SIST EN 13431:2004
(Main)Packaging - Requirements for packaging recoverable in the form of energy recovery, including specification of minimum inferior calorific value
Packaging - Requirements for packaging recoverable in the form of energy recovery, including specification of minimum inferior calorific value
This European Standard specifies the requirements for a packaging to be classified as recoverable in the form of energy and sets out procedures for assessment of conformity with those requirements. The scope is limited to factors under the control of the supplier.
This standard cannot by itself provide presumption of conformity. The procedure for applying this standard is contained in EN 13427.
Verpackung - Anforderungen an Verpackungen für die energetische Verwertung, einschließlich Spezifikation eines Mindestheizwertes
Emballage - Exigences relatives aux emballages valorisables énergétiquement, incluant la spécification d'une valeur calorifique inférieur minimale
Embalaža - Zahteve za embalažo, primerno za energetsko predelavo, vključno z določitvijo najnižje spodnje kurilne vrednosti
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN 13431:2004
01-september-2004
Nadomešča:
SIST EN 13431:2001
Embalaža - Zahteve za embalažo, primerno za energetsko predelavo, vključno z
določitvijo najnižje spodnje kurilne vrednosti
Packaging - Requirements for packaging recoverable in the form of energy recovery,
including specification of minimum inferior calorific value
Verpackung - Anforderungen an Verpackungen für die energetische Verwertung,
einschließlich Spezifikation eines Mindestheizwertes
Emballage - Exigences relatives aux emballages valorisables énergétiquement, incluant
la spécification d'une valeur calorifique inférieur minimale
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN 13431:2004
ICS:
13.030.99 Drugi standardi v zvezi z Other standards related to
odpadki wastes
55.020 Pakiranje in distribucija blaga Packaging and distribution of
na splošno goods in general
SIST EN 13431:2004 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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SIST EN 13431:2004
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SIST EN 13431:2004
EUROPEAN STANDARD
EN 13431
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
July 2004
ICS 13.030.99; 55.020 Supersedes EN 13431:2000
English version
Packaging - Requirements for packaging recoverable in the form
of energy recovery, including specification of minimum inferior
calorific value
Emballage - Exigences relatives aux emballages Verpackung - Anforderungen an Verpackungen für die
valorisables énergétiquement, incluant la spécification energetische Verwertung, einschließlich Spezifikation eines
d'une valeur calorifique inférieur minimale Mindestheizwertes
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 5 May 2004.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European
Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national
standards may be obtained on application to the Central Secretariat or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Central Secretariat has the same status as the official
versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France,
Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia,
Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels
© 2004 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN 13431:2004: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
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SIST EN 13431:2004
EN 13431:2004 (E)
Contents Page
Foreword.3
Introduction .4
1 Scope .5
2 Normative references .5
3 Terms and definitions .5
4 Specification of Minimum Inferior Calorific Value (Minimum Net Calorific Value) .6
5 Requirements.6
6 Procedures .7
Annex A (normative) Determination of Calorific Gain and specification of the theoretical minimum
inferior calorific value (minimum net calorific value) .8
Annex B (informative) Derivation of a minimum inferior calorific value (minimum net calorific value)
for packaging to allow optimisation of energy recovery in a real industrial system .10
Annex C (informative) Substances and materials liable to have a negative influence on the energy
recovery process and materials, combinations of materials or design of packaging liable to
create problems during energy recovery.14
Annex D (informative) Example of format for the statement of compliance with this document .15
Annex ZA (informative) Relationship between this European Standard and the Essential
Requirements of EU Directive 94/62/EC .16
Bibliography .17
2
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SIST EN 13431:2004
EN 13431:2004 (E)
Foreword
This document (EN 13431:2004) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 261 “Packaging”, the
secretariat of which is held by AFNOR.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or
by endorsement, at the latest by January 2005, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest
by January 2005.
This document supersedes EN 13431:2000.
This document has been prepared under two mandates given to CEN by the European Commission and the
European Free Trade Association, and supports the essential requirements of EU Directive(s).
For relationship with EU Directive(s), see informative Annex ZA, which is an integral part of this document.
This document forms one of a series of standards and reports prepared under mandates M 200 rev.3 and M/317
given to CEN by the European Commission and the European Free Trade Association to support the European
Council and Parliament Directive on Packaging and Packaging Waste [94/62/EC]. The procedure for applying this
document in conjunction with the other mandated standards and reports, is specified in EN 13427.
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following
countries are bound to implement this European Standard : Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark,
Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta,
Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
3
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SIST EN 13431:2004
EN 13431:2004 (E)
Introduction
The Directive on Packaging and Packaging Waste (94/62/EC) defines requirements for packaging to be considered
recoverable. This document amplifies these requirements with respect to energy recovery. The European Standard
EN 13427 provides a framework within which this and four other standards may be used together to support a
claim that a packaging is in compliance with the essential requirements for packaging to be placed on the market
as required by the Directive.
NOTE The Directive 94/62/EC is amended by European Parliament and Council Directive 2004/12/EC of 11 February 2004.
The purpose of packaging is the containment, protection, handling, delivery and presentation of products. Energy
recovery of used packaging is one of several recovery options within the overall life cycle of packaging. In order to
save resources and minimise waste, the whole system in which the packaging takes part should be optimised. This
includes prevention as well as reuse and recovery of packaging waste.
This document presents a framework for assessment to determine whether the requirements of this document have
been met. Its approach is similar to that of systems standards such as the EN ISO 9000 series or an environmental
management system such as EN ISO 14001.
Since packaging waste used for energy recovery substitutes for other fuels, total system optimisation includes
production of heat and/or power. This document defines and specifies the thermodynamic requirements for
packaging to allow the incineration with energy recovery of packaging waste, but does not consider the
transformation and use of the produced energy. Both packaging and recovery technologies are subject to
continuous improvement.
Annex A derives the theoretical concept of calorific gain. Annexes B and C set out supporting regulations as well as
conclusions reached during the preparation of the text. It is assumed that the heat generated during the
incineration process shall be recovered as far as practicable, but it is outside the Scope of this document to take
any standpoint on plant efficiency.
Requirements for substances and materials liable to have a negative influence on the energy recovery process are
specified in EN 13428. According to the discussion in Annex C, there is no need for further requirements.
Materials, combinations of materials or design of packaging liable to create problems during energy recovery are
discussed in Annex C. It is concluded that packaging design and combination of materials do not create problems
for the energy recovery process.
Annex D is an aid to prove compliance with the requirements.
4
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SIST EN 13431:2004
EN 13431:2004 (E)
1 Scope
This document specifies the requirements for a packaging to be classified as recoverable in the form of energy and
sets out procedures for assessment of conformity with those requirements. The scope is limited to factors under the
control of the supplier.
This document cannot by itself provide presumption of conformity. The procedure for applying this document is
contained in EN 13427.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references,
only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any
amendments) applies.
EN 13193, Packaging - Packaging and the Environment - Terminology.
EN 13427, Packaging - Requirements for the use of European Standards in the field of packaging and packaging
waste.
EN 13428, Packaging – Requirements specific to manufacturing and composition - Prevention by source reduction.
CR 13695-1, Packaging - Requirements for measuring and verifying the four heavy metals and other dangerous
substances present in packaging, and their release into the environment - Part 1: Requirements for measuring and
verifying the four heavy metals present in packaging.
CEN/TR 13695-2, Packaging - Requirements for measuring and verifying the four heavy metals and other
dangerous substances present in packaging, and their release into the environment - Part 2: Requirements for
measuring and verifying dangerous substances present in packaging, and their release into the environment.
EN 14182, Packaging - Terminology - Basic terms and definitions.
ISO 1171, Solid mineral fuels - Determination of ash.
ISO 1928, Solid mineral fuels - Determination of gross calorific value by the bomb calorimetric method, and
calculation of net calorific value.
Directive 2000/76/EC on the incineration of waste. Directive 2000/76/EC repeals Directive 94/67/EC from
December 28, 2005 also for old plants.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in EN 13193, EN 13427, EN 14182 and the
following apply.
3.1
inferior calorific value (net calorific value), q
net
inferior calorific value is a term used in Mandate M 200 rev.3 for the net calorific value, which is defined in
ISO 1928 and measured at constant volume
3.2
required energy, H
a
energy necessary to adiabatically heat the post combustion substances of a material and excess air from ambient
temperature to a specified final temperature
5
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SIST EN 13431:2004
EN 13431:2004 (E)
3.3
calorific gain
positive difference between the energy released on combustion of a material and H
a
3.4
theoretical minimum inferior calorific value (theoretical minimum net calorific value), q
net, min,theor.
fraction of the energy released on combustion sufficient to adiabatically heat the post-combustion substances of a
material or product and excess air from a specified ambient temperature to a specified final temperature
3.5
available thermal energy
fraction of the energy released on combustion in a real industrial system which is transferred for example to the
steam cycle of a boiler, i.e. the total released energy minus the thermal losses
3.6
combustion
oxidation reaction covering both combustion of organic materials and oxidation of metals
3.7
packaging component
part of packaging that can be separated by hand or by using simple physical means (from EN 13193)
3.8
packaging constituent
part from which packaging or its components are made and which cannot be separated by hand or by using simple
physical means (from EN 13193)
4 Specification of Minimum Inferior Calorific Value (Minimum Net Calorific Value)
The theoretical minimum inferior calorific value (theoretical minimum net calorific value), q , is material
.
net,min,theor
specific. It depends on the temperature and other conditions required by the combustion process. In this document
it is identified as H and may be determined by the method described in Annex A. This Annex specifies the
a
theoretical minimum inferior calorific value (minimum net calorific value) through the technical concept of calorific
gain.
The real minimum inferior calorific value (real minimum net calorific value), q is set to allow optimisation of
,
net,min,real
energy recovery in a real industrial system and is defined in Annex B.
5 Requirements
To allow optimisation of energy recovery in a real industrial system, the theoretical calorific gain should be well
above zero. To claim energy recovery q shall be equal to or greater than 5 MJ/kg.
net
NOTE 1 Packaging composed of more than 50 % (by weight) of organic content, e.g. wood, cardboard, paper and other
organic fibres, starch, plastics, provides calorific gain and meets the requirement of q equal to or greater than 5 MJ/kg.
net
NOTE 2 A packaging consisting of more than 50 % by weight of inorganic constituents, e.g. inorganic fillers and layers, is
recoverable in the form of energy, provided q is equal to or greater than 5 MJ/kg.
net
NOTE 3 Thin gauge aluminium (typically up to 50 µm thick) contributes to q of the packaging and is deemed to be energy
net
recoverable. Aluminium over 50 µm is deemed to be not combustible.
NOTE 4 A packaging consisting of more than 50 % by weight of inorganic components, e.g. glass or rigid metal containers
with a plastic closure, is deemed to be not energy recoverable.
6
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SIST EN 13431:2004
EN 13431:2004 (E)
6 Procedures
6.1 Application
The application of this document to any particular packaging shall be as specified in EN 13427.
6.2 Assessment
Packaging may be assessed for recoverability in the form of energy by calculation from data given in Annex B or
use of the methodology in Annex A.
6.3 Claims of conformity
The supplier shall prepare a written statement of compliance with the requirements stated in Clause 5 as referred
to in EN 13427. Annex D may be used as guidance.
7
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SIST EN 13431:2004
EN 13431:2004 (E)
Annex A
(normative)
Determination of Calorific Gain and specification of the theoretical minimum
inferior calorific value (minimum net calorific value)
The determination of calorific gain is based on standard procedures for calculating the adiabatic final temperature
in combustion chemist
...
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.Packaging - Requirements for packaging recoverable in the form of energy recovery, including specification of minimum inferior calorific valueEmballage - Exigences relatives aux emballages valorisables énergétiquement, incluant la spécification d'une valeur calorifique inférieur minimaleVerpackung - Anforderungen an Verpackungen für die energetische Verwertung, einschließlich Spezifikation eines MindestheizwertesTa slovenski standard je istoveten z:EN 13431:2004SIST EN 13431:2004en,fr,de55.020Pakiranje in distribucija blaga na splošnoPackaging and distribution of goods in general13.030.99Drugi standardi v zvezi z odpadkiOther standards related to wastesICS:SIST EN 13431:20011DGRPHãþDSLOVENSKI
STANDARDSIST EN 13431:200401-september-2004
EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPÉENNE EUROPÄISCHE NORM
EN 13431
July 2004 ICS 13.030.99; 55.020
Supersedes EN 13431:2000 English version
Packaging - Requirements for packaging recoverable in the form of energy recovery, including specification of minimum inferior calorific value
Emballage - Exigences relatives aux emballages valorisables énergétiquement, incluant la spécification d'une valeur calorifique inférieur minimale
Verpackung - Anforderungen an Verpackungen für die energetische Verwertung, einschließlich Spezifikation eines Mindestheizwertes This European Standard was approved by CEN on 5 May 2004.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the Central Secretariat or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Central Secretariat has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36
B-1050 Brussels © 2004 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 13431:2004: E
EN 13431:2004 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword.3 Introduction.4 1 Scope.5 2 Normative references.5 3 Terms and definitions.5 4 Specification of Minimum Inferior Calorific Value (Minimum Net Calorific Value).6 5 Requirements.6 6 Procedures.7 Annex A (normative)
Determination of Calorific Gain and specification of the theoretical minimum inferior calorific value (minimum net calorific value).8 Annex B (informative)
Derivation of a minimum inferior calorific value (minimum net calorific value) for packaging to allow optimisation of energy recovery in a real industrial system.10 Annex C (informative)
Substances and materials liable to have a negative influence on the energy recovery process and materials, combinations of materials or design of packaging liable to create problems during energy recovery.14 Annex D (informative)
Example of format for the statement of compliance with this document.15 Annex ZA (informative)
Relationship between this European Standard and the Essential Requirements of EU Directive 94/62/EC.16 Bibliography.17
EN 13431:2004 (E) 3 Foreword This document (EN 13431:2004) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 261 “Packaging”, the secretariat of which is held by AFNOR. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by January 2005, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by January 2005. This document supersedes EN 13431:2000. This document has been prepared under two mandates given to CEN by the European Commission and the European Free Trade Association, and supports the essential requirements of EU Directive(s). For relationship with EU Directive(s), see informative Annex ZA, which is an integral part of this document. This document forms one of a series of standards and reports prepared under mandates M 200 rev.3 and M/317 given to CEN by the European Commission and the European Free Trade Association to support the European Council and Parliament Directive on Packaging and Packaging Waste [94/62/EC]. The procedure for applying this document in conjunction with the other mandated standards and reports, is specified in EN 13427. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard : Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EN 13431:2004 (E) 4 Introduction The Directive on Packaging and Packaging Waste (94/62/EC) defines requirements for packaging to be considered recoverable. This document amplifies these requirements with respect to energy recovery. The European Standard EN 13427 provides a framework within which this and four other standards may be used together to support a claim that a packaging is in compliance with the essential requirements for packaging to be placed on the market as required by the Directive. NOTE The Directive 94/62/EC is amended by European Parliament and Council Directive 2004/12/EC of 11 February 2004. The purpose of packaging is the containment, protection, handling, delivery and presentation of products. Energy recovery of used packaging is one of several recovery options within the overall life cycle of packaging. In order to save resources and minimise waste, the whole system in which the packaging takes part should be optimised. This includes prevention as well as reuse and recovery of packaging waste. This document presents a framework for assessment to determine whether the requirements of this document have been met. Its approach is similar to that of systems standards such as the EN ISO 9000 series or an environmental management system such as EN ISO 14001. Since packaging waste used for energy recovery substitutes for other fuels, total system optimisation includes production of heat and/or power. This document defines and specifies the thermodynamic requirements for packaging to allow the incineration with energy recovery of packaging waste, but does not consider the transformation and use of the produced energy. Both packaging and recovery technologies are subject to continuous improvement. Annex A derives the theoretical concept of calorific gain. Annexes B and C set out supporting regulations as well as conclusions reached during the preparation of the text. It is assumed that the heat generated during the incineration process shall be recovered as far as practicable, but it is outside the Scope of this document to take any standpoint on plant efficiency. Requirements for substances and materials liable to have a negative influence on the energy recovery process are specified in EN 13428. According to the discussion in Annex C, there is no need for further requirements. Materials, combinations of materials or design of packaging liable to create problems during energy recovery are discussed in Annex C. It is concluded that packaging design and combination of materials do not create problems for the energy recovery process. Annex D is an aid to prove compliance with the requirements.
EN 13431:2004 (E) 5 1 Scope This document specifies the requirements for a packaging to be classified as recoverable in the form of energy and sets out procedures for assessment of conformity with those requirements. The scope is limited to factors under the control of the supplier. This document cannot by itself provide presumption of conformity. The procedure for applying this document is contained in EN 13427. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN 13193, Packaging - Packaging and the Environment - Terminology. EN 13427, Packaging - Requirements for the use of European Standards in the field of packaging and packaging waste. EN 13428, Packaging – Requirements specific to manufacturing and composition - Prevention by source reduction. CR 13695-1, Packaging - Requirements for measuring and verifying the four heavy metals and other dangerous substances present in packaging, and their release into the environment - Part 1: Requirements for measuring and verifying the four heavy metals present in packaging. CEN/TR 13695-2, Packaging - Requirements for measuring and verifying the four heavy metals and other dangerous substances present in packaging, and their release into the environment - Part 2: Requirements for measuring and verifying dangerous substances present in packaging, and their release into the environment. EN 14182, Packaging - Terminology - Basic terms and definitions. ISO 1171, Solid mineral fuels - Determination of ash. ISO 1928, Solid mineral fuels - Determination of gross calorific value by the bomb calorimetric method, and calculation of net calorific value. Directive 2000/76/EC on the incineration of waste. Directive 2000/76/EC repeals Directive 94/67/EC from December 28, 2005 also for old plants. 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in EN 13193, EN 13427, EN 14182 and the following apply. 3.1 inferior calorific value (net calorific value), qnet inferior calorific value is a term used in Mandate M 200 rev.3 for the net calorific value, which is defined in ISO 1928 and measured at constant volume 3.2 required energy, Ha energy necessary to adiabatically heat the post combustion substances of a material and excess air from ambient temperature to a specified final temperature
EN 13431:2004 (E) 6 3.3 calorific gain positive difference between the energy released on combustion of a material and Ha 3.4 theoretical minimum inferior calorific value (theoretical minimum net calorific value), qnet, min,theor. fraction of the energy released on combustion sufficient to adiabatically heat the post-combustion substances of a material or product and excess air from a specified ambient temperature to a specified final temperature 3.5 available thermal energy fraction of the energy released on combustion in a real industrial system which is transferred for example to the steam cycle of a boiler, i.e. the total released energy minus the thermal losses 3.6 combustion oxidation reaction covering both combustion of organic materials and oxidation of metals 3.7
packaging component part of packaging that can be separated by hand or by using simple physical means (from EN 13193) 3.8
packaging constituent part from which packaging or its components are made and which cannot be separated by hand or by using simple physical means (from EN 13193) 4 Specification of Minimum Inferior Calorific Value (Minimum Net Calorific Value) The theoretical minimum inferior calorific value (theoretical minimum net calorific value), qnet,min,theor., is material specific. It depends on the temperature and other conditions required by the combustion process. In this document it is identified as Ha and may be determined by the method described in Annex A. This Annex specifies the theoretical minimum inferior calorific value (minimum net calorific value) through the technical concept of calorific gain. The real minimum inferior calorific value (real minimum net calorific value), qnet,min,real, is set to allow optimisation of energy recovery in a real industrial system and is defined in Annex B. 5 Requirements To allow optimisation of energy recovery in a real industrial system, the theoretical calorific gain should be well above zero. To claim energy recovery qnet shall be equal to or greater than 5 MJ/kg. NOTE 1 Packaging composed of more than 50 % (by weight) of organic content, e.g. wood, cardboard, paper and other organic fibres, starch, plastics, provides calorific gain and meets the requirement of qnet equal to or greater than 5 MJ/kg. NOTE 2 A packaging consisting of more than 50 % by weight of inorganic constituents, e.g. inorganic fillers and layers, is recoverable in the form of energy, provided qnet is equal to or greater than 5 MJ/kg. NOTE 3 Thin gauge aluminium (typically up to 50 µm thick) contributes to qnet of the packaging and is deemed to be energy recoverable. Aluminium over 50 µm
is deemed to be not combustible. NOTE 4 A packaging consisting of more than 50 % by weight of inorganic components, e.g. glass or rigid metal containers with a plastic closure, is deemed to be not energy recoverable.
EN 13431:2004 (E) 7 6 Procedures 6.1 Application The application of this document to any particular packaging shall be as specified in EN 13427. 6.2 Assessment Packaging may be assessed for recoverability in the form of energy by calculation from data given in Annex B or use of the methodology in Annex A. 6.3 Claims of conformity The supplier shall prepare a written statement of compliance with the requirements stated in Clause 5 as referred to in EN 13427. Annex D may be used as guidance.
EN 13431:2004 (E) 8 Annex A (normative)
Determination of Calorific Gain and specification of the theoretical minimum inferior calorific value (minimum net calorific valu
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