SIST EN 60146-1-1:2001
(Main)Semiconductor convertors - General requirements and line commutated convertors -- Part 1-1: Specifications of basic requirements
Semiconductor convertors - General requirements and line commutated convertors -- Part 1-1: Specifications of basic requirements
Part 1-1: Specifications of basic requirements Specifies the requirements for the performance of all electronic power convertors and electronic power switches using controllable and/or non-controllable electronic valves. Specifies the requirements applicable to line commutated convertors for conversion of a.c. power to d.c. power or vice versa including tests and service conditions which influence the basis of rating.
Halbleiter-Stromrichter - Allgemeine Anforderungen und netzgeführte Stromrichter -- Teil 1-1: Festlegung der Grundanforderungen
Convertisseurs à semiconducteurs - Spécifications communes et convertisseurs commutés par le réseau -- Partie 1-1: Spécifications des clauses techniques de base
Spécifie les règles relatives aux caractéristiques de fonctionnement de tous les convertisseurs électroniques de puissance ainsi que des commutateurs électroniques de puissance utilisant des valves électroniques, commandables ou non. Spécifie les clauses techniques de base applicables aux convertisseurs à commutation par le réseau, pour la conversion alternative-continue ou vice versa y compris les essais et les conditions d'emploi qui ont une influence sur le dimensionnement.
Semiconductor convertors - General requirements and line commutated convertors - Part 1-1: Specifications of basic requirements (IEC 60146-1-1:1991)
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN 60146-1-1:2001
01-junij-2001
Semiconductor convertors - General requirements and line commutated
convertors - Part 1-1: Specifications of basic requirements (IEC 60146-1-1:1991)
Semiconductor convertors - General requirements and line commutated convertors --
Part 1-1: Specifications of basic requirements
Halbleiter-Stromrichter - Allgemeine Anforderungen und netzgeführte Stromrichter -- Teil
1-1: Festlegung der Grundanforderungen
Convertisseurs à semiconducteurs - Spécifications communes et convertisseurs
commutés par le réseau -- Partie 1-1: Spécifications des clauses techniques de base
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN 60146-1-1:1993
ICS:
29.200 8VPHUQLNL3UHWYRUQLNL Rectifiers. Convertors.
6WDELOL]LUDQRHOHNWULþQR Stabilized power supply
QDSDMDQMH
SIST EN 60146-1-1:2001 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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SIST EN 60146-1-1:2001
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SIST EN 60146-1-1:2001
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SIST EN 60146-1-1:2001
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SIST EN 60146-1-1:2001
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SIST EN 60146-1-1:2001
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SIST EN 60146-1-1:2001
NORME CEI
IEC
INTERNATIONALE
146-1-1
INTERNATIONAL
Troisième édition
STANDARD
Third edition
1991-03
Convertisseurs à semiconducteurs
Spécifications communes et
convertisseurs commutés par le réseau
1-1:
Partie
Spécifications des clauses techniques de base
Semiconductor convertors
General requirements and
line commutated convertors
Part 1-1:
Specifications of basic requirements
réservés —
© CEI 1991 Droits de reproduction Copyright —. all rights reserved
Aucune partie de cette publication ne peut Sire reproduite ni No part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in
utilisée sous quelque forme que ce soit et par aucun pro- any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,
cédé, électronique ou mécanique, y compris la photocopie et including photocopying and microfilm, without permission
les microfilms, sans l'accord écrit de l'éditeur. in writing from the publisher.
Élect technique Suisse
Bureau Central de la Commission ro Internationale 3, rue de Varembé Genève,
Commission Electrotechnique Internationale CODE PRIX ^
International Electrotechnical Commissionommission
PRICE CODE j
IEC MenutytapoAHan 3nettrpoTexHecKan HoMHCCaa
Pour prix, voir catalogue en vigueur
• •
For price, see current catalogue
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SIST EN 60146-1-1:2001
IEC Publication 146-1-1
Publication 146-1-1 de la CEI
(3rd edition - 1991)
- 1991)
(39 édition
Semiconductor convertors -
Convertisseurs à semi-conducteurs -
General requirements and
Spécifications communes et
line commutated convertors
convertisseurs commutés par le réseau
Part 1-1: Specifications of basic
Partie 1-1: Spécifications des
requirements
clauses techniques de base
CORRIGENDUM
Page 114
Remplacer le tableau 6 existant
par le nouveau tableau 6 suivant:
Tableau 6 - Tensions d'essai, moyenne tension
Tension de choc Tension alternative
Tension réseau
(1,2 µs/50 µs) (fréquence industrielle)
kV
kV (crête) kV (valeur efficace)
0,5 < ULN 5 1,1 non applicable 1 + 2 Uk4/4
1,1 < 3,6
non applicable 3 UM/,l2
ULN 5
.ï,ü < ULN 5 38 15 + 3 UMtI2 4 + 1,8 UM/4-2--
Page 115
Replace existing table 6 with new table 6 below:
Table 6 - Test voltages, medium voltage
A.C. voltage
Impulse voltage
Line voltage
(1,2 µs/50 µs) (power frequency)
kV
kV (peak) kV r.m.s.
0,5 < ULN 5 1,1 non applicable 1 + 2 UMNT
1,1 < ULN 5 3,6 non applicable 3 UNTM
3,6 < ULN 5 38 15 + 3 UMgr 4 + 1 ,8 UM/lT
August 1993
Août 1993
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SIST EN 60146-1-1:2001
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SIST EN 60146-1-1:2001
146-1-1 © IEC - 3 -
CONTENTS
Page
9
FOREWORD
Section 1 - General
Clause
11
1.1 Scope and object
1.2 Normative references 13
15
1.3 Classification of semiconductor power equipment and valves
1.3.1 Classification of semiconductor power equipment 15
17
1.3.2 Classification of semiconductor valves
17
1.4 List of principal letter symbols and subscripts
17
1.4.1 List of subscripts
19
1.4.2 List of symbols (self evident symbols are not listed)
1.5 Definitions 23
25
1.5.1 Semiconductor device (IEV 551-03-05, modified)
1.5.2 Power semiconductor diode 25
25
1.5.3 Thyristor
25
1.5.4 Reverse blocking triode thyristor
25
1.5.5 Reverse conducting triode thyristor
1.5.6 Bidirectional triode thyristor (triac) 25
25
1.5.7 Turn-off thyristor (GTO = Gate Turn Off)
25
1.5.8 Combination of semiconductor devices
1.5.9 Convertor circuit elements 27
27
1.5.10 Convertor connection (IEV 551-04-17)
29
1.5.11 Controllability of convertor arms
29
1.5.12 Quadrants of operation (on d.c. side)
31
1.5.13 Commutation and quenching (see figure 1)
31
1.5.14 Type of commutation
31
1.5.15 Self commutation (IEV 551-05-06)
1.5.16 Type of quenching 33
33
1.5.17 Commutation circuit (IEV 551-05-09)
37
1.5.18 Trigger delay angle a (IEV 551-05-29, modified)
i3 37
1.5.19 Trigger advance angle
1.5.20 Inherent delay angle a , 37
37
1.5.21 Extinction angle 'y (IEV 551-05-30, modified)
39
1.5.22 Definitions of rated values
1.5.23 Definitions of rated values for assemblies and equipment 43
43
1.5.24 Efficiency definitions
45
1.5.25 Terms used in connection with convertor faults
45
1.5.26 Factors on the a.c. side
45
1.5.27 Terms used in connection with d.c. voltage
49
1.5.28 Terms used in connection with direct voltage regulation
51
1.5.29 Definitions related to cooling
53
1.5.30 Temperature definitions
1.5.31 Electrical disturbance 55
55
1.5.32 Level of immunity of a convertor
1.5.33 Level of generated disturbance of a convertor 55
57
1.5.34 Reference level of generated disturbance of a convertor
57
1.5.35 Relative short-circuit power, RSC
57
1.5.36 Compatibility of a system
57
1.5.37 Types and characteristics of common disturbances
59
1.5.38 Harmonic distortion (IEV 551-06-07)
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SIST EN 60146-1-1:2001
146-1-1 © IEC -5-
Clause Page
Section 2 - Service conditions
2.1 Code of identification for cooling method 59
59
2.1.1 Letter symbols to be used
61
2.1.2 Arrangement of letter symbols
63
2.2 Environmental cond itions.
63
2.2.1 Ambient air circulation
63
2.2.2 Normal service conditions
2.2.3 Unusual service conditions 65
67
2.3 Electrical service conditions
67
2.3.1 Electrical environment specification
67
2.3.2 Unknown site conditions
67
2.4 Character of the load
2.5 Electrical se ice conditions as a basis of ratings 69
rv
69
2.5.1 Frequency
69
2.5.2 A.C. voltage
71
2.5.3 Voltage unbalance
71
2.5.4 A.C. voltage wave form
Section 3 - Convertor equipment and assemblies
75
3.1 Electrical connection and calculation factors
75
3.1.1 Standard design convertors
75
3.1.2 Special design convertors
75
3.2 Calculation factors
75
3.2.1 Voltage ratio
75
3.2.2 Line side current factor
77
3.2.3 Voltage regulation
77 3.2.4 Magnetic circuit
77
3.2.5 Power loss factor
3.3 Losses and efficiency 81
81
3.3.1 General
3.3.2 Included losses 81
3.3.3 Not included losses 83
83
3.4 Power factor
83
3.4.1 General
85
3.4.2 Power, reactive power, apparent power and displacement factor
85
3.5 Voltage regulation
3.5.1 Inherent direct voltage regulation 85
87
3.5.2 Influence of other convertors
3.5.3 Twelve pulse convertors 89
89
3.5.4 Boost and buck connection convertors (series connection)
89
3.6 Harmonics in line currents and voltages
89
3.6.1 Order of harmonics
3.6.2 Amplification of harmonic currents 91
91
3.7 Direct voltage harmonic content
91
3.8 A.C. current in the direct current output
3.9 Interference 91
91
3.9.1 Interference with in-plant low current control and communication lines
91
3.9.2 Interference with telephone and communication links
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SIST EN 60146-1-1:2001
IEC
146-1-1 © - 7 -
Page
Clause
93
3.10 Rated values for convertors
93
3.10.1 General
93
3.10.2 Rated output voltage
3.10.3 Rated current values 95
99
3.10.4 Particular remarks for double convertors
Markings 99
3.11
99
3.11.1 Clear indication of manufacturer or supplier
3.11.2 Indication of the type of equipment 99
101
3.11.3 Marking of the input and output terminals of the main circuit
Rating plate 103
3.11.4
Section 4 - Tests for valve device assemblies and convertor equipment
107
4.1 General
107
4.1.1 Type tests
107
4.1.2 Routine tests
107
4.1.3 Performance of tests
4.1.4 Test schedule 109
111
4.2 Test specifications
111
4.2.1 Insulation tests
4.2.2 115 Light load and functional test
117
4.2.3 Rated current test
117
4.2.4 Power loss determination for assemblies and equipment
121
4.2.5 Temperature rise test
121
4.2.6 Power factor measurements
'121
4.2.7 Checking of auxiliary devices
123
Measurement of the inherent voltage regulation 4.2.8
123
4.2.9 Checking the properties of the control equipment
123
4.2.10 Checking the protective devices
123
4.2.11 Immunity test
125
4.2.12 Overcurrent capability test
125
Radio frequency generated interference and conducted noise 4.2.13
125
4.2.14 Audible noise
125
4.2.15 Measurement of ripple voltage and current
125
4.2.16 Additional tests
127
4.3 Tolerances
129
Annex A (informative) Index of definitions
135
Annex B (informative) Bibliography
Figures
35
1 - Types of commutation.
39
2 - Illustration of angles
3 - Voltage regulation 49
4 - A.C. voltage waveforms 73
Tables
79
1 - Connections and calculation factors
2 - Standard duty classes 97
101
3 - Examples of load cycles
4 - Summary of tests 109
115
5 - Test voltages, low voltage
115
6 - Test voltages, medium voltages
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SIST EN 60146-1-1:2001
146-1-1 © IEC - 9 -
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
SEMICONDUCTOR CONVERTORS
General requirements and line commutated convertors
Part 1-1: Specifications of basic requirements
FOREWORD
The formal decisions or agreements of the IEC on technical matters, prepared by Technical Committees on which all
1)
the National Committees having special interest therein are represented, express, as nearly as possible, an interna-
tional consensus of opinion on the subject dealt with.
2) They have the form of recommendations for international use and they are accepted by the National Committees in
that sense.
In order to promote international unification, the IEC expresses the wish that all National Committees should adopt the
3)
text of the IEC recommendation for their national rules in so far as national conditions will permit. Any divergence
between the IEC recommendation and the corresponding national rules should, as far as possible, be clearly indicated
in the latter.
This standard has been prepared by Sub-Committee 22B: Semiconductor Convertors, of
IEC Technical Committee No. 22: Power electronics. It constitutes Part 1 of IEC 146 and
partly replaces IEC 146 (1973) and its Amendment No. 1 (1975).
The text of this standard is based upon the following documents:
Six Months' Rule Report on the Voting Two Months' Procedure Report on the Voting
22B(CO)55 22B(CO)57
22B(CO)50 226(CO)54
Full information on the voting for the approval of this standard can be found in the Voting
Reports indicated in the above table.
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SIST EN 60146-1-1:2001
146-1-1 © IEC - 11 -
SEMICONDUCTOR CONVERTORS
General requirements and line commutated convertors
Part 1-1: Specifications of basic requirements
Section 1 - General
1.1 Scope and object
This International Standard specifies the requirements for the performance of all electronic
power convertors and electronic power switches using controllable and/or non-controllable
electronic valves.
The electronic valves mainly comprise semiconductor devices, i.e. diodes and various
thyristors, turn-
thyristors and transistors, such as reverse blocking or conducting
types of
off thyristors, triacs and power transistors. The devices may be controlled by means of
current, voltage or light. Non-bistable devices are assumed to be operated in the switched
mode.
This standard is primarily intended to specify the requirements applicable to line commu-
tated convertors for conversion of a.c. power to d.c. power or vice versa. Parts of this
standard are applicable also to other types of electronic power convertors and should be
regarded as a standard for them in so far as it is not in contradiction to additional IEC
Standards for particular types of semiconductor convertors given in existing or future IEC
Publications.
These specific equipment requirements are applicable to semiconductor power convertors
that either implement different types of power conversion or use different types of commu-
tation (for example semiconductor self-commutated convertors) or involve particular appli-
cations (for example semiconductor convertors for d.c. motor drives) or include a
combination of said characteristics (for example direct d.c. convertors for electric rolling
stock).
The main purposes of this standard are as follows:
Part
1-1, IEC 146-1-1, Specifications of basic requirements.
- to establish basic terms and definitions;
- to specify service conditions which influence the basis of rating;
- to specify test requirements for complete convertor equipment and assemblies, stan-
dard design, (for special design see IEC 146-1-2);
- to specify basic performance requirements;
- to give application oriented requirements for semiconductor power convertors.
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SIST EN 60146-1-1:2001
146-1-1 © IEC -13-
Part 1-2, IEC 146-1-2, Application guide
- to give additional information on test conditions and components, (for example:
semiconductor devices), when required for their use in semiconductor power con-
vertors, in addition to or as a modification on existing standards;
- to provide useful reference, calculation factors, formulae and diagrams pertaining to
power convertor practice.
Part 1-3, IEC 146-1-3, Transformers and reactors
- to give additional information on characteristics wherein convertor transformers differ
from ordinary power transformers. In all other respects, the rules specified in IEC 76,
shall apply to convertor transformers, as far as they are not in contradiction with this
standard.
1.2 Normative references
The following standards contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute
provisions of this International Standard. At the time of publication, the editions indicated
were valid. All standards are subject to revision and parties to agreements based on this
International Standard are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most
recent editions of the standards listed below. Members of IEC and ISO maintain registers of
currently valid International Standards.
Chapter 151: Electrical
IEC 50(151): 1978, International Electrotechnical Vocabulary (1EV) -
and magnetic devices.
Chapter 441: Switch-
IEC 50(441): 1984, International Electrotechnical Vocabulary (1EV) -
gear, controlgear and fuses.
Chapter 551: Power
IEC 50(551): 1982, International Electrotechnical Vocabulary (1EV) -
Electronics.
Chapter 601: Gener-
IEC 50(601): 1985, International Electrotechnical Vocabulary (IEV) -
ation, transmission and distribution of electricity. General.
IEC 76: 1976, Power transformers.
Disturbances in supply systems caused by household appliances and
IEC 555-1: 1982,
similar electrical equipment - Part 1: Definitions.
Insulation co-ordination within low-voltage systems including clearances
IEC 664: 1980,
and creepage distances for equipment.
IEC 725: 1981, Considerations on reference impedance for use in determining the dis-
turbance characteristics of household appliances and similar electrical equipment.
Some other IEC publications are quoted for information in Annex B: Bibliography.
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SIST EN 60146-1-1:2001
146-1-1 © IEC - 15 -
1.3 Classification of semiconductor power equipment and valves
1.3.1 Classification of semiconductor power equipment
A general synopsis of IEC Publications, applying to the great variety of types of semicon-
ductor power equipment, requires a classification that can be based on the following char-
acteristics:
a) Type of conversion and switching:
1) a.c. to d.c. conversion (rectifier);
2) d.c. to a.c. conversion (inverter);
d.c. to d.c. conversion (direct or indirect d.c. to d.c. convertor);
3)
4) a.c. to a.c. conversion (direct or indirect a.c. to a.c. convertor);
5) switching (periodic or non-periodic).
b) Purpose of conversion: In a power system the convertor changes or controls one or
more characteristics such as:
1) frequency (including zero frequency);
2) voltage level;
3) number of phases;
4) flow of reactive power;
5) quality of load power.
c) Type of valve turn-off: (see figure 1). A semiconductor valve can be turned off either
by commutation implying that the current of the valve is transferred to another valve or
by quenching if the current of the valve falls to zero before another valve is turned on.
Both types of valve turn-off may occur in normal operation of a.c. to d.c. convertors depending on the load.
NOTE -
The classification is based on normal operation, full load current.
The types of valve turn-off can be characterized by the source of the turn-off voltage:
1) external commutation (quenching);
1A) line commutation (quenching);
1B) load commutation (quenching);
2) self commutation (see also 1.3.2, note 2).
d) Type of d.c. system: Convertors connected to at least one d.c. system can usually be
wholly or partly classified as current source or voltage source depending on whether the
current or the voltage on the d.c. side is smoothed.
For a convertor connecting an a.c. system to a d.c. system, rectification implies a power
flow from the a.c. to the d.c. side and inversion a power flow in the opposite direction.
For each mode of operation, in a current source system the current is unidirectional, but
the voltage polarity depends on the direction of the power flow. In a voltage source
system the converse applies.
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SIST EN 60146-1-1:2001
146-1-1 © IEC - 17 -
1.3.2 Classification of semiconductor valves
Valves used in the power circuits of power electronic equipment can be divided into the
following categories:
1) non controllable valve with a conductive forward and a blocking reverse characteristic
(diode valve);
2) valve with a controllable forward and a blocking reverse characteristic (for example
reverse blocking thyristor valve);
valve with a controllable forward and a conductive reverse characteristic (for example
3)
reverse conducting thyristor valve);
4) valve which is controllable in both directions (for example triac valve).
NOTES
1 A valve is controllable if it can be switched from the blocking to the conducting state by means of a control signal.
Thyristors
2 Transistor and turn-off thyristor valves can be turned off by a signal applied to or taken off the gate.
and triacs do not have this property and must be turned off by main circuit voltages and currents.
1.4 List of principal letter symbols and subscripts
1.4.1 List of subscripts
0 (zero) at no load
c commutating
C short-circuit
d direct current or voltage
f dependent of frequency
h
h pertaining to harmonic component of order
ideal
L referring to line or source
m maximum
min minimum
N rated value or at rated load
inherent
p
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SIST EN 60146-1-1:2001
146-1-1 © IEC - 19 -
R repetitive (overvoltage)
r resistive
non-repetitive (overvoltage)
S
v valve side
x inductive
a controlled value (by delay angle)
1.4.2 List of symbols (self evident symbols are not listed)
inductive direct voltage regulation due to convertor transformer referred to Ud;
dxtN
inductive component of the relative short-circuit voltage of the convertor
exN
transformer corresponding to
/LN
fN rated frequency
number of sets of commutating groups between which /cm is divided
9
h order of harmonic
direct current (any defined value)
la
rated direct current
/d N
rated continuous direct current (maximum value)
/dmN
r.m.s. current on line side (of convertor or transformer if included)
IL
rated value of /L
/LN
r.m.s. value of the fundamental component of
/LN
/ 1 LN
h of
r.m.s. value of harmonic order
/LN
/hLN
rated value on valve side of transformer
/vN
pulse number
P
P active power
power on line side at rated load
PLN
commutation number
p
reactive power on line side at rated load
Qi LN
relative short-circuit power
Rsc
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SIST EN 60146-1-1:2001
146-1-1 © IEC -21 -
number of series connected commutating groups
s
short-circuit power calculated at the a.c. terminals of the commutating arms
Scorn
Sc short-circuit power of the supply source
minimum value of Sc
SCmin
rated apparent power on line side
SLN
value of SLN based on
/1LN
S 1 LN
transformer rated apparent power
StN
angle of overlap (commutation angle)
u
Ud direct voltage (any defined value)
conventional no load direct voltage
Udo
with trigger delay angle a
value of Udo
UdOac
real no-load direct voltage
UdOo
ideal no-load direct voltage
Udi
controlled ideal no-load direct voltage
Udia
rated direct voltage
UdN
total inductive direct voltage regulation at rated direct current
UdxN
h of UL
r.m.s. value of harmonic order
UhL
ideal crest no-load voltage, appearing between the end terminals of an arm
Ui M
neglecting internal and external voltage surge and voltage drops in valves, at
no load. The ratio remains the same at light load current close to the transition
current.
line-to-line voltage on line side of convertor or transformer, if any
UL
rated value of UL
ULN
including repetitive overvoltage but
maximum instantaneous value of U L
ULRM
excluding non repetitive overvoltages
including non repetitive overvoltages
maximum instantaneous value of UL
ULSM
excluding transient overvoltages
maximum instantaneous value of UL
ULWM
UM maximum peak voltage (see 4.2.1.4)
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SIST EN 60146-1-1:2001
146-1-1 ©! EC -23-
no-load line-to-line voltage on the line side of the convertor or on the valve side
U,0
of the transformer, if any
U„N rated voltage on the valve side of the transformer
XtN inductive voltage drop of the transformer in per unit
a trigger delay angle
a
inherent delay angle
trigger advance angle
extinction angle
number of commutating groups commutating simultaneously per primary
6
total power factor
v deformation factor
displacement angle of the fundamental component of
!_
1
1.5 Definitions
For the purpose of this International Standard, the following definitions apply. In this stan-
dard, IEV definitions are used wherever possible, particularly those in IEC 50(551).
The policy adopted is as follows:
1)when a suitable IEV definition exists, the title and reference are given without repeat-
ing the text;
2) when an existing IEV definition needs amplification or additional information, the title,
the reference and the additional text are given;
3) when no IEV definition exists, the title and the text are given;
4) the definitions appear under:
A) for general terms (1.5.1 to 1.5.28);
B) for service conditions (1.5.29 to 1.5.30);
for definitions concerning compatibility (1.5.31 to 1.5.37).
C)
An alphabetical index is given in Annex A (informative).
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SIST EN 60146-1-1:2001
146-1-1 © IEC - 25 -
A) General terms
1.5.1 Semiconductor device (lEV 551-03-05, modified)
Device whose essential characteristics are due to the flow of charge carriers within a
semiconductor.
1.5.2 Power semiconductor diode
Two-terminal semiconductor device having an asymmetrical voltage/current characteristic,
designed for use in power convertor connections.
NOTE - Unless otherwise qualified, this term usually means a device with a voltage current characteristic typical of a
single PN junction.
1.5.3 Thyristor
Bi-stable semiconductor device comprising three or more functions which can be switched
from the off-state to the on-state.
NOTE - The term 'thyristor" is used as a generic term to cover the whole range of PNPN type devices. It may be used by
itself for any member of the thyristor family when such use does not result in ambiguity or misunderstanding. In par-
ticular, the term 'thyristor" is widely used for reverse blocking triode thyristor, formerly called "silicon controlled rectifier.
1.5.4 Reverse blocking triode thyristor
Three-terminal thyristor which does not turn on for negative anode voltage but exhibits a
reverse blocking gate.
1.5.5 Reverse conducting triode thyristor
which does not block for negative anode voltage but conducts
Three-terminal thyristor
large reverse currents at voltages comparable in magnitude to the forward on-state volt-
ages.
1.5.6 Bidirectional triode thyristor (triac)
Three-terminal thyristor having substantially the same switching behaviour in the first and
third quadrants of the principal characteristic.
1.5.7 Turn-off thyristor (GTO = Gate Turn Off)
Thyristor which can be switched from the on-state to the off-state and vice versa by apply-
ing control signals of appropriate polarity to the gate terminal.
Combination of semiconductor devices
1.5.8
1.5.8.1 (Valve device) stack (IEV 551-03-11)
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SIST EN 60146-1-1:2001
146-1-1 © IEC - 27 -
1.5.8.2 (Valve device) assembly (IEV 551-03-12)
(Electronic) (power) convertor (lEV 551-02-01, modified)
1.5.8.3
An operative unit for electronic power conversion comprising one or more assemblies
together with convertor transformer(s), essential switching devices and other auxiliaries, if
any. It may include the trigger equipment.
1.5.8.4 Trigger equipment (gating equipment)
Equipment which provides suitable trigger pulses from a control signal for controllable valve
devices in a convertor or power switch including timing or phase shifting circuits, pulse
generating circuits and usually power supply circuits.
1.5.8.5 System control equipment
Equipment associated with a convertor equipment or system which performs automatic
adjustment of the convertor output characteristics as a function of a controlled quantity (for
example motor speed, tractive force, etc.).
1.5.9 Convertor circuit elements
1.5.9.1 (Circuit) valve (IEV 551-04-01)
1.5.9.2 (Valve) arm (IEV 551-04-04)
1.5.9.3 Principal arm (lEV 551-04-05, modified)
A (valve) arm involved in the major transfer of power from one side of the convertor or
electronic switch to the other.
Auxiliary arm (IEV 551-04-12)
1.5.9.4
1.5.9.5 By-pass arm (IEV 551-04-13)
Free-wheeling arm (IEV 551-04-14)
1.5.9.6
1.5.9.7 Turn-off arm (lEV 551 04-15)
1.5.9.8 Regenerative arm (IEV 551-04-16)
1.5.10 Convertor connection (IEV 551-04-17)
1.5.10.1 Basic convertor connection (IEV 551-04-18)
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SIST EN 60146-1-1:2001
146-1-1 - 29 -
© IEC
1.5.10.2 Single-way connection (of a convertor) (lEV 551-04-21)
1.5.10.3 Double-way connection (of a convertor) (IEV 551-04-22)
1.5.10.4 Uniform connection (IEV 551-04-24)
1.5.10.5 Non-uniform connection (lEV 551-04-27)
1.5.10.6 Series connection (IEV 551-04-30, modified)
A connection in which two or more convertors are connected in such a way that their volt-
ages add.
Boost and buck connection (lEV 551-04-31, modified)
1.5.10.7
A series connection in which the convertors are controlled independently.
1.5.11
Controllability of convertor arms
1.5.11.1
Controllable arm
Convertor arm including controllable semiconductor element(s) as valve device(s).
1.5.11.2
Non-controllable arm
Convertor arm including no controllable semiconductor element(s) as valve device(s).
1.5.12
Quadrants of operation (on d.c. side)
Each quadrant of the voltage current plane is defined by the d.c. voltage polarity and the
current direction.
1.5.12.1 One quadrant convertor (IEV 551-02-14)
1.5.12.2 Two quadrant (single) convertor (IEV 551-02-15)
1.5.12.3 Four quadrant (double) convertor (IEV 551-02-16)
1.5.12.4 Reversible convertor (lEV 551-02-17)
1.5.12.4.1 Single convertor (lEV 551-02-18)
1.5.12.4.2 Double convertor (lEV 551-02-19)
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SIST EN 60146-1-1:2001
146-1-1 © IEC - 31 -
1.5.12.4.3 Convertor section of a double convertor (IEV 551-02-20)
1.5.13 Commutation and quenching (see figure 1)
1.5.13.1 Commutation (IEV 551-05-01, modified)
Transfer of current from one conducting arm to the next to conduct in sequence, without
interruption of the d.c. current. During a finite interval of time both arms are conducting
simultaneously.
1.5.13.2 Quenching (IEV 551-05-02, modified)
The termination of current flow in an arm without commutation.
1.5.14 Type of commutation
1.5.14.1 Direct commutation (lEV 551-05-07)
1.5.14.2 Indirect commutation (lEV 551-05-08)
1.5.14.3 External commutation (IEV 551-05-03)
1.5.14.3.1 Line commutation (lEV 551-05-04)
1.5.14.3.2 Load commutation (lEV 551-05-05)
1.5.14.3.3 Machine commutation
A method of load commutation in which the commutating voltage is supplied from a
machine not included in the source of power.
1.5.14.3.4 Resonant load commutation
A method of load commutation in which the commutating voltage is supplied from the load,
taking advantage of its resonant pr
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