SIST EN IEC 55016-1-4:2026
(Main)Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and methods - Part 1-4: Radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus - Antennas and test sites for radiated disturbance measurements
Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and methods - Part 1-4: Radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus - Antennas and test sites for radiated disturbance measurements
This part of CISPR 16 specifies the characteristics and performance of equipment for the measurement of radiated disturbances in the frequency range 9 kHz to 18 GHz. Specifications for antennas and test sites are included.
NOTE In accordance with IEC Guide 107 [1], 1 CISPR 16-1-4 is a basic EMC publication for use by product committees of the IEC. As stated in Guide 107, product committees are responsible for determining the applicability of the EMC standard. CISPR and its sub-committees are prepared to cooperate with product committees in the evaluation of the value of particular EMC tests for specific products.
The requirements of this publication apply at all frequencies and for all levels of radiated disturbances within the CISPR indicating range of the measuring equipment.
Methods of measurement are covered in CISPR 16-2-3, further information on radio disturbance is given in CISPR TR 16-3 [2], and uncertainties, statistics, and limit modelling are covered in CISPR 16-4 series.
Anforderungen an Geräte und Einrichtungen sowie Festlegung der Verfahren zur Messung der hochfrequenten Störaussendung (Funkstörungen) und Störfestigkeit – Teil 1-4: Geräte und Einrichtungen zur Messung der hochfrequenten Störaussendung (Funkstörungen) und Störfestigkeit – Antennen und Messplätze für Messungen der gestrahlten Störaussendung
Spécifications des méthodes et des appareils de mesure des perturbations radioélectriques et de l'immunité aux perturbations radioélectriques - Partie 1-4: Appareils de mesure des perturbations radioélectriques et de l'immunité aux perturbations radioélectriques - Antennes et emplacements d’essai pour les mesures des perturbations rayonnées
Specifikacija merilnih naprav in metod za merjenje radiofrekvenčnih motenj in odpornosti - 1-4. del: Merilne naprave za merjenje radiofrekvenčnih motenj in odpornosti - Antene in preskuševališča za meritve sevalnih motenj
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-januar-2026
Nadomešča:
SIST EN IEC 55016-1-4:2019
SIST EN IEC 55016-1-4:2019/A1:2020
SIST EN IEC 55016-1-4:2019/A2:2023
Specifikacija merilnih naprav in metod za merjenje radiofrekvenčnih motenj in
odpornosti - 1-4. del: Merilne naprave za merjenje radiofrekvenčnih motenj in
odpornosti - Antene in preskuševališča za meritve sevalnih motenj
Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and methods -
Part 1-4: Radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus - Antennas and test sites
for radiated disturbance measurements
Anforderungen an Geräte und Einrichtungen sowie Festlegung der Verfahren zur
Messung der hochfrequenten Störaussendung (Funkstörungen) und Störfestigkeit – Teil
1-4: Geräte und Einrichtungen zur Messung der hochfrequenten Störaussendung
(Funkstörungen) und Störfestigkeit – Antennen und Messplätze für Messungen der
gestrahlten Störaussendung
Spécifications des méthodes et des appareils de mesure des perturbations
radioélectriques et de l'immunité aux perturbations radioélectriques - Partie 1-4:
Appareils de mesure des perturbations radioélectriques et de l'immunité aux
perturbations radioélectriques - Antennes et emplacements d’essai pour les mesures
des perturbations rayonnées
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN IEC 55016-1-4:2025
ICS:
17.240 Merjenje sevanja Radiation measurements
33.100.20 Imunost Immunity
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
EUROPEAN STANDARD EN IEC 55016-1-4
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM November 2025
ICS 33.100.10; 33.100.20 Supersedes EN IEC 55016-1-4:2019; EN IEC 55016-1-
4:2019/A1:2020; EN IEC 55016-1-4:2019/A2:2023
English Version
Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring
apparatus and methods - Part 1-4: Radio disturbance and
immunity measuring apparatus - Antennas and test sites for
radiated disturbance measurements
(CISPR 16-1-4:2025)
Spécifications des méthodes et des appareils de mesure Anforderungen an Geräte und Einrichtungen sowie
des perturbations radioélectriques et de l'immunité aux Festlegung der Verfahren zur Messung der hochfrequenten
perturbations radioélectriques - Partie 1-4: Appareils de Störaussendung (Funkstörungen) und Störfestigkeit - Teil 1-
mesure des perturbations radioélectriques et de l'immunité 4: Geräte und Einrichtungen zur Messung der
aux perturbations radioélectriques - Antennes et hochfrequenten Störaussendung (Funkstörungen) und
emplacements d'essai pour les mesurages des Störfestigkeit - Antennen und Messplätze für Messungen
perturbations rayonnées der gestrahlten Störaussendung
(CISPR 16-1-4:2025) (CISPR 16-1-4:2025)
This European Standard was approved by CENELEC on 2025-11-07. CENELEC members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC
Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration.
Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC
Management Centre or to any CENELEC member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CENELEC member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the
same status as the official versions.
CENELEC members are the national electrotechnical committees of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, the Czech Republic,
Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the
Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
Türkiye and the United Kingdom.
European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
Comité Européen de Normalisation Electrotechnique
Europäisches Komitee für Elektrotechnische Normung
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2025 CENELEC All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CENELEC Members.
Ref. No. EN IEC 55016-1-4:2025 E
European foreword
The text of document CIS/A/1466/FDIS, future edition 5 of CISPR 16-1-4, prepared by SC CISPR/A
"Radio-interference measurements and statistical methods" of IEC/TC CISPR "International special
committee on radio interference" was submitted to the IEC-CENELEC parallel vote and approved by
CENELEC as EN IEC 55016-1-4:2025.
The following dates are fixed:
• latest date by which the document has to be implemented at national (dop) 2026-11-30
level by publication of an identical national standard or by endorsement
• latest date by which the national standards conflicting with the (dow) 2028-11-30
document have to be withdrawn
This document supersedes EN IEC 55016-1-4:2019 and all of its amendments and corrigenda (if any).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
Any feedback and questions on this document should be directed to the users’ national committee. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found on the CENELEC website.
Endorsement notice
The text of the International Standard CISPR 16-1-4:2025 was approved by CENELEC as a European
Standard without any modification.
In the official version, for Bibliography, the following notes have to be added for the standard indicated:
IEC 61000-4-20 NOTE Approved as EN IEC 61000-4-20
CISPR 16-4-2 NOTE Approved as EN 55016-4-2
IEC 61000-4-21 NOTE Approved as EN 61000-4-21
IEC 61169-8 NOTE Approved as EN 61169-8
CISPR 11 NOTE Approved as EN IEC 55011
Annex ZA
(normative)
Normative references to international publications
with their corresponding European publications
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments)
applies.
NOTE 1 Where an International Publication has been modified by common modifications, indicated by (mod),
the relevant EN/HD applies.
NOTE 2 Up-to-date information on the latest versions of the European Standards listed in this annex is available
here: www.cencenelec.eu.
Publication Year Title EN/HD Year
CISPR 16-1-1 2019 Specification for radio disturbance and EN IEC 55016-1-1 2019
immunity measuring apparatus and
methods - Part 1-1: Radio disturbance and
immunity measuring apparatus -
Measuring apparatus
CISPR 16-1-2 2014 Specification for radio disturbance and EN 55016-1-2 2014
immunity measuring apparatus and
methods - Part 1-2: Radio disturbance and
immunity measuring apparatus - Coupling
devices for conducted disturbance
measurements
+ A1 2017 + A1 2018
CISPR 16-1-5 2014 Specification for radio disturbance and EN 55016-1-5 2015
immunity measuring apparatus and
methods - Part 1-5: Radio disturbance and
immunity measuring apparatus - Antenna
calibration sites and reference test sites for
5 MHz to 18 GHz
+ A1 2016 + A1 2017
CISPR 16-1-6 2014 Specification for radio disturbance and EN 55016-1-6 2015
immunity measuring apparatus and
methods - Part 1-6: Radio disturbance and
immunity measuring apparatus - EMC
antenna calibration
+ A1 2017 + A1 2017
+ A2 2022 + A2 2022
CISPR 16-2-3 2016 Specification for radio disturbance and EN 55016-2-3 2017
immunity measuring apparatus and
methods - Part 2-3: Methods of
measurement of disturbances and
immunity - Radiated disturbance
measurements
+ A1 2019 + A1 2019
+ A2 2023 + A2 2023
IEC 60050-161 2014 International Electrotechnical Vocabulary - -
(IEV) - Part 161: Electromagnetic
compatibility
IEC 60050-195 2021 International Electrotechnical Vocabulary - -
(IEV) - Part 195: Earthing and protection
against electric shock
CISPR 16-1-4 ®
Edition 5.0 2025-10
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
INTERNATIONAL SPECIAL COMMITTEE ON RADIO INTERFERENCE
COMITÉ INTERNATIONAL SPÉCIAL DES PERTURBATIONS RADIOÉLECTRIQUES
Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and
methods -
Part 1-4: Radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus - Antennas and
test sites for radiated disturbance measurements
Spécifications des méthodes et des appareils de mesure des perturbations
radioélectriques et de l'immunité aux perturbations radioélectriques -
Partie 1-4: Appareils de mesure des perturbations radioélectriques et de
l'immunité aux perturbations radioélectriques - Antennes et emplacements
d'essai pour les mesurages des perturbations rayonnées
ICS 33.100.10, 33.100.20 ISBN 978-2-8327-0736-4
CISPR 16-1-4:2025-10(en-fr)
CISPR 16-1-4:2025 © IEC 2025
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 9
1 Scope . 11
2 Normative references . 11
3 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms . 12
3.1 Terms and definitions. 12
3.2 Abbreviated terms . 18
4 Antennas for measurement of radiated radio disturbance . 18
4.1 General . 18
4.2 Physical parameter (measurand) for radiated disturbance measurements . 19
4.3 Antennas for the frequency range 9 kHz to 150 kHz . 19
4.3.1 General . 19
4.3.2 Magnetic field antenna. 19
4.3.3 Shielding of loop antenna . 21
4.4 Antennas for the frequency range 150 kHz to 30 MHz . 21
4.4.1 Electric field antenna . 21
4.4.2 Magnetic field antenna. 21
4.4.3 Balance and electric field discrimination of antennas . 21
4.5 Antennas for the frequency range 30 MHz to 1 000 MHz . 21
4.5.1 General . 21
4.5.2 Low-uncertainty antenna for use if there is an alleged non-compliance
to the electric disturbance field strength limit . 22
4.5.3 Antenna characteristics . 22
4.5.4 Balance of antenna . 24
4.5.5 Cross-polar response of antenna . 25
4.6 Antennas for the frequency range 1 GHz to 18 GHz . 26
4.6.1 General . 26
4.6.2 Receive antenna . 27
4.7 Special antenna arrangements – large-loop antenna system . 29
5 Test sites for measurement of radio disturbance field strength for the frequency
range of 9 kHz to 30 MHz . 30
5.1 General . 30
5.2 Radio-frequency ambient environment of a test site . 30
5.3 Measurement distance and test volume . 30
5.4 Set-up table and antenna positioner . 30
5.5 Validation procedure of test site . 31
5.5.1 General . 31
5.5.2 Normalized site insertion loss (NSIL) . 35
5.5.3 Reference site method . 35
5.5.4 Acceptance criterion . 36
6 Test sites for measurement of radio disturbance field strength for the frequency
range of 30 MHz to 1 000 MHz . 36
6.1 General . 36
6.2 OATS . 37
6.2.1 General . 37
6.2.2 Weather-protection enclosure . 37
6.2.3 Obstruction-free area . 37
6.2.4 Radio-frequency ambient environment of a test site . 38
CISPR 16-1-4:2025 © IEC 2025
6.2.5 Ground plane . 39
6.3 Suitability of other test sites . 39
6.3.1 Other ground-plane test sites . 39
6.3.2 Test sites without ground plane (FAR) . 39
6.4 Test site validations . 40
6.4.1 General . 40
6.4.2 Overview of test site validations . 40
6.5 Basic parameters of the NSA method for OATS and SAC . 41
6.5.1 General equation and table of theoretical NSA values . 41
6.5.2 Antenna calibration . 45
6.6 Reference site method for OATS and SAC . 45
6.6.1 General . 45
6.6.2 Antennas not permitted for RSM measurements . 46
6.6.3 Determination of the antenna pair reference site attenuation on a
REFTS . 46
6.6.4 Determination of the antenna pair reference site attenuation using an
averaging technique on a large OATS . 47
6.7 Validation of an OATS by the NSA method . 50
6.7.1 Discrete frequency method . 50
6.7.2 Swept frequency method . 51
6.8 Validation of a weather-protection-enclosed OATS or a SAC . 52
6.9 Possible causes for exceeding site acceptability limits . 55
6.10 Site validation for FAR sites . 55
6.10.1 General . 55
6.10.2 RSM for FAR sites . 59
6.10.3 NSA method for FAR sites . 61
6.10.4 Site validation criteria for FAR sites . 63
6.11 Evaluation of set-up table and antenna tower . 63
6.11.1 General . 63
6.11.2 Evaluation procedure for set-up table influences. 64
7 Test sites for measurement of radio disturbance field strength for the frequency
range 1 GHz to 18 GHz . 66
7.1 General . 66
7.2 Reference test site . 66
7.3 Test site validation . 66
7.3.1 General . 66
7.3.2 Acceptance criterion for site validation . 68
7.4 Antenna requirements for S standard test procedure . 68
VSWR
7.4.1 General . 68
7.4.2 Transmit antenna . 68
7.4.3 Antennas and test equipment for the S reciprocal test procedure . 71
VSWR
7.5 Required positions for site validation testing . 72
7.5.1 General . 72
7.5.2 Descriptions of S measurement positions in a horizontal plane
VSWR
(Figure 27). 73
7.5.3 Descriptions of S additional measurement positions (Figure 28) . 74
VSWR
7.5.4 Summary of S measurement positions . 74
VSWR
7.6 S site validation – standard test procedure . 77
VSWR
CISPR 16-1-4:2025 © IEC 2025
7.7 S site validation – reciprocal test procedure using an isotropic field
VSWR
probe . 78
7.8 S conditional measurement position requirements . 79
VSWR
7.9 S site validation test report . 80
VSWR
7.10 Limitations of the S site validation method . 81
VSWR
7.11 Alternative test sites . 81
8 Cable termination devices used in radiated emission testing . 81
8.1 Common-mode absorption devices . 81
8.1.1 General . 81
8.1.2 CMAD S-parameter measurements . 82
8.1.3 CMAD test jig . 82
8.1.4 Measurement method using the TRL calibration . 83
8.1.5 Specification of ferrite clamp-type CMAD . 85
8.1.6 CMAD performance (degradation) check using spectrum analyzer and
tracking generator . 86
8.2 VHF-LISN cable termination devices . 88
8.2.1 General . 88
8.2.2 Balanced VHF-LISN . 89
8.2.3 Unbalanced VHF-LISN . 90
8.2.4 Measurement of the VHF-LISN impedance . 92
9 Reverberating chamber for total radiated power measurement . 98
10 TEM waveguides for radiated disturbance measurements . 98
Annex A (normative) Parameters of antennas . 99
A.1 General . 99
A.2 Preferred antennas . 99
A.2.1 General . 99
A.2.2 Calculable antenna . 99
A.2.3 Low-uncertainty antennas . 100
A.3 Simple dipole antennas . 101
A.3.1 General . 101
A.3.2 Tuned dipole. 101
A.3.3 Shortened dipole . 101
A.4 Broadband antenna parameters . 103
A.4.1 General . 103
A.4.2 Antenna type . 103
A.4.3 Specification of the antenna . 103
A.4.4 Antenna calibration . 104
A.4.5 Antenna user information . 104
Annex B (normative) Large-loop antenna system for magnetic field induced-current
measurements in the frequency range of 9 kHz to 30 MHz . 106
B.1 General . 106
B.2 Construction of an LLAS . 106
B.3 Construction of a large-loop antenna (LLA) . 106
B.4 Validation of an LLAS . 111
B.5 Construction of the LLAS verification dipole antenna . 113
B.6 Conversion factors . 114
B.6.1 General . 114
B.6.2 Current conversion factors for an LLAS with non-standard diameter . 115
CISPR 16-1-4:2025 © IEC 2025
B.6.3 Conversion of LLAS measured current to magnetic field strength . 116
B.7 Examples . 118
Annex C (normative) Construction details for open area test sites in the frequency
range of 30 MHz to 1 000 MHz (see Clause 6) . 119
C.1 General . 119
C.2 Ground plane construction . 119
C.2.1 Material . 119
C.2.2 Roughness . 119
C.3 Services to EUT . 120
C.4 Weather-protection enclosure construction . 120
C.4.1 Materials and fasteners . 120
C.4.2 Internal arrangements . 121
C.4.3 Size . 121
C.4.4 Uniformity with time and weather . 121
C.5 Turntable and set-up table . 121
C.6 Receive antenna mast installation . 122
Annex D (informative) Basis for the ±4 dB site acceptability criterion (see Clause 6) . 123
D.1 General . 123
D.2 Error analysis . 123
Annex E (informative) Examples of uncertainty budgets for site validation of a COMTS
using RSM with a calibrated antenna pair (see 6.6) . 125
E.1 Quantities to be considered for antenna pair reference site attenuation
calibration using the averaging technique . 125
E.2 Quantities to be considered for antenna pair reference site attenuation
calibration using a REFTS . 126
E.3 Quantities to be considered for COMTS validation using an antenna pair
reference site attenuation . 126
Annex F (informative) Definition of uncertainty in cross-polar response measurement . 128
F.1 General . 128
F.2 Example uncertainty estimate . 131
F.3 Rationale for the estimates of input quantities in Table F.1 and Table F.3 . 132
F.4 Measurement of XPR below 100 MHz at an OATS . 134
Annex G (informative) Measurement uncertainties of COMTS validation results in the
frequency range 9 kHz to 30 MHz . 135
G.1 Quantities to be considered for COMTS validation using the NSIL method . 135
G.2 Quantities to be considered for COMTS validation using the RSM method . 137
Annex H (normative) Derivation of NSIL values in the frequency range 9 kHz to
30 MHz . 140
H.1 General . 140
H.2 Magnetic field antenna factor . 141
H.3 Site insertion loss . 142
H.4 Normalized site insertion loss . 144
H.5 NSIL tables . 147
Annex I (informative) Recommendations for the design of test sites in the frequency
range 9 kHz to 30 MHz . 152
I.1 General . 152
I.2 Dimensions and quality of the ground plane . 152
I.3 Obstruction free area . 153
I.4 Resonance-free area . 153
CISPR 16-1-4:2025 © IEC 2025
Annex J (informative) Accuracy of NSIL values in the frequency range of 9 kHz to
30 MHz . 155
J.1 General . 155
J.2 Cross-check of NEC with analytic formulas . 155
J.3 Recommended NEC versions . 156
J.4 Instabilities at the lower frequency end . 157
J.5 Extrapolation methods to solve instabilities . 157
J.6 Reducing the number of segments to solve instabilities . 158
Annex K (informative) Example calculation for 10 m SAC sites that do not fulfil the
±4 dB criterion within 9 kHz to 30 MHz . 159
Annex L (normative) Calibration of the sum of magnetic field antenna factors in the
frequency range of 9 kHz to 30 MHz . 162
L.1 General . 162
L.2 Calibration procedure. 162
L.3 Measurement uncertainties . 163
Bibliography . 165
Figure 1 – Example of size-compliant loop antenna . 20
Figure 2 – Schematic of radiation from EUT reaching an LPDA antenna directly and via
ground reflection at a 3 m site, showing the beamwidth half-angle, ϕ,
at the reflected ray . 24
Figure 3 – RX antenna E-plane radiation pattern example, with limit area shaded for 3
m distance and 2 m EUT width . 28
Figure 4 – Determination of maximum useable EUT width using half-power beamwidth . 29
Figure 5 – General arrangement of the three measurement orientations H , H and H ,
x y z
where d is the measurement distance and h is the height of the reference point . 32
Figure 6 – Antenna positions (top view) . 33
Figure 7 – Antenna positions (3D view) . 34
Figure 8 – Test set-up for V with power amplifier and attenuator . 35
DIRECT
Figure 9 – Obstruction-free area of a test site with a turntable . 38
Figure 10 – Obstruction-free area with stationary EUT . 38
Figure 11 – Test point locations for 3 m and 10 m test distances . 47
Figure 12 – Paired test point locations for all test distances . 49
Figure 13 – Example of paired test point selection for a test distance of 10 m . 49
Figure 14 – Illustration of an investigation of influence of antenna mast on A . 50
APR
Figure 15 – Typical antenna positions for a weather-protected OATS or a SAC –
vertical polarization validation measurements . 53
Figure 16 – Typical antenna positions for a weather-protected OATS or a SAC –
horizontal polarization validation measurements . 53
Figure 17 – Typical antenna positions for a weather-protected OATS or a SAC –
vertical polarization validation measurements for a smaller EUT . 54
Figure 18 – Typical antenna positions for a weather-protected OATS or a SAC –
horizontal polarization validation measurements for a smaller EUT . 54
Figure 19 – Measurement positions for FAR site validation . 57
Figure 20 – Example of one measurement position and antenna tilt for FAR site
validation . 58
Figure 21 – Typical quasi free-space test site reference SA measurement set-up . 60
CISPR 16-1-4:2025 © IEC 2025
Figure 22 – Theoretical free-space NSA as a function of frequency for different
measurement distances [see Equation (18)]. 63
Figure 23 – Position of the antenna relative to the edge above a rectangle set-up table
(top view) . 66
Figure 24 – Antenna position above the set-up table (side view) . 66
Figure 25 – Transmit antenna E-plane radiation pattern example (this example is for
informative purposes only) . 69
Figure 26 – Transmit antenna H-plane radiation pattern (this example is for informative
purposes only) . 71
Figure 27 – S measurement positions in a horizontal plane (see 7.5.2 for
VSWR
description) . 72
Figure 28 – S positions (height requirements) . 74
VSWR
Figure 29 – S conditional measurement position requirements . 80
VSWR
Figure 30 – Definition of the reference planes inside the test jig . 83
Figure 31 – The four configurations for the TRL calibration . 85
Figure 32 – Limits for the magnitude of S , measured according to the provisions of
8.1.1 to 8.1.3 . 86
Figure 33 – Example of a 50 Ω adaptor construction in the vertical flange of the jig . 87
Figure 34 – Example of a matching adaptor with balun or transformer . 87
Figure 35 – Example of a matching adaptor with resistive matching network . 88
Figure 36 – Example circuit diagram of a balanced VHF-LISN . 90
Figure 37 – Example circuit diagram of an unbalanced VHF-LISN . 91
Figure 38 – Terminal-to-reference ground impedances of the VHF-LISN at the EUT
mains port . 93
Figure 39 – Example VHF-LISN impedance measurement set-up geometry . 95
Figure 40 – Example IMA . 96
Figure 41 – Connection between the IMA and the VHF-LISN . 97
Figure A.1 – Short dipole antenna factors for R = 50 Ω . 102
L
Figure B.1 – The LLAS, consisting of three mutually perpendicular large-loop antennas . 108
Figure B.2 – An LLA containing two opposite slits, positioned symmetrically with
respect to the current probe C . 109
Figure B.3 – Construction of an LLA slit . 109
Figure B.4 – Example of an LLA slit construction using a strap of printed circuit board
to obtain a rigid construction . 110
Figure B.5 – Construction of the metal box containing the current probe . 110
Figure B.6 – Example showing the routing of several cables from an EUT to minimize
capacitive coupling from the leads to the LLAS . 111
Figure B.7 – The eight positions of the LLAS verification dipole during validation
of an LLA . 112
Figure B.8 – Reference validation factors for loops of 2 m, 3 m, and 4 m diameters . 112
Figure B.9 – Construction of the LLAS verification dipole antenna . 114
Figure B.10 – Sensitivity S of an LLA with diameter D relative to an LLA with 2 m
D
diameter . 116
Figure B.11 – Conversion factor C [for conversion into dB(μA/m)] for three standard
dA
measurement distances d . 117
Figure C.1 – The Rayleigh criterion for roughness in the ground plane . 120
CISPR 16-1-4:2025 © IEC 2025
Figure H.1 – Investigation of wire radius, normalized to 0,001 m . 144
Figure H.2 – Investigation of feed point location (not to scale) . 145
Figure H.3 – Variation of NSIL values for various set-ups, for a distance of 3 m, h = 1,3 . 147
Figure H.4 – Specification of feed point location for tabular values (not to scale) . 148
Figure H.5 – Calculation examples, loop diameter 60 cm, feed point location per
Figure H.4 . 150
Figure I.1 – Recommended minimum dimensions of the ground plane (top view) . 152
Figure I.2 – Recommended obstruction free area (top view) . 153
Figure J.1 – Comparison of NSIL values by analytic formulas and computer simulation . 156
Figure K.1 – Example site validation result . 160
Figure K.2 – U calculated from site validation result . 161
lab
Figure K.3 – Frequency-dependent correction factor . 161
Figure L.1 – Antenna arrangement for the sum of antenna factors method . 163
Table 1 – Maximum frequency step size . 32
Table 2 – Acceptance criterion . 36
Table 3 – Site validation methods applicable for OATS, OATS-based, SAC, and FAR
site types . 40
Table 4 – Theoretical normalized site attenuation, A – recommended geometries for
N
a
broadband antennas . 43
Table 5 – Example template for A data sets . 46
APR
Table 6 – RSM frequency steps . 46
Table 7 – Maximum dimensions of test volume versus test distance . 55
Table 8 – Frequency ranges and step sizes for FAR site validation . 57
Table 9 – S measurement position designations . 75
VSWR
Table 10 – S reporting requirements . 80
VSWR
Table 11 – Specifications for the EUT mains port of the balanced VHF-LISN .
...
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