destructive testing — Penetrant testing — Part 3: Reference test blocks
ISO 3452-4, Non-destructive testing — Penetrant testing — Part 4: Equipment
ISO 3452-5, Non-destructive testing — Penetrant testing — Part 5: Penetrant testing at temperatures
higher than 50 degrees C
ISO 3452-6, Non-destructive testing — Penetrant testing — Part 6: Penetrant testing at temperatures
lower than 10 degrees C
ISO 9712, Non-destructive testing — Qualification and certification of NDT personnel
ISO 12706, Non-destructive testing — Penetrant testing — Vocabulary
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 12706 apply.
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ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http:// www .electropedia .org/
4 Safety precautions
As penetrant inspection techniques often require the use of harmful, flammable and/or volatile
materials, safety regulations shall be taken into account.
Prolonged or repeated contact of these materials with the skin or any mucous membrane should be
avoided. Working areas shall be adequately ventilated and sited away from sources of heat, sparks or
naked flames in accordance with all applicable safety regulations.
The penetrant testing products and equipment shall be used with care and always in compliance with
the instructions supplied by the manufacturer.
UV-A sources shall always be maintained in a good condition.
In addition to the need to follow legislation (e.g. optical radiation legislation), care shall be taken to
ensure the safe implementation of the method.
5 General principles
5.1 Personnel
Testing shall be carried out by proficient, suitably trained and qualified personnel and, where
applicable, shall be supervised by competent personnel nominated by the employer or, by delegation of
the employer, the inspection company in charge of testing. To demonstrate appropriate qualification it
is recommended that personnel be certified according to ISO 9712 or an equivalent formalized system.
Penetrant testing operations, unless otherwise agreed, shall be authorized by a competent supervisory
individual (Level 3 or equivalent) approved by the employer.
5.2 Description of the method
Prior to penetrant testing the surface to be inspected shall be clean and dry. Suitable penetrants are
then applied to the test area and enter into discontinuities open to the surface. After the appropriate
penetration time has elapsed the excess penetrant is removed from the surface and the developer
applied. The developer absorbs the penetrant that has entered and remains in the discontinuities and
may give a clearly visible enhanced indication of the discontinuity.
Should complementary NDT be required, it is preferable that the penetrant inspection is performed first,
so as not to introduce contaminants into open discontinuities. If penetrant inspection is used following
another NDT technique or method, the surface shall be cleaned carefully to remove contaminants
before application.
5.3 Process sequence
The penetrant process shall be continuous with no undue delays between the stages. If process
parameters are not met, surfaces shall be cleaned and reprocessed.
Testing generally proceeds through the following stages:
a) preparation and precleaning (see 8.2);
b) application of penetrant (see 8.4);
c) excess penetrant removal (see 8.5);
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d) application of developer (see 8.6);
e) inspection (see 8.7);
f) postcleaning and protection (see 8.8).
See Annex A.
5.4 Equipment
The equipment used for carrying out penetrant testing depends on the number, size, weight and shape
of the parts to be tested. The equipment shall be as specified in ISO 3452-4.
5.5 Effectiveness
The effectiveness of the penetrant testing depends upon many factors, including
a) types of penetrant materials and testing equipment,
b) surface preparation and condition;
c) material under examination and expected discontinuities,
d) temperature of the test surface,
e) penetration and development time, and
f) viewing conditions.
Control checks shall be carried out to demonstrate that the correct testing parameters are used. See
Annex B.
6 Products, sensitivity and designation
6.1 Product family
Various test systems exist in penetrant testing. The penetrant testing system and the product family
shall be selected according to the application. Various factors have an impact on the effectiveness and
sensitivity of the process, e.g. the surface roughness and condition, size and shape of the parts to be
tested and the sensitivity level of the product family. For example using a high sensitivity penetrant on
a rough surface may result in a less sensitive test than using a lower sensitive penetrant.
A product family is understood as a combination of the following penetrant testing materials:
penetrant, excess penetrant remover (except method A) and developer. A product family may be defined
by the manufacturer, user or inspection authority and does not necessarily have to be from the same
manufacturer.
6.2 Testing products
The products used for testing are given in Table 1.
6.3 Sensitivity
Sensitivity levels shall be determined according to ISO 3452-2. By using specific product families
different sensitivity levels may be achieved. Therefore ISO 3452-2 describes penetrant baseline
sensitivity and product family sensitivity.
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6.4 Designation
The product family to be used for penetrant testing is given a designation comprising the type, the
method and the form for the testing products, and a figure which indicates the sensitivity level achieved
by testing according to ISO 3452-2.
EXAMPLE A product family comprising fluorescent penetrant (I), water as the excess penetrant remover
(A), dry-powder developer (a), and system sensitivity of level 2 gives the following penetrant testing system
designation when using ISO 3452-1 and ISO 3452-2: product family ISO 3452-2, IAa Level 2.
Table 1 — Testing products/procedures
Penetrant Excess penetrant remover Developer
Type Denomination Method Denomination Form Denomination
I Fluorescent A Water a Dry
II Colour contrast B Lipophilic emulsifier b Water soluble
III Dual purpose (fluo- C Solvent c Water suspendable
rescent and colour
D Hydrophilic emulsifier d Solvent based (non-aque-
contrast)
ous for Type I)
a
E Water and solvent e Solvent based (non-aque-
ous for Types II and III)
f Special application
b
g No developer
For specific cases, it is necessary to use penetrant testing products complying with particular requirements with regards
to flammability, sulfur, halogen and sodium content and other contaminants. See ISO 3452-2.
a
Method E relates to the use of two products, both water and solvent. Penetrant materials qualified for method A
are also considered qualified for method E.
b
For form g, development time is required, see 8.6.1.
7 Compatibility
7.1 General
The penetrant testing products shall be compatible with each other and the material to be tested. The
use for which the part or parts is designed shall also be considered.
7.2 Compatibility of penetrant testing products
Drag-out losses shall be replaced with the same product, which may be from a different batch.
7.3 Compatibility of penetrant testing products and the material to be tested
7.3.1 In most cases the compatibility can be assessed prior to use by means of the corrosion tests
detailed in ISO 3452-2.
7.3.2 The wettability of the test surface using the selected penetrant testing product shall be
established before testing.
7.3.3 The chemical or physical properties of some non-metallic materials can be adversely affected
by penetrant testing materials; their compatibility has to be established before inspecting parts
manufactured from, and assemblies that include such materials.
7.3.4 In situations where contamination might occur, it is essential to ensure that the penetrant testing
materials do not have a deleterious effect on fuels, lubricants, hydraulic fluids, etc.
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7.3.5 For parts associated with peroxide rocket fuel, explosive stores (these include all items containing
explosive propellant, initiating or pyrotechnic materials), oxygen equipment or nuclear applications the
compatibility of penetrant testing materials shall be given special consideration.
8 Test procedure
8.1 Written test procedure
All testing shall be performed in accordance with an approved written documentation, either
specifically prepared or included in the relevant product standard. The written test procedure shall
also include all relevant parameters for testing, e.g. temperatures, times, pressures. When generating
test procedures the product manufacturers recommendations shall be taken into account.
8.2 Precleaning
8.2.1 General
Contaminants such as scale, rust, oil, grease, paint and water shall be removed — if necessary using
mechanical or chemical methods, or a combination of these. Precleaning shall ensure that the test
surface is free from residues and that it allows the penetrant to enter any discontinuity. The cleaned
area shall be large enough to prevent interference from areas adjacent to the actual test surface.
8.2.2 Mechanical precleaning
Scale, slag, rust, etc., shall be removed using suitable methods such as brushing, rubbing, abrasion,
blasting or high-pressure blasting (water or ice pellets). These methods r
...
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