SIST EN 14636-1:2010
(Main)Plastics piping systems for non-pressure drainage and sewerage - Polyester resin concrete (PRC) - Part 1: Pipes and fittings with flexible joints
Plastics piping systems for non-pressure drainage and sewerage - Polyester resin concrete (PRC) - Part 1: Pipes and fittings with flexible joints
This European Standard applies to pipes and fittings made from polyester resin concrete (PRC, see 3.1.23), intended to be used within a drain or sewer system operating without pressure. It applies to products for use in buried installations to be installed by open-trench techniques or pipe jacking.
It applies to pipes, fittings and their joints of nominal sizes from DN 150 to DN 3000 for circular cross-sections, from WN/HN 300/450 to WN/HN 1400/2100 for egg-shaped cross-sections and from DN 800 to DN 1800 for kite-shaped cross-sections.
The intended use of these products is for the conveyance of sewage, rainwater and surface water at temperatures up to 50 °C, without pressure or occasionally at a head of pressure up to 0,5 bar ), and installed in areas subjected to vehicle and/or pedestrian traffic.
NOTE 1 The attention of readers is drawn to applicable requirements contained in EN 476.
It specifies definitions, requirements and characteristics of pipes, fittings, joints, materials, test methods and marking.
The pipes are classified on the basis of the intended method of installation and cross-sectional shape.
NOTE 2 It is the responsibility of the purchaser or specifier to make the appropriate selections, taking into account their particular requirements and any relevant national regulations and installation practices or codes.
Kunststoff-Rohrleitungssysteme für drucklos betriebene Abwasserkanäle und -leitungen - Polymerbeton (PRC) - Teil 1: Rohre und Formstücke mit biegsamen Verbingungen
Diese Europäische Norm gilt für Rohre und Formstücke aus gefüllten Polyesterharzformstoffen (PRC, siehe 3.1.23) für Abwasser¬leitungen und kanäle, die als Schwerkraftentwässerungssysteme betrieben werden. Sie gilt für Produkte, die für den unterirdischen Einbau vorgesehen sind und in offener Verlegetechnik oder im Rohrvortrieb eingebaut werden.
Sie gilt für Rohre, Formstücke und ihre Verbindungen mit Nennweiten von DN 150 bis DN 3000 bei Kreis-querschnitten, von WN/HN 300/450 bis WN/HN 1400/2100 bei Eiquerschnitten und von DN 800 bis DN 1800 bei Drachenquerschnitten.
Diese Produkte sind für den Transport von Abwasser, Regenwasser und Oberflächenwasser bei Tempera¬turen bis 50 °C ohne Druck oder gelegentlich bei einem Druck bis zu 0,5 bar ) bestimmt. Die Produkte werden in Bereichen mit Fahrzeug- und/oder Fußgängerverkehrslasten eingebaut.
ANMERKUNG 1 Hiermit wird auf zutreffende Anforderungen, die in EN 476 enthalten sind, hingewiesen.
In dieser Norm werden Definitionen, Anforderungen und die Eigenschaften von Rohren, Formstücken, Verbin-dungen, Werkstoffe sowie Prüfverfahren und die Kennzeichnung festgelegt.
Die Rohre werden auf der Grundlage des vorgesehenen Einbauverfahrens und ihrer Querschnittsform klassi-fiziert.
ANMERKUNG 2 Der Anwender bzw. Auftraggeber ist unter Berücksichtigung der eigenen Anforderungen sowie aller geltenden nationalen Festlegungen und Einbaupraktiken für die richtige Auswahl verantwortlich.
Systèmes de canalisations en plastique pour les branchements et les collecteurs d'assainissement sans pression - Béton de résine polyester (PRC) - Partie 1: Tubes et raccords avec assemblages flexibles
La présente Norme européenne s'applique aux tubes et raccords fabriqués en béton de résine polyester (PRC, voir 3.1.23), destinés à être utilisés pour les branchements et collecteurs d'assainissement sans pression. Elle s'applique aux produits destinés à être utilisés dans des installations enterrées mises en place par les techniques de la pose des réseaux en tranchée ou par fonçage des tubes.
Elle s'applique aux tubes, aux raccords et leurs assemblages dont les dimensions nominales varient de DN 150 à DN 3000 pour les sections transversales circulaires, de WN/HN 300/450 à WN/HN 1400/2100 pour les sections transversales ovoïdes et de DN 800 à DN 1800 pour les demi-sections transversales triangulaires.
Ces produits sont destinés à être utilisés pour le transport des eaux d'assainissement, des eaux pluviales et des eaux de surface à des températures allant jusqu'à 50 °C, sans pression ou, occasionnellement, à une pression allant jusqu'à 0,5 bar ), et à être installés dans des zones soumises à la circulation de véhicules et/ou des piétons.
NOTE 1 L'attention des lecteurs est attirée sur les exigences applicables contenues dans l'EN 476.
Elle spécifie les définitions, exigences et caractéristiques des tubes, des raccords, des assemblages, des matériaux, des méthodes d'essai et du marquage.
Les tubes sont classés en fonction des méthodes de pose envisagées et la forme de la section transversale.
NOTE 2 Il est de la responsabilité de l'acheteur ou du prescripteur de procéder aux choix appropriés, en tenant compte de leurs exigences particulières et des éventuels réglementation nationale, règles ou codes de pose appropriés.
Cevni sistemi iz polimernih materialov za odvodnjavanje in kanalizacijo, ki delujejo po težnostnem principu - Poliestrska smola (PRC) - 1. del: Cevi in fitingi z gibljivimi spoji
Ta evropski standard velja za cevi in fitinge, narejene iz poliestrske smole (PRC, glej 3.1.23), namenjene za uporabo znotraj sistemov odvodnjavanja in kanalizacije, ki delujejo brez tlaka. Velja za proizvode za uporabo v zakopanih inštalacijah, ki se nameščajo s tehnikami odprtega jarka ali z dvigovanjem cevi. Velja za cevi, fitinge in njihove spoje nazivnih vrednosti od DN 150 do DN 3000 za krožne prečne prereze, od WN/HN 300/450 do WN/HN 1400/2100 za jajčaste prečne prereze in od DN 800 do DN 1800 paralelogramne prečne prereze. Predvidena uporaba teh izdelkov je za prenos odplak, deževnice in površinskih voda pri temperaturah do 50°C (brez tlaka ali občasno pri vrhu tlaka do 0.5 bara), nameščenih na področjih, ki so podvržena prometu vozil in/ali pešcev.
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.Cevni sistemi iz polimernih materialov za odvodnjavanje in kanalizacijo, ki delujejo po težnostnem principu - Poliestrska smola (PRC) - 1. del: Cevi in fitingi z gibljivimi spojiKunststoff-Rohrleitungssysteme für drucklos betriebene Abwasserkanäle und -leitungen - Polymerbeton (PRC) - Teil 1: Rohre und Formstücke mit biegsamen VerbingungenSystèmes de canalisations en plastique pour les branchements et les collecteurs d'assainissement sans pression - Béton de résine polyester (PRC) - Partie 1: Tubes et raccords avec assemblages flexiblesPlastics piping systems for non-pressure drainage and sewerage - Polyester resin concrete (PRC) - Part 1: Pipes and fittings with flexible joints93.030Zunanji sistemi za odpadno vodoExternal sewage systems23.040.45Fitingi iz polimernih materialovPlastics fittings23.040.20Cevi iz polimernih materialovPlastics pipesICS:Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z:EN 14636-1:2009SIST EN 14636-1:2010en,fr,de01-januar-2010SIST EN 14636-1:2010SLOVENSKI
STANDARD
SIST EN 14636-1:2010
EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPÉENNE EUROPÄISCHE NORM
EN 14636-1
November 2009 ICS 23.040.50; 93.030 English Version
Plastics piping systems for non-pressure drainage and sewerage - Polyester resin concrete (PRC) - Part 1: Pipes and fittings with flexible joints
Systèmes de canalisations en plastique pour les branchements et les collecteurs d'assainissement sans pression - Béton de résine polyester (PRC) - Partie 1: Tubes et raccords avec assemblages flexibles
Kunststoff-Rohrleitungssysteme für drucklos betriebene Abwasserkanäle und -leitungen - Gefüllte Polyesterharzformstoffe (PRC) - Teil 1: Rohre und Formstücke mit flexiblen Verbindungen This European Standard was approved by CEN on 5 October 2009.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN Management Centre or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre:
Avenue Marnix 17,
B-1000 Brussels © 2009 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 14636-1:2009: ESIST EN 14636-1:2010
EN 14636-1:2009 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword . 51Scope . 62Normative references . 63Terms, definitions, symbols and abbreviations . 73.1Terms and definitions . 73.2Symbols and abbreviations . 104General requirements . 144.1Materials . 144.2Appearance . 144.3Reference conditions for testing . 144.4Joints . 155Pipes . 165.1Classification . 165.2Designation . 165.3Geometrical characteristics . 175.4Mechanical characteristics . 265.5Marking of pipes. 306Fittings . 306.1General . 306.2Bends . 316.3Branches . 346.4Marking of fittings . 367Joint performance . 367.1General . 367.2Requirements . 368Dangerous substances . 399Manufacturer's installation recommendations . 3910Evaluation of conformity . 3910.1General . 3910.2Initial type testing. 4010.3Factory production control (FPC) . 4310.4One-off products, pre-production products (e.g. prototypes) and products produced in very low quantities . 46Annex A (normative)
Determination of a pipe’s crushing strength and ring bending tensile strength using a pipe test piece . 47A.1Scope . 47A.2Principle . 47A.3Apparatus . 47A.4Test pieces . 51A.5Procedure . 51A.6Calculations . 51A.7Test report . 54SIST EN 14636-1:2010
EN 14636-1:2009 (E) 3 Annex B (normative)
Determination of a pipe’s crushing strength or the ring bending tensile strength using test pieces sawn from a pipe . 55B.1Scope . 55B.2Principle . 55B.3Apparatus . 55B.4Test piece . 56B.5Test procedure . 57B.6Calculations . 59B.7Test report . 60Annex C (normative)
Assessment of longitudinal bending moment resistance (BMR) . 61C.1Scope . 61C.2Principle . 61C.3Apparatus . 61C.4Procedure . 63C.5Calculations . 64C.6Test report . 65Annex D (normative)
Determination of the compressive strength of polyester resin concrete (PRC) using test pieces which are cut from a pipe . 66D.1Scope . 66D.2Principle . 66D.3Apparatus . 66D.4Test pieces . 68D.5Procedure . 68D.6Calculations . 68D.7Test report . 68Annex E (normative)
Determination of the fatigue strength of a pipe under cyclic loading . 69E.1Scope . 69E.2Principle . 69E.3Apparatus . 69E.4Test pieces . 70E.5Procedure . 71E.6Calculations . 71E.7Test report . 72Annex F (normative)
Assessment of the leak-tightness of a pipe and its joints under short term exposure to internal water pressure . 74F.1Scope . 74F.2Principle . 74F.3Apparatus . 74F.4Procedure . 74F.5Test report . 75Annex G (normative)
Determination of the long-term crushing strength of a pipe, including the effects of media attack, using the 50 years reference point . 76G.1Scope . 76G.2Principle . 76G.3Apparatus . 76G.4Test pieces . 77G.5Test solutions . 78SIST EN 14636-1:2010
EN 14636-1:2009 (E) 4 G.6Procedure . 78G.7Evaluation - Long-term (50 years) crushing strength . 79G.8Test report . 79Bibliography . 80 SIST EN 14636-1:2010
EN 14636-1:2009 (E) 5 Foreword This document (EN 14636-1:2009) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 155 “Plastics piping systems and ducting systems”, the secretariat of which is held by NEN. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by May 2010, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by August 2011. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. This European Standard consists of the following Parts:
Plastics piping systems for non-pressure drainage and sewerage — Polyester resin concrete (PRC): Part 1: Pipes and fittings with flexible joints; Part 2: Manholes and inspection chambers.
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. SIST EN 14636-1:2010
EN 14636-1:2009 (E) 6 1 Scope This European Standard applies to pipes and fittings made from polyester resin concrete (PRC, see 3.1.23), intended to be used within a drain or sewer system operating without pressure. It applies to products for use in buried installations to be installed by open-trench techniques or pipe jacking. It applies to pipes, fittings and their joints of nominal sizes from DN 150 to DN 3000 for circular cross-sections, from WN/HN 300/450 to WN/HN 1400/2100 for egg-shaped cross-sections and from DN 800 to DN 1800 for kite-shaped cross-sections. The intended use of these products is for the conveyance of sewage, rainwater and surface water at temperatures up to 50 °C, without pressure or occasionally at a head of pressure up to 0,5 bar1), and installed in areas subjected to vehicle and/or pedestrian traffic. NOTE 1 The attention of readers is drawn to applicable requirements contained in EN 476. It specifies definitions, requirements and characteristics of pipes, fittings, joints, materials, test methods and marking. The pipes are classified on the basis of the intended method of installation and cross-sectional shape. NOTE 2 It is the responsibility of the purchaser or specifier to make the appropriate selections, taking into account their particular requirements and any relevant national regulations and installation practices or codes. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN 637,
Plastics piping systems — Glass-reinforced plastics components — Determination of the amounts of constituents using the gravimetric method EN 681-1,
Elastomeric seals — Material requirements for pipe joint seals used in water and drainage applications — Part 1: Vulcanized rubber EN 705,
Plastics piping systems — Glass-reinforced thermosetting plastics (GRP) pipes and fittings — Methods for regression analyses and their use EN 1119,
Plastics piping systems — Joints for glass-reinforced thermosetting plastics (GRP) pipes and fittings — Test methods for leaktightness and resistance to damage of non-thrust resistant flexible joints with elastomeric sealing elements EN 13121-1,
GRP tanks and vessels for use above ground — Part 1: Raw materials — Specification conditions and acceptance conditions EN ISO 75-2,
Plastics — Determination of temperature of deflection under load — Part 2: Plastics, ebonite and long-fibre-reinforced composites (ISO 75-2:2004) EN ISO 3126,
Plastics piping systems — Plastics components — Determination of dimensions (ISO 3126:2005)
1) 1 bar = 105 N/m2 = 0,1 MPa SIST EN 14636-1:2010
EN 14636-1:2009 (E) 7 EN ISO 9001:2008,
Quality management systems — Requirements (ISO 9001:2008) 3 Terms, definitions, symbols and abbreviations 3.1 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 3.1.1 adaptor fitting that provides for connections to structures, pipes of other materials, or valves 3.1.2 angular deflection / angle in degrees (°) between the axes of two adjacent pipes (see Figure 1 b) and c)) 3.1.3 bend fitting that provides for a change of alignment within a pipeline 3.1.4 branch fitting comprising a pipe with one additional connecting pipe of equal or smaller nominal size, DN or WN/HN (see 3.1.13 or 3.1.14), to connect two pipelines 3.1.5 design service temperature maximum sustained temperature in degrees Celsius (°C) at which the system is expected to operate 3.1.6 draw D longitudinal movement in millimetres (mm) of a joint (see Figure 1 a)) 3.1.7 laying length of a bend L distance in metres (m) from one end of the bend, excluding the spigot insertion depth, Li, of a socket end, where applicable, projected along the axis of that end of the bend to the point of intersection with the axis of the other end of the bend (see Figure 8) 3.1.8 laying length of a pipe L total length in metres (m) of a pipe, Ltot (see 3.1.20), minus, where applicable, the manufacturer's recommended spigot(s) insertion depth, Li, in the socket. It is also known as the internal barrel length 3.1.9 fitting component comprising an adaptor, bend or branch SIST EN 14636-1:2010
EN 14636-1:2009 (E) 8 3.1.10 flexible joint joint that allows relative movement between the components being joined 3.1.11 minimum crushing load qcr,min short-term load that a component is required to withstand during a crushing strength test, without failure (see 5.4.1.1, Equations (1) and (2)). It is expressed in kilonewtons per metre length (kN/m) or newtons per millimetre length (N/mm) 3.1.12 misalignment M amount by which the centrelines of adjacent pipes fail to coincide (see Figure 1 d)) 3.1.13 nominal size DN alphanumerical designation of size for a component with a circular or kite-shaped bore NOTE 1 It is a convenient round number for reference purposes and is related to the internal diameter when expressed in millimetres. NOTE 2 The designation for reference or marking purposes consists of the letters DN plus a number e.g. DN 600. 3.1.14 nominal size WN/HN alphanumerical designation of size for a component with an egg-shaped bore NOTE 1 It is a convenient round number for reference purposes and is related to the internal width and height (wi and hi, see Figures 3 and 6) when expressed in millimetres. NOTE 2 The designation for reference or marking purposes consists of the letters WN/HN plus two numbers e.g. WH/HN 300/450. 3.1.15 non-pressure pipe or fitting pipe or fitting not subject to an internal pressure greater than 0,5 bar 3.1.16 normal service conditions conveyance of surface water, rainwater or sewage, in the temperature range from 2 °C to 50 °C, without pressure, for 50 years 3.1.17 rerating factor multiplication factor that quantifies the relation between a mechanical, physical or chemical property at the service condition compared to the respective value at 23 °C and 50 % relative humidity (R.H.) 3.1.18 strength class constant equal to the minimum short term crushing load of a component, qcr,min, (see 3.1.11), divided by one thousandth of either its nominal size (DN) or nominal width (WN) SIST EN 14636-1:2010
EN 14636-1:2009 (E) 9 3.1.19 total draw Dtot sum of the draw, D, expressed in millimetres (mm), plus the additional longitudinal movement of joint components, J (see Figure 1 b) and c)), due to angular deflection, /, (see 3.1.2 and Figure 1 b) and c)) 3.1.20 total pipe length Ltot distance in millimetres (mm) between two planes normal to the pipe axis and passing through the extreme end points of the pipe (see Figures 2 to 7) 3.1.21 type tests tests carried out in order to assess the fitness for purpose of a product or assembly of components to fulfil its or their function(s) in accordance with the product specification 3.1.22 crushing load (crushing strength) qcr maximum short-term load that a component is able to withstand during a crushing strength test, expressed in kilonewtons per metre length (kN/m) or newtons per millimetre length (N/mm) 3.1.23 polyester resin concrete PRC material formed from mineral aggregates and fillers which are bound together using a polyester resin SIST EN 14636-1:2010
EN 14636-1:2009 (E) 10
Key D draw Dtot total draw J longitudinal movement of the joint due to angular deflection M misalignment / angular deflection Figure 1 — Joint movements 3.2 Symbols and abbreviations For the purposes of this document, the symbols given in Table 1 and abbreviations given in Table 2 apply. SIST EN 14636-1:2010
EN 14636-1:2009 (E) 11 Table 1 — Symbols Symbol Description Unit Where used ab width of a bearing strip millimetres Annexes A, B and E b width of a sawn test piece millimetres 5.4.1.2, Annexes B and E B laying length of a branch pipe millimetres 6.3, Figure 9 BB nominal offset (body) length of a branch pipe millimetres 6.3, Figure 9 Bi spigot insertion depth of a branch pipe millimetres 6.3, Figure 9 D draw millimetres 3.1.6, 3.1.19, Figure 1, 7.2.2 Dmax maximum draw millimetres 4.4.2.2, 7.2.2, 7.2.4 Dtot total draw millimetres 3.1.19, Figure 1, 7.2.4 da external diameter of a pipe millimetres 5.3.1, Figure 2, 5.3.3 to 5.3.6, Figures 4 to 7, 6.2.1.1, 6.3.1.1 de external diameter of a spigot millimetres 5.3.4 to 5.3.6, Figures 5 to 7 di internal diameter of a pipe with a circular or kite-shaped cross-section millimetres 5.3.1, Figure 2, 5.3.3, Figure 4, 5.3.4, Figure 5, 5.3.6, Figure 7, Annexes A, B and E e wall thickness of a pipe with a circular or kite-shaped cross-section or wall thickness of a test piece taken from a pipe millimetres 4.1.3, 5.3.1, Figure 2, 5.3.3, Figure 4, 5.3.4, Figure 5, 5.3.6, Figure 7, 6.2.1.1, 6.3.1.1, Annexes A, B and E e1 wall thickness at the springline of a pipe with egg-shaped cross-section millimetres 5.3.2, Figure 3, 5.3.5, Figure 6, Annex A e2 wall thickness at top of pipe of a pipe with egg-shaped cross-section millimetres 5.3.2, Figure 3, 5.3.5, Figure 6, Annexes A and B e3 pedestal height of a pipe with egg-shaped cross-section
millimetres 5.3.2, Figure 3 fcorr correction factor for stress distribution – Annexes B and E flow factor for lower load – Annex E fup factor for upper load – Annex E hi internal height of a pipe with egg-shaped cross-section millimetres 3.1.14, 5.3.2, Figure 3, 5.3.5, Figure 6 J longitudinal movement within a joint due to angular deflection, / (see 3.1.2) millimetres 3.1.19, Figure 1, 7.2.4 L laying length of a pipe or a bend or laying length of the main pipe of a branch fitting metres 3.1.7, 3.1.8, 4.4.2.2, 5.3.1 to 5.3.6, Figures 2 to 7, 5.3.7.1, 5.4.2.2, 5.5, Figure 8, 6.2.1.5, Figure 9, 6.3.1.4 la lever arm length metres Annexes C and G lb distance between the centres of the bearers millimetres Annexes B, C and E LB nominal body length of the main pipe of a fitting millimetres 6.2, Figure 8, 6.3, Figure 9 Li insertion depth of the spigot of a pipe or main pipe of a fitting millimetres 3.1.7, 3.1.8, 5.3.1 to 5.3.6, Figures 2 to Figure 7, 6.2, Figure 8, 6.3, Figure 9 lf distance between the centres of the fulcrums
metres Annex G lp length of a test piece millimetres 5.4.1.2, 7.2.4.6, Annexes A, B and E ls support span metres Annex C Ltot total length of a pipe millimetres 3.1.8, 3.1.20, Figures 2 to Figure 7, 5.3.1 to 5.3.6
SIST EN 14636-1:2010
EN 14636-1:2009 (E) 12 Table 1
(continued) Symbol Description Unit Where used M misalignment millimetres 3.1.12, Figure 1 MBMR minimum longitudinal bending moment resistance
kilonewton metre 5.4.2, Annex C M3 calculated longitudinal bending moment
resisted by the pipe when tested using three-point loading method kilonewton metre 5.4.2.1, Annex C M4 calculated longitudinal bending moment resisted by the pipe when tested using four-point loading method kilonewton metre 5.4.2.1, Annex C Nd specified shear load for joint misalignment testnewtons per millimetre of nominal size 7.2.4.2 P test load applied by loading frame newtons Annexes A, B and E Pb total bending load applied kilonewtons Annex C Pcalc calculated minimum test load newtons Annexes A and B Pcalc,low calculated lower limit of cyclic load newtons 5.4.4, Annex E Pcalc,up calculated upper limit of cyclic load newtons 5.4.4, Annex E Pcr load applied by loading frame at failure newtons Annex A Peff,CK effective test load applied to a test piece with a circular or kite-shaped cross-section newtons Annex A Peff,E effective test load applied to a test piece with an egg-shaped cross-section newtons Annex A Pmin minimum load to be applied by loading frame newtons Annexes A and B qcr crushing load (or crushing strength) of a pipe calculated from the load applied to test piece at the moment of failure (collapse) kilonewtons per metre or newtons per millimetre 3.1.22, Annexes A and B qcr,min minimum crushing load kilonewtons per metre or newtons per millimetre 3.1.11, 3.1.18, 5.4.1, Annexes A and B r radius of curvature millimetres 6.2, Figure 8 tsq tolerance on diametrical squareness millimetres per metre 5.3.1 to 5.3.6, Figures 2 to 7 Tcube height, length and width of a cube sawn from a pipe wall millimetres 5.4.3, Annex D W* load due to own weight of the compression beam newtons Annexes A and B Wp load due to own weight of a test piece newtons Annex A Wpipe load due to own w
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