SIST EN 1177:2018
(Main)Impact attenuating playground surfacing - Methods of test for determination of impact attenuation
Impact attenuating playground surfacing - Methods of test for determination of impact attenuation
This European Standard specifies methods for determining the impact attenuation of playground surfacing by measuring the acceleration experienced during impact. Method 1 describes the procedure for determination of "Critical Fall Height" (see 5.1) for the surfacing, which represents the upper limit of its effectiveness in reducing head injury when using playground equipment conforming to the EN 1176 series. Method 1 is applicable to tests carried out in a laboratory or in site. Method 2 describes the procedure for use to assess the Adequacy of Impact attenuation of installed surfacing in relation to the playground equipment as installed (see 5.2).
NOTE Method 2 is also used for impact area of outdoor fitness equipment (EN 16630) and other equipment referring to this standard.
Stoßdämpfende Spielplatzböden - Prüfverfahren zur Bestimmung der Stoßdämpfung
Sols d'aires de jeux absorbant l'impact - Méthodes d'essai pour la détermination de l'atténuation de l'impact
La présente Norme européenne prescrit des méthodes permettant de déterminer l'atténuation de l'impact des sols d'aires de jeux par mesurage de l'accélération subie durant l'impact. La méthode 1 décrit le mode opératoire pour déterminer la « hauteur de chute critique » (voir 5.1) pour les sols ; cette hauteur constitue la limite supérieure d'efficacité du sol à réduire les blessures à la tête lorsque des équipements d'aires de jeux sont utilisés conformément à l'EN 1176. La méthode 1 s'applique aussi bien aux essais en laboratoire qu'aux essais sur site. La méthode 2 décrit la procédure à utiliser pour évaluer l'adéquation de l'atténuation de l'impact de sols installés par rapport aux équipements d'aires de jeux tels qu'ils sont installés (voir 5.2).
NOTE La méthode 2 est également utilisée pour la zone d'impact des modules d'entraînement physique de plein air (EN 16630) et d'autres équipements couverts par cette norme.
Podloge otroških igrišč, ki ublažijo udarce - Ugotavljanje kritične višine padca
Ta evropski standard določa metode za določanje ublažitve udarca ob podlogo otroških igrišč z merjenjem pospeševanja, ki nastane pri udarcu. 1. metoda opisuje postopek ugotavljanja »kritične višine padca« (glej točko 5.1) za podlogo, ki predstavlja zgornjo mejo njene učinkovitosti pri zmanjšanju poškodb glave med uporabo igralne opreme, ki je skladna s skupino standardov EN 1176. 1. metoda se uporablja za preskušanja v laboratoriju ali na mestu uporabe. 2. metoda opisuje postopek, ki se uporablja za ocenjevanje ustreznosti ublažitve udarca ob nameščeno podlogo v povezavi z igralno opremo, kot je nameščena (glej točko 5.2).
OPOMBA: 2. metoda se tudi uporablja kot območje udarca ob zunanjo opremo za telesno vadbo (EN 16630) in drugo opremo, ki se nanaša na ta standard.
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2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.Stoßdämpfende Spielplatzböden - Prüfverfahren zur Bestimmung der StoßdämpfungSols d'aires de jeux absorbant l'impact - Méthodes d'essai pour la détermination de l'atténuation de l'impactImpact attenuating playground surfacing - Methods of test for determination of impact attenuation97.200.40,JULãþDPlaygroundsICS:Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z:EN 1177:2018SIST EN 1177:2018en,fr,de01-marec-2018SIST EN 1177:2018SLOVENSKI
STANDARDSIST EN 1177:20081DGRPHãþD
SIST EN 1177:2018
EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPÉENNE EUROPÄISCHE NORM
EN 1177
January
t r s z ICS
{ yä t r rä v r Supersedes EN
s s y yã t r r zEnglish Version
Impact attenuating playground surfacing æ Methods of test for determination of impact attenuation Sols d 5aires de jeux absorbant l 5impact æ Mßthodes d 5essai pour la dßtermination de l 5attßnuation de l 5impact
Stoßdämpfende Spielplatzböden æ Prüfverfahren zur Bestimmung der Stoßdämpfung This European Standard was approved by CEN on
t { October
t r s yä
egulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alterationä Upætoædate lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CENæCENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN memberä
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CENæCENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versionsä
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austriaá Belgiumá Bulgariaá Croatiaá Cyprusá Czech Republicá Denmarká Estoniaá Finlandá Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedoniaá Franceá Germanyá Greeceá Hungaryá Icelandá Irelandá Italyá Latviaá Lithuaniaá Luxembourgá Maltaá Netherlandsá Norwayá Polandá Portugalá Romaniaá Serbiaá Slovakiaá Sloveniaá Spainá Swedená Switzerlandá Turkey and United Kingdomä
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CEN-CENELEC Management Centre:
Rue de la Science 23,
B-1040 Brussels
9
t r s z CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Membersä Refä Noä EN
s s y yã t r s z ESIST EN 1177:2018
EN 1177:2018 (E) 2 Contents
Page
European foreword . 4 Introduction . 6 1 Scope . 8 2 Normative references . 8 3 Terms and definitions . 8 4 Test apparatus. 9 4.1 Suitability . 9 4.2 Components of the apparatus . 10 4.3 Accuracy of apparatus . 12 4.3.1 Calibration by a laboratory . 12 4.3.2 Checks by operators . 12 5 Testing procedure . 13 5.1 Principle of impact measurement . 13 5.2 Selection and definition of test positions . 14 6 Test Method
...................................................... 15 6.1 Principle .......................................................................................................................................................... 15 6.2 Testing in the laboratory ........................................................................................................................... 15 6.3 Testing on site ............................................................................................................................................... 17 7 Test Method 2 – Determination of Impact Attenuation on site ................................................... 18 7.1 Principle .......................................................................................................................................................... 18 7.2 Selection and recording of test positions ............................................................................................ 18 7.3 Carrying out the test .................................................................................................................................... 19 7.4 Results .............................................................................................................................................................. 19 8 Reports ............................................................................................................................................................. 19 8.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................. 19 8.2 Tests carried out in the laboratory with Method 1 .......................................................................... 19 8.3 Tests carried out on site in accordance with Method 1 .................................................................. 20 8.4 Tests carried out on site in accordance with Method 2 .................................................................. 21 Annex A (informative)
Test rig for determination of impact attenuation . 22 Annex B (informative)
Typical examples of trace of acceleration against time and curve of HIC and gmax values against drop height . 23 Annex (see 4.3.1.4) . 25 Annex D (normative)
Procedure for selection of test positions in playgrounds for Method 2 (see Clause 7) . 26 D.1 Principle . 26 D.2 Criteria for selection of test zones (3.12) . 26 SIST EN 1177:2018
EN 1177:2018 (E) 3 Annex E (normative)
Method for compaction of loose particulate impact attenuating material (see 6.2.4.5.1) . 31 E.1 General . 31 E.2 Measurement of layer thickness . 31 E.3 Compaction procedure . 31 Annex apparatus . 33
SIST EN 1177:2018
EN 1177:2018 (E) 4 European foreword This document (EN 1177:2018) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 136 “Sports, playground and other recreational facilities and equipment”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by July 2018, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by July 2018. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. This document supersedes EN 1177:2008. European standards for playground equipment and surfacing comprise this European Standard and the EN 1176 series, which consists of a number of parts as follows: — Part 1: General safety requirements and test methods — Part 2: Additional specific safety requirements and test methods for swings — Part 3: Additional specific safety requirements and test methods for slides — Part 4: Additional specific safety requirements and test methods for cableways — Part 5: Additional specific safety requirements and test methods for carousels — Part 6: Additional specific safety requirements and test methods for rocking equipment — Part 7: Guidance on installation, inspection, maintenance and operation — Part 10: Additional specific safety requirements and test methods for fully enclosed play equipment — Part 11: Additional specific safety requirements and test methods for spatial network This standard should also be read in conjunction with: — EN 1176:2017 series — CEN/TR 16467:2013, Playground equipment accessible for all children — CEN/TR 16598:2014, Collection of rationales for EN 1176 - Requirements — CEN/TR 16396:2012, Playground equipment for children, replies to requests for interpretation of EN 1176:2008 and its parts For inflatable play equipment, see EN 14960, Inflatable play equipment — Safety requirements and test methods. SIST EN 1177:2018
EN 1177:2018 (E) 5 The principal changes from the previous edition of this European Standard are as follows: a) European foreword: References to CEN/TRs added. b) Introduction: Rationale for retaining HIC 1 000 and introducing gmax 200 as upper limits for surfacing when assessed in accordance with this standard has been added. c) Scope: Two methods of impact testing are now provided. Method 1 (as in the previous edition) – Test for determination of Critical Fall Height AND new Method 2 – Test for measurement of impact attenuation on site to enable, upon installation or at periods later in its life, confirmation as required of suitability of the product for that specific site location at the time of the test. d) Body of standard: 1) change of the order and adding new clauses by implementation of Method 2; 2) adaption of recent technology for requirements on test apparatus and measurements in order to improve accuracy of results (including checks by operators); 3) adapting Annex B and adding new Annexes C, D, E and F. According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organisations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom. SIST EN 1177:2018
EN 1177:2018 (E) 6 Introduction This European Standard is based on the safety principles given in EN 1176-1 for playground equipment and provides a method for the assessment of impact attenuation of surfaces intended for use in the impact area as defined in EN 1176-1. This standard (EN 1177) aims to reduce consequences of experiencing risks that are desirable for child development according to the principles set in EN 1176-1. Injuries arise during the use of playground equipment for a variety of reasons and the great majority are minor. Even the presence of protection features like impact attenuating surfacing is known to affect the behaviour of children, as well as carers and play providers, which in turn can affect the risk. The majority of more serious injuries are attributable to falls and there are many factors that influence injury mechanisms during a fall that are independent of the surfacing, e.g. body orientation, awkwardness of fall, bone density, etc. The most severe injuries are likely to be injuries to the head. Recent research has indicated that arm and leg injuries are more frequent and could be influenced by the duration of the acceleration pulse. The committee responsible for this European Standard maintains a constant review of research in this area for possible use in a future revision of this standard. The committee recognizes that there is a relationship between the risk of arm and leg injuries and surface type but takes the view that such injuries are not usually in the most severe category. At present the available injury data can be taken into account by limitation of the maximum (peak) acceleration. Consequently, the committee has chosen to make its priority the reduction of the likelihood of serious head injuries caused by a fall from playground equipment, because even though such injuries are relatively uncommon, they can have the most severe consequences. The severity of injury resulting from an impact to the head can be quantified in terms of Head Injury Criterion (HIC) and the level of HIC = 1 000 together with the upper limit of the peak acceleration of gmax = 200g ( g for gravity) have been chosen as the upper limits for surfacing when assessed in accordance with this standard. Limiting the HIC value at a maximum of 1 000 is equivalent to a 3 % chance of a critical head injury (MAIS1 5), an 18 % probability of a severe (MAIS 4) head injury, a 55 % probability of a serious (MAIS 3) head injury, a 89 % probability of a moderate head injury (MAIS 2), and a 99,5 % chance of a minor head injury (MAIS 1), to an average male adult. Limiting gmax to a maximum of 200g as well as limiting HIC to a maximum of 1 000 takes account of impacts of very short duration and follows the current research on arm injuries as a means of improvement to the Standard. Two methods of impact tests are provided. The first method is for determination of the Critical Fall Height to enable full and detailed confirmation of a product's range of suitability. The second method describes an on-site drop test, without determination of critical fall height to enable, upon installation or at periods later in its life, confirmation as required of the performance of the surfacing in that specific site location at the time of the test. The EN committee is aware of discussions within ASTM International since 2014 about a reduction in the HIC threshold to 700 in its corresponding standard. The current limiting value of HIC
¶ 1 000 has been used in Europe since 1998 and the EN committee considers that at present, there is insufficient evidence of net overall value to playground users to support a change. It has therefore chosen to retain the value HIC
¶ 1 000 and to provide a second threshold of 200g as the criteria of acceptability in this standard, whilst continuing to monitor research publications on this subject. The same has been decided by ASTM for the time being.
1 Maximum Abbreviated Injury Scale, first developed by the Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine and used extensively in the automotive industry as an indicator of the severity of head-related injuries. SIST EN 1177:2018
EN 1177:2018 (E) 7 A variety of materials, both natural and synthetic, may be used as impact attenuating surfacing with different attributes and performance. These include grass growing in soil, sand, wood chips, bark, gravel, and various rubber-based products which may be in the form of tiles or continuous coatings or combinations of these materials. Whilst the methods described in this Standard can be used to assess the impact attenuation performance of any of these surfaces, attention of users is drawn that the behaviour of some materials can be highly variable and dependent on prevailing test conditions and that test results will likely vary over time or with climatic conditions. SIST EN 1177:2018
EN 1177:2018 (E) 8 1 Scope This European Standard specifies the test apparatus and the impact test methods for determining the impact attenuation of surfacing by measuring the acceleration experienced during impact. Test apparatus in compliance with this standard are applicable to tests carried out in a laboratory or on site by either methods described. NOTE The test methods described in this standard are also applicable for impact areas required in other standards than for playground equipment, e.g. for outdoor fitness equipment and parkour equipment. 2 Normative references The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN 933-1, Tests for geometrical properties of aggregates — Part 1: Determination of particle size distribution — Sieving method EN 1176-1:2017, Playground equipment and surfacing — Part 1: General safety requirements and test methods EN ISO/IEC 17025, General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories (ISO/IEC 17025) 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in EN 1176-1 and the following apply. 3.1 impact attenuation property of a surface, which dissipates the kinetic energy of an impact by localized deformation or displacement in such a way that the acceleration experienced by the impacting object is reduced 3.2 impact attenuating surfacing IAS surfacing intended to reduce the risk of injury when falling onto it Note 1 to entry: product or material having the inherent ability to attenuate the impact of a user falling onto it 3.3 critical fall height CFH maximum Free Height of Fall (FHF), for which a surface will provide an adequate level of impact attenuation, determined by test Method 1 as described in Clause 6 of this standard 3.4 head injury criterion HIC measure of the severity of a head injury likely to arise from an impact, determined as described in Clause 5 of this standard SIST EN 1177:2018
EN 1177:2018 (E) 9 3.5 peak acceleration gmax maximum acceleration a experienced by the headform during an impact, expressed in units of g (gravity) 3.6 impact measurement HIC value and gmax calculated from the recorded acceleration a (in g) of the headform falling from one drop height onto one test position of the surface (see 5.1) 3.7 test position position on the surface to be tested, located vertically below the centre of the headform 3.8 drop height Free Height of Fall, measured between the test position on the surface and the lowest point of the free falling headform prior to release; or, in the case of a guided headform, calculated from measurement of headform velocity immediately prior to impact 3.9 drop test procedure for conducting impact measurements on one test position of the impact area Note 1 to entry: The number of drops and the drop heights of drop tests are specified separately in Method 1 for specific types of products (see 6.2.4) and in Method 2 for all types of surfacing material (see 6.3.5). 3.10 loose particulate material material consisting of separate, un-bound pieces of a substance Note 1 to entry: Sand, gravel, bark and wood chips are examples of loose particulate materials. 3.11 impact area area that can be hit by a user after falling through the falling space 3.12 test zone subdivision of the impact area for the purpose of verification of impact attenuation. All test zones to be verified constitute the impact area of the equipment (see 5.2). 4 Test apparatus 4.1 Suitability The same apparatus and recording procedures are used for the two methods of test described in this standard. SIST EN 1177:2018
EN 1177:2018 (E) 10 4.2 Components of the apparatus 4.2.1 General The equipment comprises: a headform (4.2.2) fitted with one or more accelerometer(s) (4.2.2.3 a or b), optionally a signal conditioner (4.2.3), a release system for the headform (4.2.6), means for measuring the effective free fall height (4.2.5), a signal transmission system (4.2.7) and an impact measuring equipment (4.2.8). If using a uniaxial accelerometer, a guidance system for the headform shall be provided (4.2.4). Principle of apparatus see Figure A.1. 4.2.2 Headform 4.2.2.1 The headform shall consist of either a) an aluminium alloy ball; or b) a hemispherical ended aluminium alloy missile. 4.2.2.2 The headform shall have a diameter of 160 mm ± 5 mm, a mass of 4,6 kg ± 0,05 kg, with a maximum deviation from the hemispheric surface of 0,5 mm. If the alloy from which the headform is made is too soft, deformation of the surface of the aluminium may occur when testing loose particulate materials like gravel or any other hard and rigid elements in the impact attenuating surface. This will result in unquantifiable errors in the measurement of gmax and HIC. When testing materials of this type, the impacting surface of the headform should be inspected frequently. If deformation of the headform surface is observed, the test is invalid. In the case of a wired headform, the weight of any connector which is directly attached to or mounted on the headform and the weight of 1,5 m of the wire or cable shall be included in the determination of the mass of the headform. 4.2.2.3 Accelerometer(s) shall be incorporated as follows: a) accelerometer(s) aligned to measure 3 axes for free falling headform, mounted at the centre of gravity (±5mm in the vertical or horizontal axis) of the headform; or b) a uniaxial accelerometer for guided headforms, aligned to measure in the vertical axis ±5° and located directly above the centre of mass. 4.2.2.4 The impacting part of the headform below the mounting plane of the accelerometer shall be homogeneous and free from voids. NOTE This is to avoid errors in measurement caused by vibrations. 4.2.3 Signal conditioner (optional) Depending on the accelerometer technology employed, different methods of signal conditioning may be needed. Examples include: a charge amplifier, a Wheatstone bridge and amplifier, or an integrated electronic conditioner. 4.2.4 Guidance system When using a uniaxial accelerometer, a vertical guidance for the headform shall be provided, including a means to measure the velocity of the headform immediately prior to impact (see 4.2.5.2). SIST EN 1177:2018
EN 1177:2018 (E) 11 4.2.5 Fall height measuring equipment Methods for determination of the effective Free Height of Fall (FHF) of the headform when impacting the surface are: 4.2.5.1 For the free-fall impact test, physical measuring of the drop height or calculating the drop height from the measured time between release and contact of the headform with the surface. When calculating the drop height from the measured time between release and contact of the headform with the surface, special attention should be paid to possible time differences between the start of time measurement and the effective release of the headform (e.g. caused by permanent magnetism in a magnetic release system). A comparison of the measured height of fall and the calculated height of fall may be needed. 4.2.5.2 For the guided impact test, measuring the velocity of the headform immediately prior to the impact and calculating the theoretical free fall drop height. To allow for frictional losses, the velocity of the headform immediately prior to impact is recorded in order to calculate the equivalent drop height as if the headform had been in free fall. In all cases, the effective Free Height of Fall (FHF) shall be recorded. 4.2.6 Release system The release system for the free-fall impact test shall not create a significant rotation moment or any other forces on the headform, when released. NOTE A rotation moment or other forces on the headform would cause additional accelerations at impact in the accelerometer, leading to an uncontrollable error of the resultant for the vertical measurement. 4.2.7 Signal transmission system When using a signal cable for transmission, it shall not cause any significant restraining, pushing forces or unsteadiness of the headform. 4.2.8 Impact measuring equipment 4.2.8.1 The impact measuring equipment shall consist of an accelerometer measurement system (4.2.8.2), a recording device (4.2.8.3) and a calculation program for the head injury criterion (HIC) (4.2.8.4). 4.2.8.2 The accelerometer measurement system shall be capable of measuring all signal frequencies in the range 20 Hz to 1 000 Hz and having a sufficient response at all frequencies to keep amplitude errors below 5 %. It shall be capable of measuring, recording and displaying the acceleration and time duration of each complete impact (see 5.1.3). For piezoelectric accelerometersá to have a sufficient response at low frequenciesá the
« u dB lower limiting frequency should be less than or equal to 0,3 Hz to reduce the errors resulting from signal droop, which is most obviously visible in the form of baseline overshoot after the impact. Signal droop also results in underestimation of gmax and as a result HIC, particularly for longer pulse durations. Piezoelectric accelerometers with a time constant of 2 s or greater and appropriate signal conditioning will generally meet this requirement. Other accelerometers are not affected. SIST EN 1177:2018
EN 1177:2018 (E) 12 4.2.8.3 Recording device The recording device shall be capable of capturing and recording the acceleration/time signals produced throughout an impact with a minimum sampling rate of at least 20 kHz, including the maximum acceleration (gmax) experienced during each impact. Signal conditioning and filtering shall be compatible with the accelerometer and the data channel specified. When the
« u dB upper frequency response of the accelerometer and its signal conditioning system is at a frequency greater than one-quarter of the sampling frequency, an anti-aliasing filter with an attenuation of at least 30 dB at half the sampling rate shall be employed. 4.2.8.4 Program for calculating the HIC value for the recorded acceleration time history of each impact, in accordance with Clause 5. 4.3 Accuracy of apparatus 4.3.1 Calibration by a laboratory 4.3.1.1 The apparatus shall be calibrated periodically, by a laboratory in accordance with EN ISO/IEC 17025. 4.3.1.2 All parts of the acceleration measurement system including accelerometers and electronic part (analogue and numerical) shall be calibrated for the whole frequency range from 20 Hz to 1 000 Hz. Recalibration shall be carried out at time intervals recommended by the manufacturer of the accelerometer or at least every two years. Calibrations shall be documented (e.g. by calibration certificates) and uncertainties shall be indicated. The uncertainty of the calibration of accelerometers shall not be greater than 5 %. 4.3.1.3 Velocity measurement systems as well as algorithms for calculating the fall height shall be calibrated for the whole velocity range (up to 3.5 m drop height). For free falling headforms the calculated fall height shall be compared with the physically measured effective fall height. In all cases, the effective Free Height of Fall (FHF) shall be measured with an uncertainty of not more than ±1 %. 4.3.1.4 The computer algorithm used for the calculation of HIC shall be checked, e.g. by imposing a half-sine curve and the result, when compared with an independent mathematical calculation of this curve, shall not deviate by more than ±1 %. NOTE An example for verification is given in Annex C. 4.3.2 Checks by operators 4.3.2.1 Operators shall verify the correct function of the apparatus they use at appropriate interval (depending on the frequency and type of use of the apparatus). The results of any checks shall be recorded during the life time of the apparatus (e.g. by using a monitoring log). The tests given in 4.3.2.2 and 4.3.2.3 are for checking any deviations or anomalies in the components and neither replaces calibration nor the validation for compliance of the apparatus with this European Standard. NOTE An example of a regime for checking the correct function of the apparatus is described in Annex F. SIST EN 1177:2018
EN 1177:2018 (E) 13 4.3.2.2 Comparative testing on reference surfaces Conduct the testing procedure for determination of the Critical Fall Height (CFH) (Clause 6 – Method 1) on a prefabricated reference surface with constant properties under conditions as described for laboratory tests (6.2.4.1). Carry out a series of at least three consecutive drop tests on the same test position on the reference surface, using the same fall heights ±2cm for all drop tests. Record the results for HIC and gmax
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