SIST EN ISO 22476-1:2023
(Main)Geotechnical investigation and testing - Field testing - Part 1: Electrical cone and piezocone penetration test (ISO 22476-1:2022)
Geotechnical investigation and testing - Field testing - Part 1: Electrical cone and piezocone penetration test (ISO 22476-1:2022)
This document establishes equipment, procedural and reporting requirements and recommendations on cone and piezocone penetration tests.
NOTE This document fulfils the requirements for cone and piezocone penetration tests as part of geotechnical investigation and testing according to the EN 1997 series.
This document specifies the following features:
a) type of cone penetration test;
b) cone penetrometer class according to Table 2;
c) test categories according to Table 3;
d) penetration length or penetration depth;
e) elevation of the ground surface or the underwater ground surface at the location of the cone penetration test with reference to a datum;
f) location of the cone penetration test relative to a reproducible fixed location reference point;
g) pore pressure dissipation tests.
This document covers onshore and nearshore cone penetration test (CPT). For requirements for offshore CPT, see ISO 19901-8.
Geotechnische Erkundung und Untersuchung - Felduntersuchungen - Teil 1: Drucksondierungen mit elektrischen Messwertaufnehmern und Messeinrichtungen für den Porenwasserdruck (ISO 22476-1:2022)
Dieser Teil von ISO 22476 behandelt die Geräteanforderungen, die Durchführung und die Ergebnisdarstellung von elektrischen Drucksondierungen und Drucksondierungen mit der Piezospitze.
ANMERKUNG 1 Dieser Teil von ISO 22476 erfüllt die Anforderungen für elektrische Drucksondierungen und Drucksondierungen mit der Piezospitze als Teil von geotechnischen Untersuchungen und Versuchen nach EN 1997 (alle Teile).
Es werden zwei Unterkategorien von Drucksondierungen betrachtet:
— die elektrische Drucksondierung (CPT), die die Messung des Spitzenwiderstandes und der Mantelreibung umfasst;
— die elektrische Drucksondierung mit der Piezospitze (CPTU), die eine Drucksondierung mit zusätzlicher Messung des Porenwasserdruckes ist.
Die CPTU-Sondierung wird wie eine CPT-Sondierung ausgeführt, mit dem Unterschied, dass der Porenwasserdruck an einer oder mehreren Stellen an der Oberfläche der Sondierspitze gemessen wird.
ANMERKUNG 2 Sowohl die CPT-Sondierung als auch die CPTU-Sondierung können ohne Bestimmung der Mantelreibung ausgeführt werden; dies wird jedoch nicht in diesem Teil von ISO 22476 behandelt.
Dieser Teil von ISO 22476 legt die folgenden Aspekte fest:
a) Typ der Drucksondierung;
b) Klasse der Drucksondierspitze nach Tabelle 1;
c) Prüfkategorien nach Tabelle 2;
d) die erreichbare Sondierlänge oder Sondiertiefe;
e) die Höhe der Geländeoberfläche oder die Gewässergrundoberfläche am Ort der Drucksondierung mit Verweis auf eine Bezugshöhe;
f) die Lage der Drucksondierung mit Bezug zu einem reproduzierbaren örtlich festgelegten Lagebezugs-punkt; und
g) Porenwasserdruck-Dissipationsversuche.
ANMERKUNG 3 Dieser Teil von ISO 22476 behandelt CPT-Sondierungen an Land und im Nearshore-Bereich. Für Anforderungen an CPT-Sondierungen in Offshore-Bereichen siehe ISO 19901-8.
Reconnaissance et essais géotechniques - Essais en place - Partie 1: Essais de pénétration au cône électrique et au piézocône (ISO 22476-1:2022)
Le présent document établit les exigences et les recommandations en matière d’appareillage, de modes opératoires et de compte rendu pour les essais de pénétration au cône et au piézocône
NOTE Le présent document traite des exigences relatives au cône et au piézocône dans le cadre de la reconnaissance et des essais géotechniques selon la série de normes EN 1997.
Ce document spécifie les caractéristiques suivantes:
a) type d’essai de pénétration au cône;
b) classe de pointe pénétrométrique selon le Tableau 2;
c) catégories d’essai selon le Tableau 3;
d) longueur ou profondeur de pénétration;
e) la cote altimétrique de la surface du sol ou la cote de la surface de la nappe à l’emplacement de l’essai de pénétration au cône par rapport à un repère précisé;
f) l’emplacement de l’essai de pénétration au cône par rapport à un point de référence fixe reproductible;
g) les essais de dissipation de la pression interstitielle.
Ce document couvre les essais de pénétration au cône (CPT) en milieu terrestre et en milieu côtier. Pour les exigences relatives aux essais CPT en mer, voir l’ISO 19901-8.
Geotehnično preiskovanje in preskušanje - Preskušanje na terenu - 1. del: Konusni penetracijski preizkus z ali brez merjenja pornih tlakov (ISO 22476-1:2022)
Ta dokument podaja zahteve in priporočila glede opreme, postopkov in poročanja o izvajanju preskusov penetracije s stožcem in piezostožcem.
OPOMBA: Ta dokument izpolnjuje zahteve za preskuse penetracije s stožcem in piezostožcem v okviru geotehničnega preiskovanja in preskušanja v skladu s skupino standardov EN 1997.
Ta dokument določa naslednje elemente:
a) vrsto penetracijskega preskusa z električnim stožcem (CPT);
b) razred penetrometra z električnim stožcem v skladu s tabelo 2;
c) kategorije preskusa v skladu s tabelo 3;
d) dolžino ali globino penetracije;
e) nadmorsko višino talne površine ali podvodne talne površine na mestu penetracijskega preskusa s stožcem z referenčno ravnino;
f) mesto penetracijskega preskusa s stožcem glede na ponovljivo nepremično referenčno točko mesta;
g) preskuse odvajanja pornega tlaka.
Ta dokument zajema penetracijski preskus s stožcem na kopnem ali v bližini kopnega. Za zahteve glede penetracijskega preskusa s stožcem na morju glej standard ISO 19901-8.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN ISO 22476-1:2023
01-maj-2023
Nadomešča:
SIST EN ISO 22476-1:2013
SIST EN ISO 22476-1:2013/AC:2013
Geotehnično preiskovanje in preskušanje - Preskušanje na terenu - 1. del:
Konusni penetracijski preizkus z ali brez merjenja pornih tlakov (ISO 22476-1:2022)
Geotechnical investigation and testing - Field testing - Part 1: Electrical cone and
piezocone penetration test (ISO 22476-1:2022)
Geotechnische Erkundung und Untersuchung - Felduntersuchungen - Teil 1:
Drucksondierungen mit elektrischen Messwertaufnehmern und Messeinrichtungen für
den Porenwasserdruck (ISO 22476-1:2022)
Reconnaissance et essais géotechniques - Essais en place - Partie 1: Essais de
pénétration au cône électrique et au piézocône (ISO 22476-1:2022)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO 22476-1:2023
ICS:
93.020 Zemeljska dela. Izkopavanja. Earthworks. Excavations.
Gradnja temeljev. Dela pod Foundation construction.
zemljo Underground works
SIST EN ISO 22476-1:2023 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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SIST EN ISO 22476-1:2023
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SIST EN ISO 22476-1:2023
EN ISO 22476-1
EUROPEAN STANDARD
NORME EUROPÉENNE
January 2023
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 93.020 Supersedes EN ISO 22476-1:2012, EN ISO 22476-
1:2012/AC:2013
English Version
Geotechnical investigation and testing - Field testing - Part
1: Electrical cone and piezocone penetration test (ISO
22476-1:2022)
Reconnaissance et essais géotechniques - Essais en Geotechnische Erkundung und Untersuchung -
place - Partie 1: Essais de pénétration au cône Felduntersuchungen - Teil 1: Drucksondierungen mit
électrique et au piézocône (ISO 22476-1:2022) elektrischen Messwertaufnehmern und
Messeinrichtungen für den Porenwasserdruck (ISO
22476-1:2022)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 30 September 2022.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye and
United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2023 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 22476-1:2023 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
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SIST EN ISO 22476-1:2023
EN ISO 22476-1:2023 (E)
Contents Page
European foreword . 3
2
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SIST EN ISO 22476-1:2023
EN ISO 22476-1:2023 (E)
European foreword
This document (EN ISO 22476-1:2023) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 182
"Geotechnics" in collaboration with Technical Committee CEN/TC 341 “Geotechnical Investigation and
Testing” the secretariat of which is held by BSI.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by July 2023, and conflicting national standards shall be
withdrawn at the latest by July 2023.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document supersedes EN ISO 22476-1:2012, EN ISO 22476-1:2012/AC:2013.
Any feedback and questions on this document should be directed to the users’ national standards
body/national committee. A complete listing of these bodies can be found on the CEN website.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland,
Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of
North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye and the
United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO 22476-1:2022 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO 22476-1:2023 without any
modification.
3
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SIST EN ISO 22476-1:2023
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SIST EN ISO 22476-1:2023
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 22476-1
Second edition
2022-12
Geotechnical investigation and
testing — Field testing —
Part 1:
Electrical cone and piezocone
penetration test
Reconnaissance et essais géotechniques — Essais en place —
Partie 1: Essais de pénétration au cône électrique et au piézocône
Reference number
ISO 22476-1:2022(E)
© ISO 2022
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SIST EN ISO 22476-1:2023
ISO 22476-1:2022(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2022
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii
© ISO 2022 – All rights reserved
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SIST EN ISO 22476-1:2023
ISO 22476-1:2022(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .v
Introduction . vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms, definitions and symbols . 1
3.1 Terms and definitions . 2
3.2 Symbols . 8
4 Equipment .11
4.1 General . 11
4.1.1 Tolerances . 11
4.1.2 Gaps and soil seals . 11
4.2 Cone penetrometer . 11
4.3 Surface roughness and hardness . 11
4.4 Cone .12
4.5 Friction sleeve . 13
4.6 Filter element . 14
4.6.1 General filter location . 14
4.6.2 Pore pressure u . 14
1
4.6.3 Pore pressure u . 15
2
4.6.4 Pore pressure u . 15
3
4.7 Pushrods . 15
4.8 Measuring system . 15
4.8.1 Accuracy . 15
4.8.2 Sensors for cone resistance and sleeve friction. 16
4.8.3 Sensor for pore pressure . 16
4.8.4 Sensor for inclination . 16
4.8.5 Sensor for temperature . 16
4.8.6 Measuring of penetration length . 16
4.8.7 Raw data . 16
4.9 Thrust machine . 17
5 Test procedures .17
5.1 Selection of equipment, procedures and evaluation of results . 17
5.1.1 General . 17
5.1.2 Calibration and verification requirements . 17
5.1.3 Cone penetrometer class conformity assessment . 18
5.2 Position and verticality of thrust machine . 20
5.3 Preparation of the test . 20
5.4 Pushing of the cone penetrometer . 21
5.5 Use of friction-reducing techniques. 21
5.6 Frequency of test data recording . 21
5.7 Registration of penetration length . 21
5.8 Pore pressure dissipation test (PPDT). 22
5.9 Test completion .22
5.10 Evaluation of CPT/CPTU in relation to test category . 23
5.11 Equipment checks and calibrations . 24
5.12 Safety requirements . 24
6 Test results . .24
6.1 Measured parameters . 24
6.2 Correction of parameters.25
6.3 Calculated parameters . 27
7 Reporting .27
7.1 General . 27
iii
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SIST EN ISO 22476-1:2023
ISO 22476-1:2022(E)
7.2 Reporting of test results . 27
7.2.1 General information . 27
7.2.2 Location of the test .28
7.2.3 Test equipment .28
7.2.4 Test results .29
7.3 Presentation of test results .29
Annex A (informative) Suitability of test methods .31
Annex B (normative) Maintenance, checks and calibration .34
Annex C (informative) Calibration report example .52
Annex D (normative) Calculation of penetration depth .62
Annex E (informative) Correction of sleeve friction for water pressure .63
Annex F (informative) Preparation of the piezocone .64
Annex G (informative) Friction reduction techniques .65
Bibliography .66
iv
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SIST EN ISO 22476-1:2023
ISO 22476-1:2022(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to
the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see
www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 182, Geotechnics, in collaboration with
the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) Technical Committee CEN/TC 341, Geotechnical
Investigation and Testing, in accordance with the Agreement on technical cooperation between ISO and
CEN (Vienna Agreement).
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 22476-1:2012), which has been technically
revised. It also incorporates the Technical Corrigendum ISO 22476-1:2012/Cor 1:2013.
The main changes are as follows:
— dimensional tolerances of cone penetrometer have been updated;
— application class scheme has been replaced by cone penetrometer class and test category
classification scheme;
— introduction of temperature influence on measurements monitoring and requirements of internal
temperature sensor for cone penetrometer class 0;
— requirements for the calibration of cone penetrometers have been added;
— minor updates to figures and text have been made.
A list of all parts in the ISO 22476 series can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
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SIST EN ISO 22476-1:2023
ISO 22476-1:2022(E)
Introduction
This document establishes general principles equipment requirements, the execution of and reporting
on cone and piezocone penetration tests.
The cone penetration test (CPT) consists of pushing a cone penetrometer using a series of pushrods
into the soil at a constant rate of penetration. During penetration, measurements of cone resistance
and sleeve friction are recorded. The piezocone penetration test (CPTU) also includes the measurement
of pore pressures around the cone. Two International Standards define cone penetration tests: this
document defines CPT and CPTU practice using electronic transducers; ISO 22476-12 defines CPT
practice using mechanical measuring systems.
“Cone resistance” is the term used in practice and also in this document, although “cone penetration
resistance” is a more correct description of the process.
The test results of this document are especially suited for the qualitative and/or quantitative
determination of a soil profile together with other investigations (e.g. sampling according to ISO 22475-1
and identification ISO 14688-1) or as a relative comparison with in situ tests.
The results from a cone penetration test are typically used to evaluate:
— stratification;
— soil behaviour type;
— geotechnical parameters such as:
— soil density;
— shear strength parameters;
— deformation and consolidation characteristics;
— hydraulic conductivity and ground water pressure.
The results from a cone penetration test may also be used directly in geotechnical design calculations.
vi
© ISO 2022 – All rights reserved
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SIST EN ISO 22476-1:2023
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 22476-1:2022(E)
Geotechnical investigation and testing — Field testing —
Part 1:
Electrical cone and piezocone penetration test
1 Scope
This document establishes equipment, procedural and reporting requirements and recommendations
on cone and piezocone penetration tests.
NOTE This document fulfils the requirements for cone and piezocone penetration tests as part of
geotechnical investigation and testing according to the EN 1997 series.
This document specifies the following features:
a) type of cone penetration test;
b) cone penetrometer class according to Table 2;
c) test categories according to Table 3;
d) penetration length or penetration depth;
e) elevation of the ground surface or the underwater ground surface at the location of the cone
penetration test with reference to a datum;
f) location of the cone penetration test relative to a reproducible fixed location reference point;
g) pore pressure dissipation tests.
This document covers onshore and nearshore cone penetration test (CPT). For requirements for
offshore CPT, see ISO 19901-8.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO/IEC 17025, General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories
3 Terms, definitions and symbols
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
1
© ISO 2022 – All rights reserved
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SIST EN ISO 22476-1:2023
ISO 22476-1:2022(E)
3.1 Terms and definitions
3.1.1
average surface roughness
R
a
average deviation between the real surface of the cone penetrometer (3.1.6) and a medium reference
plane placed along the surface of the cone penetrometer
3.1.2
base of the cone
cylindrical part of the cone (3.1.4) directly behind the conical part of the cone tip
3.1.3
calibration drift
difference between reference reading (3.1.34) before commencement of test and first reference reading
(3.1.34) after calibration
3.1.4
cone
conical shaped bottom part of the cone penetrometer (3.1.6) and the cylindrical extension
Note 1 to entry: When pushing the penetrometer into the ground, the cone resistance (3.1.7) is transferred
through the cone to the load sensor.
Note 2 to entry: This document assumes that the cone is rigid, so when loaded its deformation is very small
relative to the deformation of other parts of the cone penetrometer.
3.1.5
cone penetration test
CPT
test in which a cone penetrometer (3.1.6) at the end of a series of pushrods (3.1.33) is pushed into the
ground at a constant rate of penetration and forces are measured electrically in the cone penetrometer
3.1.6
cone penetrometer
assembly containing the cone (3.1.4), friction sleeve (3.1.16), any other sensors and measuring system
(3.1.23) as well as the connection to the pushrods (3.1.33)
Note 1 to entry: An example of a cone penetrometer is shown in Figure 1; for other filter locations, see Figure 2.
3.1.7
cone resistance
cone penetration resistance
3.1.8
corrected cone resistance
total cone resistance
q
t
measured cone resistance (3.1.20), q , corrected for pore pressure effects
c
2
© ISO 2022 – All rights reserved
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SIST EN ISO 22476-1:2023
ISO 22476-1:2022(E)
a) Cone resistance and sleeve friction load cells b) Subtraction type cone penetrometer
in compression
Key
1 sleeve load cell
2 cone load cell
3 thread
4 soil seal
5 water seal
6 load cell for combined axial forces acting on the cone and the friction sleeve
Figure 1 — Cross-sections of example cone penetrometers
3.1.9
corrected friction ratio
R
ft
ratio of the measured sleeve friction (3.1.22) or corrected sleeve friction (3.1.10) to the corrected cone
resistance (3.1.8) measured at the same depth
Note 1 to entry: Usually, the measured sleeve friction is used; however, if available, the corrected sleeve friction
is used.
3.1.10
corrected sleeve friction
f
t
measured sleeve friction (3.1.22), f , corrected for pore pressure effects
s
3
© ISO 2022 – All rights reserved
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SIST EN ISO 22476-1:2023
ISO 22476-1:2022(E)
3.1.11
dissipation test
measurement of the pore pressure change with time, during a pause in pushing while holding the cone
penetrometer (3.1.6) stationary
3.1.12
excess pore pressure
Δu , Δu , Δu
1 2 3
pore pressure in excess of the original in situ pore pressure (3.1.17) at the level of the filter caused by the
penetration of the cone penetrometer (3.1.6) into the ground, see Formulae (1), (2) and (3):
Δuuu=− (1)
11 0
Δuuu=− (2)
220
Δuuu=− (3)
33 0
3.1.13
filter element
porous element in the cone penetrometer (3.1.6) that transmits the pore pressure to the pore pressure
sensor, maintaining the geometry of the cone penetrometer
Note 1 to entry: Slotted filter may be used as the filter element for measurements of u , in certain soil conditions.
2
3.1.14
friction ratio
R
f
ratio of the measured sleeve fricti
...
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
oSIST prEN ISO 22476-1:2021
01-september-2021
Geotehnično preiskovanje in preskušanje - Preskušanje na terenu - 1. del:
Konusni penetracijski preizkus z ali brez merjenja pornih tlakov (ISO/DIS 22476-
1:2021)
Geotechnical investigation and testing - Field testing - Part 1: Electrical cone and
piezocone penetration test (ISO/DIS 22476-1:2021)
Geotechnische Erkundung und Untersuchung - Felduntersuchungen - Teil 1:
Drucksondierungen mit elektrischen Messwertaufnehmern und Messeinrichtungen für
den Porenwasserdruck (ISO/DIS 22476-1:2021)
Reconnaissance et essais géotechniques - Essais en place - Partie 1: Essais de
pénétration au cône électrique et au piézocône (ISO/DIS 22476-1:2021)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: prEN ISO 22476-1
ICS:
93.020 Zemeljska dela. Izkopavanja. Earthworks. Excavations.
Gradnja temeljev. Dela pod Foundation construction.
zemljo Underground works
oSIST prEN ISO 22476-1:2021 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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oSIST prEN ISO 22476-1:2021
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oSIST prEN ISO 22476-1:2021
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD
ISO/DIS 22476-1
ISO/TC 182 Secretariat: BSI
Voting begins on: Voting terminates on:
2021-06-29 2021-09-21
Geotechnical investigation and testing — Field testing —
Part 1:
Electrical cone and piezocone penetration test
Reconnaissance et essais géotechniques — Essais en place —
Partie 1: Essais de pénétration au cône électrique et au piézocône
ICS: 93.020
THIS DOCUMENT IS A DRAFT CIRCULATED
This document is circulated as received from the committee secretariat.
FOR COMMENT AND APPROVAL. IT IS
THEREFORE SUBJECT TO CHANGE AND MAY
NOT BE REFERRED TO AS AN INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD UNTIL PUBLISHED AS SUCH.
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
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ISO/DIS 22476-1:2021(E)
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oSIST prEN ISO 22476-1:2021
ISO/DIS 22476-1:2021(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2021
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
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ii © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
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oSIST prEN ISO 22476-1:2021
ISO/DIS 22476-1:2021(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .v
Introduction .vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms, definitions and symbols . 2
3.1 Terms and definitions . 2
3.2 Symbols . 8
4 Equipment . 9
4.1 Cone penetrometer . 9
4.2 Tolerances . 9
4.3 Surface roughness and hardness . 9
4.4 Cone .10
4.5 Friction sleeve .11
4.6 Filter element .12
4.6.1 General filter location .12
4.6.2 Pore pressure u .
1 13
4.6.3 Pore pressure u .
2 13
4.6.4 Pore pressure u .
3 13
4.7 Gaps and soil seals .13
4.8 Pushrods .13
4.9 Measuring system .14
4.9.1 Accuracy .14
4.9.2 Sensors for cone resistance and sleeve friction .14
4.9.3 Sensor for pore pressure .14
4.9.4 Sensor for inclination.14
4.9.5 Sensor for temperature .14
4.9.6 Measuring of penetration length .14
4.9.7 Raw data .15
4.10 Thrust machine.15
5 Test procedures .15
5.1 Selection of equipment, procedures and evaluation of results .15
5.1.1 Calibrations required for determining cone penetrometer class .15
5.1.2 Cone penetrometer class conformity assessment .16
5.2 Position and level of thrust machine .18
5.3 Preparation of the test .18
5.4 Pushing of the cone penetrometer .19
5.5 Use of friction reducing techniques .19
5.6 Frequency of logging parameters .19
5.7 Registration of penetration length .19
5.8 Dissipation test (DPT) .20
5.9 Test completion .20
5.10 Evaluation of CPT/CPTU data and test category .21
5.11 Equipment checks and calibrations .22
5.12 Safety requirements .22
6 Test results .22
6.1 Measured parameters .22
6.2 Correction of parameters .23
6.3 Calculated parameters .24
7 Reporting .25
7.1 General .25
7.2 Reporting of test results .26
7.3 Presentation of test results .27
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oSIST prEN ISO 22476-1:2021
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7.4 Presentation of results and calculated parameters .28
Annex A (informative) Suitability of test methods .30
Annex B (normative) Maintenance, checks and calibration .33
Annex C (Informative) Calibration report example .51
Annex D (normative) Calculation of penetration depth .59
Annex E (informative) Correction of sleeve friction for water pressure .60
Annex F (informative) Preparation of the piezocone .61
Annex G (informative) Friction reduction Techniques .62
Bibliography .63
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oSIST prEN ISO 22476-1:2021
ISO/DIS 22476-1:2021(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www .iso .org/
iso/ foreword .html.
This document was prepared by the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) Technical
Committee CEN/TC 341, Geotechnical investigation and testing, in collaboration with Technical
Committee ISO/TC 182, Geotechnics, Subcommittee SC 1, Geotechnical investigation and testing, in
accordance with the Agreement on technical cooperation between ISO and CEN (Vienna Agreement).
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 22476-1:2012), which has been technically
revised.
The main changes compared to the previous edition are as follows:
— Dimensional tolerances of cone penetrometer
— Accuracy class scheme has been replaced by cone penetrometer class and test category classification
scheme
— Addition of normative requirements for the calibration of cone penetrometers
— Minor updates to figures and text
A list of all parts in the ISO 22476 series can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/ members .html.
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oSIST prEN ISO 22476-1:2021
ISO/DIS 22476-1:2021(E)
Introduction
The electrical cone penetration test (CPT) consists of pushing a cone penetrometer using a series of
pushrods into the soil at a constant rate of penetration. During penetration, measurements of cone
resistance and sleeve friction are recorded. The piezocone penetration test (CPTU) also includes the
measurement of pore pressures around the cone. The test results can be used for interpretation of
stratification, classification of soil type and evaluation of engineering soil parameters. Two International
Standards define cone penetration tests: ISO 22476-1 defines CPT and CPTU practice using electronic
transducers; ISO 22476 12 defines CPT practice using mechanical measuring systems.
“Cone resistance” is the term used in practice and also in this part of ISO 22476, although “cone
penetration resistance” is a more correct description of the process.
The test results of this part of ISO 22476 are especially suited for the qualitative and/or quantitative
determination of a soil profile together with direct investigations (e.g. sampling according to
[2]
ISO 22475-1 ) or as a relative comparison of other in situ tests.
— The results from a cone penetration test are typically used to evaluate: stratification;
— soil behaviour type;
— geotechnical parameters such as:
— soil density;
— shear strength parameters
— deformation and consolidation characteristics
— Hydraulic conductivity and ground water pressure
— The results from a cone penetration test may also be used directly in geotechnical design
calculations.
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oSIST prEN ISO 22476-1:2021
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/DIS 22476-1:2021(E)
Geotechnical investigation and testing — Field testing —
Part 1:
Electrical cone and piezocone penetration test
1 Scope
This part of ISO 22476 deals with equipment requirements, the execution of and reporting on electrical
cone and piezocone penetration tests.
NOTE 1 This part of ISO 22476 fulfils the requirements for electrical cone and piezocone penetration tests as
part of geotechnical investigation and testing according to EN 1997 (all parts)
Within the electrical cone and piezocone penetration test, two subcategories of the cone penetration
test are considered:
— electrical cone penetration test (CPT), which includes measurement of cone resistance and sleeve
friction.
— electrical piezocone test (CPTU), which is a cone penetration test with the additional measurement
of pore pressure.
The CPTU is performed like a CPT with the measurement of the pore pressure at one or several locations
on the penetrometer surface.
NOTE 2 CPT or CPTU can also be used without measurement of sleeve friction, but this is not covered in this
part of ISO 22476.
This part of ISO 22476 specifies the following features:
a) type of cone penetration test;
b) Cone penetrometer class according to Table 1;
c) Test categories according to Table 2;
d) penetration length or penetration depth;
e) elevation of the ground surface or the underwater ground surface at the location of the cone
penetration test with reference to a datum;
f) location of the cone penetration test relative to a reproducible fixed location reference point; and
g) pore pressure dissipation tests.
NOTE 3 This part of ISO 22476 covers onshore and nearshore CPT. For requirements for offshore CPT, see
ISO 19901-8.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 17025, General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories
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oSIST prEN ISO 22476-1:2021
ISO/DIS 22476-1:2021(E)
3 Terms, definitions and symbols
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1 Terms and definitions
3.1.1
average surface roughness
Ra
average deviation between the real surface of the cone penetrometer and a medium reference plane
placed along the surface of the cone penetrometer
3.1.2
cone
conical shaped bottom part of the cone penetrometer and the cylindrical extension
Note 1 to entry: When pushing the penetrometer into the ground, the cone resistance is transferred through the
cone to the load sensor.
Note 2 to entry: This part of ISO 22476 assumes that the cone is rigid, so when loaded its deformation is very
small relative to the deformation of other parts of the cone penetrometer.
3.1.3
base of the cone
cylindrical part of the cone directly behind the conical part of the cone tip
3.1.4
cone penetration test
CPT
pushing of a cone penetrometer at the end of a series of pushrods into the ground at a constant rate of
penetration and forces are measured electrically in the cone penetrometer
3.1.5
cone penetrometer
assembly containing the cone, friction sleeve, any other sensors and measuring systems as well as the
connection to the pushrods
Note 1 to entry: An example of a cone penetrometer is shown in Figure 1, for other filter locations, see Figure 2.
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oSIST prEN ISO 22476-1:2021
ISO/DIS 22476-1:2021(E)
a) Cone resistance and sleeve friction load cells b) Subtraction type cone penetrometer
in compression
Key
1 sleeve load cell
2 cone load cell
3 thread
4 soil seal
5 water seal
Figure 1 — Cross-section of an example of a cone penetrometer
3.1.6
cone resistance
cone penetration resistance
3.1.7
corrected cone resistance
q
t
measured cone resistance, q , corrected for pore pressure effects
c
Note 1 to entry: Also called total cone resistance.
3.1.8
corrected friction ratio
R
ft
ratio of the measured or corrected sleeve friction to the corrected cone resistance measured at the
same depth
Note 1 to entry: Usually, the measured sleeve friction is used, however, if available, the corrected sleeve friction
is used.
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oSIST prEN ISO 22476-1:2021
ISO/DIS 22476-1:2021(E)
3.1.9
corrected sleeve friction
f
t
measured sleeve friction, f , corrected for pore pressure effects
s
3.1.10
dissipation test
measurement of the pore pressure change with time, during a pause in pushing while holding the cone
penetrometer stationary
3.1.11
excess pore pressure
Δu , Δu , Δu
1 2 3
pore pressure in excess of the ambient pore pressure at the level of the filter caused by the penetration
of the cone penetrometer into the ground:
Δuuu=− (1)
11 0
Δuuu=− (2)
220
Δuuu=− (3)
33 0
3.1.12
filter element
porous element in the cone penetrometer that transmits the pore pressure to the pore pressure sensor,
maintaining the geometry of the cone penetrometer
Note 1 to entry: Slotted filter may be used as the filter element for measurements of u , in certain soil conditions.
2
3.1.13
friction ratio
R
f
ratio of the measured sleeve friction to the measured cone resistance at the same depth
3.1.14
friction reducer
device used to reduce friction along the push rod
3.1.15
friction sleeve
section of the cone penetrometer where friction between the soil and the sleeve is developed and the
load is transferred to the sleeve load cell.
3.1.16
in situ pore pressure
u
o
original in situ pore pressure
3.1.17
inclination
angular deviation of the cone penetrometer from the vertical
3.1.18
initial pore pressure
u
i
measured pore pressure at the start of the dissipation test
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3.1.19
measured cone resistance
q
c
quotient of the measured force on the cone, Q , and cross-sectional projected area of the cone A :
c c
qQ= /A (4)
cc c
3.1.20
measured pore pressure
u , u , u
1 2 3
pressure measured in filter element during penetration, dissipation testing and pore pressure
observation test
Note 1 to entry: The pore pressure can be measured at several locations as follows (see Figure 2):
u on the face of the cone;
1
u on the cylindrical section of the cone (in the gap between the cone and the sleeve;
2
u just behind the friction sleeve.
3
Key
1 friction sleeve
2 cone penetrometer
3 cone
Figure 2 — Locations of pore pressure filters
3.1.21
measured sleeve friction
f
s
division of the measured force acting on the friction sleeve, F , by the area of the sleeve, A :
s s
fF= /A (5)
ss s
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oSIST prEN ISO 22476-1:2021
ISO/DIS 22476-1:2021(E)
3.1.22
measuring system
all sensors and auxiliary parts used to transfer and/or store the electrical signals generated during the
cone penetration test
Note 1 to entry: The measuring system normally includes components for measuring force (cone resistance,
sleeve friction), pressure (pore pressure), inclination, clock time and penetration length.
3.1.23
net area ratio of the cone
a
ratio of the cross-sectional area of the load cell or shaft, A , of the cone penetrometer above the cone at
st
the location of the gap where fluid pressure can act, to the nominal cross-sectional area of the base of
the cone, A
c
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 6.
3.1.24
net area ratio of the friction sleeve
b
ratio of the difference between cross-sectional area of the bottom of the sleeve friction, A , and the top
sb
of the sleeve friction, A , to the area of friction sleeve, A .
st s
3.1.25
net cone resistance
q
n
measured cone resistance corrected for the total overburden soil pressure and pore pressure
3.1.26
net friction ratio
R
fn
ratio of the sleeve friction to the net cone resistance measured at the same depth
3.1.27
normalized excess pore pressure
U
excess pore pressure during a dissipation test compared to the initial excess pore pressure
Note 1 to entry: See 7.4.
3.1.28
penetration depth
z
vertical depth of the base of the cone, relative to a fixed point
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 3.
3.1.29
penetration length
l
sum of the lengths of the pushrods and the cone penetrometer, reduced by the height of the conical
part, relative to a fixed horizontal plane
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 3.
Note 2 to entry: The fixed horizontal plane usually corresponds to the level of the ground surface (on shore or
offshore). This can be different from the starting point of the test.
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oSIST prEN ISO 22476-1:2021
ISO/DIS 22476-1:2021(E)
Key
a fixed horizontal plane
b base of conical part of cone
l penetration length
z penetration depth
Figure 3 — Penetration length and penetration depth (schematic only)
3.1.30
piezocone penetration test
CPTU
electrical cone penetration test with measurement of the pore pressures around the cone
3.1.31
pore pressure ratio
B
q
ratio of the excess pore pressure at the u filter position to the net cone resistance
2
3.1.32
pushrod
part of a string of rods for the transfer of forces to the cone penetrometer
3.1.33
reference reading
stable output of a measuring system reading of a sensor just before the penetrometer penetrates the
ground or just after the penetrometer leaves the ground
Note 1 to entry: With tests starting onshore from the ground surface, th
...
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