SIST EN ISO 10439-4:2015
(Main)Petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries - Axial and centrifugal compressors and expander-compressors - Part 4: Expander-compressors (ISO 10439-4:2015)
Petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries - Axial and centrifugal compressors and expander-compressors - Part 4: Expander-compressors (ISO 10439-4:2015)
ISO 10439-4:2015 specifies minimum requirements and gives recommendations for axial compressors, single-shaft, and integrally geared process centrifugal compressors and expander-compressors for special purpose applications that handle gas or process air in the petroleum, petrochemical, and natural gas industries. ISO 10439‑4:2015 specifies requirements for expander-compressors, in addition to the general requirements specified in ISO 10439‑1:2015.
Erdöl-, petrochemische und Erdgasindustrie - Axial- und Radialkompressoren und Expanderkompressoren für Sonderanwendungen zur Handhabung von Gas oder Prozessluft - Teil 4: Expanderkompressoren (ISO 10439-4:2015)
Industries du pétrole, de la pétrochimie et du gaz naturel - Compresseurs axiaux et centrifuges et compresseurs-détenteurs - Partie 4: Compresseurs-détenteurs (ISO 10439-4:2015)
L'ISO 10439-4:2015 spécifie les exigences minimales et fournit des recommandations pour les compresseurs axiaux, les compresseurs centrifuges mono-arbres à multiplicateur intégré et les compresseurs-détendeurs pour applications spéciales d'amenée de gaz ou de traitement d'air dans les industries du pétrole, de la pétrochimie et du gaz naturel. L'ISO 10439-4:2015 spécifie les exigences pour les compresseurs-détendeurs, en complément des exigences générales spécifiées dans l'ISO 10439‑1:2015.
Petrokemična industrija ter industrija za predelavo nafte in zemeljskega plina - Aksialni, radialni in ekspanzijski kompresorji - 4. del: Ekspanzijski kompresorji (ISO 10439-4:2015)
Ta del standarda ISO 10439 določa minimalne zahteve in daje priporočila za aksialne kompresorje, radialne kompresorje z eno gredjo in vgrajenim gonilom ter ekspanzijske kompresorje za posebne namene, ki obdelujejo plin ali procesni zrak v petrokemični industriji ter industriji za predelavo nafte in zemeljskega plina. Ta del standarda ISO 10439 poleg splošnih zahtev, določenih v standardu ISO 10439-1:2015, določa zahteve za ekspanzijske kompresorje. Zajema le ekspanderje in kompresorje na skupni gredi (ekspanzijski kompresor). Ne zajema ekspanderjev z ločenimi izhodnimi gredmi (npr. generatorski pogoni). Ekspanderji vročega plina nad 300 °C (570 °F) niso zajeti v tem delu standarda ISO 10439.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-maj-2015
1DGRPHãþD
SIST EN ISO 10439:2004
3HWURNHPLþQDLQGXVWULMDWHULQGXVWULMD]DSUHGHODYRQDIWHLQ]HPHOMVNHJDSOLQD
$NVLDOQLUDGLDOQLLQHNVSDQ]LMVNLNRPSUHVRUMLGHO (NVSDQ]LMVNLNRPSUHVRUML
,62
Petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries - Axial and centrifugal compressors
and expander-compressors - Part 4: Expander-compressors (ISO 10439-4:2015)
Erdöl-, petrochemische und Erdgasindustrie - Axial- und Radialkompressoren und
Expanderkompressoren für Sonderanwendungen zur Handhabung von Gas oder
Prozessluft - Teil 4: Expanderkompressoren (ISO 10439-4:2015)
Industries du pétrole, de la pétrochimie et du gaz naturel - Compresseurs axiaux et
centrifuges et compresseurs-détenteurs - Partie 4: Compresseurs-détenteurs (ISO
10439-4:2015)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO 10439-4:2015
ICS:
23.140 .RPSUHVRUMLLQSQHYPDWLþQL Compressors and pneumatic
VWURML machines
75.180.20 Predelovalna oprema Processing equipment
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
EUROPEAN STANDARD
EN ISO 10439-4
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
February 2015
ICS 75.180.20; 71.120.99 Supersedes EN ISO 10439:2002
English Version
Petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries - Axial and
centrifugal compressors and expander-compressors - Part 4:
Expander-compressors(ISO 10439-4:2015)
Industries du pétrole, de la pétrochimie et du gaz naturel - Erdöl-, petrochemische und Erdgasindustrie - Axial- und
Compresseurs axiaux et centrifuges et compresseurs- Radialkompressoren und Expanderkompressoren - Teil 4:
détenteurs - Partie 4: Compresseurs-détenteurs (ISO Expanderkompressoren (ISO 10439-4:2015)
10439-4:2015)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 29 November 2014.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European
Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national
standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same
status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United
Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2015 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 10439-4:2015 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
Contents Page
Foreword .3
Foreword
This document (EN ISO 10439-4:2015) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 118
"Compressors and pneumatic tools, machines and equipment" in collaboration with Technical Committee
CEN/TC 12 “Materials, equipment and offshore structures for petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas
industries” the secretariat of which is held by AFNOR.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical
text or by endorsement, at the latest by August 2015, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at
the latest by August 2015.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document supersedes EN ISO 10439:2002.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following
countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech
Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece,
Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal,
Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO 10439-4:2015 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO 10439-4:2015 without any modification.
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 10439-4
First edition
2015-02-15
Petroleum, petrochemical and natural
gas industries — Axial and centrifugal
compressors and expander-
compressors —
Part 4:
Expander-compressors
Industries du pétrole, de la pétrochimie et du gaz naturel —
Compresseurs axiaux et centrifuges et compresseurs-détenteurs —
Partie 4: Compresseurs-détenteurs
Reference number
ISO 10439-4:2015(E)
©
ISO 2015
ISO 10439-4:2015(E)
© ISO 2015
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior
written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of
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Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2015 – All rights reserved
ISO 10439-4:2015(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .v
Introduction .vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms, abbreviated terms, and definitions . 1
4 General . 1
4.1 Dimensions and units . 1
4.2 Statutory requirements . 1
4.3 Unit responsibility . 2
4.4 Basic design . 2
4.5 Materials . 2
4.6 Casings . 2
4.6.1 Pressure-containing casings . 2
4.6.2 Casing repairs . 3
4.6.3 Material inspection of pressure containing parts . 3
4.6.4 Pressure casing connections . 3
4.6.5 Casing support structures . 3
4.6.6 External forces and moments . 3
4.6.7 Variable nozzles and heat shields . 3
4.7 Rotating elements. 4
4.7.1 General. 4
4.7.2 Shaft sleeve . 4
4.7.3 Shafts . 4
4.7.4 Impellers . 5
4.8 Dynamics . 5
4.8.1 Vibration balancing . 5
4.9 Bearings and bearing housings. 6
4.9.1 General. 6
4.9.2 Hydrodynamic radial bearings . 7
4.9.3 Hydrodynamic thrust bearings . 7
4.9.4 Bearing housings . 7
4.10 Expander-compressor shaft seals . 8
4.11 Integral gearing . 8
4.12 Nameplates and rotation arrows . 8
5 Accessories . 8
5.1 Drivers . 8
5.2 Couplings and guards . 9
5.3 Lubrication and sealing systems . 9
5.4 Mounting plates. 9
5.5 Controls and instrumentation . 9
5.5.1 Vibration and position monitoring . 9
5.5.2 Hydrodynamic bearings . 9
5.5.3 Magnetic bearings . 9
5.5.4 Overspeed shutdown system .10
5.5.5 Permanent strainer . .11
5.6 Piping and appurtenances .11
5.7 Special tools .12
6 Inspection, testing, and preparation for shipment .12
6.1 General .12
6.2 Inspection .12
ISO 10439-4:2015(E)
6.3 Testing .12
6.3.1 General.12
6.3.2 Wheel shaker test .12
6.3.3 Mechanical running test .12
6.3.4 Assembled machine gas leakage test .14
6.3.5 Optional tests .14
6.4 Preparation for shipment .15
7 Supplier’s data .15
7.1 General .15
7.2 Proposals .16
7.2.1 Technical data .16
7.3 Contract data .16
7.3.1 General.16
7.3.2 Curves and data sheets .16
Annex A (normative) Datasheets .17
Annex B (informative) Vendor (Supplier) data and drawing requirements (VDDR) .23
Annex C (informative) Nomenclature .33
Annex D (informative) Typical materials.35
Annex E (informative) Inspector’s checklist .41
Annex F (informative) Nozzle forces and moments .46
Annex G (informative) Lubrication and sealing requirements .50
Bibliography .52
iv © ISO 2015 – All rights reserved
ISO 10439-4:2015(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any
patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on
the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity
assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical Barriers
to Trade (TBT), see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary information
The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 118, Compressors and pneumatic tools, machines
and equipment, Subcommittee SC 1, Process compressors.
This first edition, together with ISO 10439-1, ISO 10439-2, and ISO 10439-3, cancels and replaces
ISO 10439:2002.
ISO 10439 consists of the following parts, under the general title Petroleum, petrochemical and natural
gas industries — Axial and centrifugal compressors and expander-compressors:
— Part 1: General requirements
— Part 2: Non-integrally geared centrifugal and axial compressors
— Part 3: Integrally geared centrifugal compressors
— Part 4: Expander-compressors
ISO 10439-4:2015(E)
Introduction
This International Standard is based on the 7th edition of the American Petroleum Institute standard API 617.
Further or differing requirements might be needed for individual applications. This International
Standard is not intended to inhibit a supplier from offering, or the purchaser from accepting, alternative
equipment or engineering solutions for the individual application. This can be particularly appropriate
where there is innovative or developing technology. Where an alternative is offered, the supplier should
identify any variations from this International Standard and provide details.
An asterisk (*) at the beginning of the paragraph of a clause or subclause indicates that either a decision
is required or further information is to be provided by the purchaser. This information is indicated on
data sheets or stated in the enquiry or purchase order (see examples in Annex A, ISO 10439-2:2015,
Annex A, ISO 10439-3:2015, Annex A).
This International Standard includes the following annexes:
— Annex A: Datasheets;
— Annex B: Vendor (Supplier) data and drawing requirements (VDDR);
— Annex C: Nomenclature;
— Annex D: Typical materials;
— Annex E: Inspector’s checklist;
— Annex F: Nozzle forces and moments;
— Annex G: Lubrication and sealing requirements.
Annex A forms a normative part of this part of ISO 10439. Annexes B to G are for information only.
In this International Standard, where practical, US customary units are included in parentheses for
information.
vi © ISO 2015 – All rights reserved
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 10439-4:2015(E)
Petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries —
Axial and centrifugal compressors and expander-
compressors —
Part 4:
Expander-compressors
1 Scope
This part of ISO 10439 specifies minimum requirements and gives recommendations for axial compressors,
single-shaft, and integrally geared process centrifugal compressors and expander-compressors for
special purpose applications that handle gas or process air in the petroleum, petrochemical, and natural
gas industries. This part of ISO 10439 specifies requirements for expander-compressors, in addition to
the general requirements specified in ISO 10439-1:2015.
This scope covers only expanders and compressors on a common shaft (expander-compressor). This
scope does not apply to expanders with separate output shafts (e.g. generator drives). Hot gas expanders
over 300 °C (570 °F) are not covered in this part of ISO 10439.
2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated
references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 10438 (all parts), Petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries — Lubrication, shaft-sealing
and control-oil systems and auxiliaries
ISO 10439-1:2015, Petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries — Axial and centrifugal compressors
and expander-compressors — Part 1: General requirements
API 670, Machinery protection systems
3 Terms, abbreviated terms, and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms, abbreviated terms, and definitions given in
ISO 10439-1:2015 apply.
4 General
NOTE A cross-section showing nomenclature of an expander-compressor can be found in Annex C.
4.1 Dimensions and units
The dimensional and unit requirements shall be in accordance with ISO 10439-1:2015, 4.1.
4.2 Statutory requirements
The statutory requirements shall be in accordance with ISO 10439-1:2015, 4.2.
ISO 10439-4:2015(E)
4.3 Unit responsibility
The unit responsibilities shall be in accordance with ISO 10439-1:2015, 4.3.
4.4 Basic design
4.4.1 The expander shall meet at least 98 % of the predicted efficiency at the certified point (see 6.3.5.1.1).
The compressor shall deliver at least 98 % of the normal head at the normal capacity. The compressor
power at the normal condition shall not be more than 106 % of that available from the expander, nor shall
it be less than 96 % of that available from the expander.
NOTE Compressor-loaded expanders achieve a power balance that determines the speed of the machine.
There is generally no speed control governor to control the speed the way other turbine-driven compressors
are controlled. If the expander power is more than expected, then the speed of the machine will be higher than
predicted. If the compressor power is more than expected, then the speed of the machine will be lower than
predicted. The above tolerances are needed to set limits beyond which hardware changes will be required to
achieve a reasonable normal speed.
4.4.2 The compressor head-capacity characteristic curve at the rated speed shall rise continuously
from the rated point to surge. The compressor shall be suitable for continuous operation at any capacity
on the predicted performance curve(s) at least 10 % greater than the predicted surge capacity shown in
the proposal.
NOTE It is common for flow to be bypassed around the compressor during normal operation.
4.5 Materials
4.5.1 Materials shall be in accordance with ISO 10439-1:2015, 4.5. Refer to Annex D for a table of
typical materials.
4.5.2 If traces of mercury have been specified, aluminium impellers shall be treated by anodizing or
other approved methods.
4.6 Casings
Casings shall be in accordance with ISO 10439-1:2015, 4.6 and 4.6.1 to 4.6.7.7.
4.6.1 Pressure-containing casings
4.6.1.1 * The maximum allowable working pressure of the casing(s) shall be at least equal to the relief
valve set pressure(s) specified by the purchaser.
4.6.1.1.1 If a relief valve set pressure is not specified, the maximum allowable working pressure of an
expander casing shall be at least 1,1 times the maximum specified inlet pressure (gauge). System pressure
protection shall be furnished by the purchaser.
4.6.1.1.2 If a relief valve set pressure is not specified, the maximum allowable working pressure of
the compressor casing of an expander-compressor shall be at least 1,25 times the maximum specified
discharge pressure (gauge). System pressure protection shall be furnished by the purchaser.
4.6.1.1.3 When the purchaser has not supplied a relief valve setting, he shall be responsible for insuring
that furnished relief valves are compatible with casing ratings as set by 4.6.1.1.1 and 4.6.1.1.2.
4.6.1.2 O-rings, gaskets, or other sealing devices which can be used on radially spilt casings shall be
confined in machined grooves and shall be made of materials suitable for all specified service conditions.
2 © ISO 2015 – All rights reserved
ISO 10439-4:2015(E)
4.6.1.3 Provisions for lifting the casings and removing the centre section shall be provided.
4.6.1.4 The expander-compressor casing shall be designed with sufficient strength to contain parts
which might separate in the event of uncontrolled overspeed.
4.6.2 Casing repairs
Casing repairs shall be in accordance with ISO 10439-1.
4.6.3 Material inspection of pressure containing parts
Material inspection of pressure containing parts shall be in accordance with ISO 10439-1.
4.6.4 Pressure casing connections
Pressure casing connections shall be in accordance with ISO 10439-1 and 4.6.4.
4.6.4.1 Main process connections shall be in accordance with ISO 10439-1.
4.6.4.2 Auxiliary connections shall be at least DN 15 (NPS 1/2) and in accordance with ISO 10439-1.
4.6.5 Casing support structures
NOTE 1 Expander-compressors have no coupling, therefore, there are no special requirements for casing
support structures.
NOTE 2 Expander-compressor units do not require highly finished mounting surfaces.
4.6.6 External forces and moments
4.6.6.1 Expander-compressor packages shall be designed to withstand external forces and moments on
each nozzle calculated in accordance with Formulae (F.1) and (F.2).
NOTE Expander-compressor shaft alignment is not affected by piping forces since they do not have a coupling.
4.6.6.2 The supplier shall furnish the allowable forces and moments for each nozzle in tabular form.
4.6.7 Variable nozzles and heat shields
4.6.7.1 Each expander shall be equipped with variable nozzles (variable inlet guide vanes).
NOTE Variable nozzles permit the efficient conversion of head into velocity throughout the design range of
the unit.
4.6.7.2 Variable nozzles shall be sized, capable of flowing at least 110 % of the mass flow at any specified
operating condition.
4.6.7.3 Actuating devices shall be capable of operation at all specified operating conditions, including
maximum inlet pressure, maximum flow, and minimum discharge pressure.
NOTE Variable nozzles are used for flow and pressure control. Precise control of the nozzles is necessary for
smooth process operation.
ISO 10439-4:2015(E)
4.6.7.4 Variable nozzles and actuators shall be capable of closing with maximum inlet pressure at all
flow conditions.
Actuators shall be equipped with an agreed force limiting device to ensure no over-forcing in closing or
opening the inlet guide vanes.
NOTE Adjustable nozzles are often required to control expander discharge pressure under conditions
of restricted flow on the discharge. It is necessary for nozzles to close rapidly with minimal leakage; however,
variable nozzles are not tight shutoff devices.
4.6.7.5 Variable nozzles shall be designed to minimize friction.
4.6.7.6 If variable nozzles are used for toxic, flammable, or explosive process gas, the linkage passing
through the casing or enclosure shall be sealed.
4.6.7.7 If required, an insulating heat shield shall be provided between the cold expander process fluids
and the bearing cavity. Heat shields shall be constructed of materials with good insulation properties.
NOTE See Annex D for typical heat shield materials.
4.7 Rotating elements
4.7.1 General
4.7.1.1 Rotating elements shall be in accordance with ISO 10439-1:2015, 4.7 and 4.7.
4.7.1.2 Each impeller and shaft shall be clearly marked with a unique identification number. This
number shall be in an accessible area that is not prone to maintenance damage.
4.7.2 Shaft sleeve
Unless other shaft protection is approved by the purchaser, replaceable components shall be furnished
at labyrinth shaft seal locations. Sleeves, spacers, or bushings shall be made of materials that are
corrosion-resistant in the specified service.
4.7.3 Shafts
4.7.3.1 Shafts shall be of one piece or permanently joined multiple piece construction, and can be hollow.
NOTE 1 Expanders can have multi-piece construction hollow shafts that are joined by methods such as friction
welding per ANSI/AWS—C6.1 Recommended practices for friction welding.
NOTE 2 Because these parts are permanently joined, trapped process gas is not a problem.
4.7.3.2 All welds on the shaft shall be inspected by ultrasonic or radiographic examination. After
finish machining, the welds shall be inspected by magnetic particle or liquid penetrant examination.
Refer to ISO 10439-1:2015, 6.2.2 for material inspection methods and ISO 10439-1:2015, 6.2.2.1.1 for
acceptance criteria.
4.7.3.3 For precipitation-hardened stainless steel shafts with maximum journal velocities (trip speed)
above 95 m/s (315 ft/s), the supplier shall provide a coating or overlay on the journals to prevent wire wooling.
NOTE Chrome plating, weld overlay, High Velocity Oxygen Fuel (HVOF), High Velocity Liquid Fuel (HVLF),
and graphite impregnation are some of the methods which have been used successfully to prevent wire wooling.
4 © ISO 2015 – All rights reserved
ISO 10439-4:2015(E)
4.7.4 Impellers
4.7.4.1 General
Impeller shall be in accordance with ISO 10439-1:2015, 4.7.10.
4.7.4.2 Thrust balancing
4.7.4.2.1 A balance cavity, line and porting shall be provided if required to limit axial loads on the
thrust bearings.
4.7.4.2.2 When an automatic or fixed thrust equalizing valve is provided as per 4.9.3.4, this valve shall
be flanged and sized to handle balance drum gas leakage at twice the initial design labyrinth clearance
without exceeding the load rating of the thrust bearings. If the balance line involves a purchaser’s
connection to his piping, then the connection sizes shall be indicated on the data sheets.
4.7.4.2.3 An automatic thrust equalizing valve shall be provided. This valve shall react to changes in
thrust load as measured by thrust pressure (magnetic bearing current, etc.) to actively maintain a low
thrust load on the thrust bearings by injecting to or venting from balancing chambers inside the machine.
See Figure 1 for typical automatic thrust equalizing valve schematic.
Figure 1 — Automatic thrust balancing system
4.8 Dynamics
Dynamics shall be in accordance with of ISO 10439-1:2015, 4.8.
4.8.1 Vibration balancing
4.8.1.1 The balancing method described in 4.8.1.2 to 4.8.1.5 shall apply only to single-shaft expander-
compressors which require rotor disassembly and re-assembly to install. All other expander-compressors
shall comply with ISO 10439-1:2015, 4.8.8.
ISO 10439-4:2015(E)
NOTE Expander-compressors in cryogenic service are typically single-shaft rotors which require disassembly
and re-assembly of the rotor to install in the machine casing. By requiring index balancing, either the compressor
or expander component can be replaced individually without requiring the complete rotor to be rebalanced.
4.8.1.2 The expander wheel, compressor wheel, and the shaft shall be balanced using an index
balancing procedure. All machining of components shall be completed before balancing. The wheels shall
be supported by a concentric arbor during the balancing procedure. Two-plane balancing is preferred,
but single-plane balancing can be used for components with a length to diameter (L/d) ratio of 0,2 or less.
Each component shall be balanced so that the level of residual unbalance for each balance plane does not
exceed the greatest value determined by Formulae (3) or (4) as applicable in ISO 10439-1:2015.
NOTE For information on the index balance procedure, refer to API 684.
4.8.1.3 Prior to starting the index balancing procedure for the compressor and expander wheels, the
following steps shall be performed to check the integrity of the fits between the wheels and arbor.
a) Mount the wheel at an arbitrary 0 degree location on the arbor. Record the unbalance reading of
the assembly.
b) Dismount and remount the wheel on the arbor in the original 0 degree position. Record the unbalance.
c) The vector reading from item b) shall be within 20 % of the vector reading from item a). If not, the
arbor fit shall be checked for poor contact, dirt, or other items affecting the fit integrity.
4.8.1.4 Index balance both wheels, using an arbor, to the tolerance specified in 4.8.1.2. After this step,
the wheels should be in balance and no further corrections should be required.
4.8.1.5 The shaft index balance procedure shall be performed using both wheels mounted in the
following manner:
a) Mount the expander and compressor wheels on the shaft. Both wheels should be marked to an
arbitrary 0 degree location on the shaft.
b) Identify appropriate balance planes on the shaft. Perform index balancing of the shaft using the
wheels to the tolerance specified in 4.8.1.2.
c) Both wheels shall be treated as one part and turned together during the index balancing procedure.
4.8.1.6 * If specified, rotors shall be assembled and the balance verified. The residual unbalance for the
randomly assembled components shall not exceed 10 times the maximum allowable residual unbalance
as determined by Formulae (3) or (4) as applicable in ISO 10439-1:2015.
Assembled rotors that fail to meet these criteria shall be balance corrected by repeating the component
index balance, not by trim balancing the assembly.
4.8.1.7 * If specified, a residual unbalance check shall be performed on assembled rotors. The residual
unbalance check shall be performed after assembly balancing or assembly check-balancing is complete
and before the assembled rotor is removed from the balancing machine.
NOTE Refer to ISO 10439-1:2015, Annex A for a description of the procedure for residual unbalance
determination.
4.9 Bearings and bearing housings
4.9.1 General
4.9.1.1 Unless otherwise specified, hydrodynamic radial and thrust bearings shall be provided.
6 © ISO 2015 – All rights reserved
ISO 10439-4:2015(E)
NOTE The typical expander-compressor has both the radial and thrust bearing built into a single assembly.
4.9.1.2 * If specified, magnetic bearings shall be supplied in accordance with ISO 10439-1:2015, Annex E.
4.9.1.3 Bearing material selection criteria shall include compatibility with the process gas.
NOTE Bearings are generally in contact with the process gas.
4.9.2 Hydrodynamic radial bearings
4.9.2.1 Sleeve or pad type bearings shall be used. The bearings shall be precision machined. Materials
used shall be steel, brass, bronze, aluminium, copper alloy, or other suitable material.
4.9.2.2 Unless otherwise specified, hydrodynamic radial bearings shall be fitted with bearing metal
temperature sensors, installed in accordance with API 670.
4.9.3 Hydrodynamic thrust bearings
Hydrodynamic thrust bearings shall be in accordance with ISO 10439-1:2015, 4.9.3 and 4.9.3.1 to 4.9.3.4.
4.9.3.1 Hydrodynamic thrust bearings shall be precision machined, continuous or segmented face
design. Continuous face designs shall have grooving, such as spiral grooving, to allow oil distribution.
Segmented face designs can be either fixed or tilting pad configuration. Materials used shall be steel,
bronze, aluminium, copper alloy, or other materials suitable for the application. Hydrodynamic thrust
bearings shall be arranged for continuous pressurized lubrication to each side.
NOTE A typical expander-compressor thrust bearing can be made of brass or bronze, have a tapered land or
spiral groove face design, and be unbabbited.
4.9.3.2 Unless otherwise specified, thrust bearings shall be designed for equal thrust capacity in both
axial directions.
4.9.3.3 Loads on hydrodynamic thrust bearings shall be limited to no more than 50 % of the bearing
manufacturer’s ultimate load rating at specified operating conditions.
4.9.3.4 When calculated, loads on hydrodynamic thrust bearings exceed 50 % of the ultimate capacity of
the bearings, expander-compressors shall be equipped with automatic or fixed position thrust equalizing
valves to reduce the bearing loads for the specified conditions to a minimum, reducing expected loads to
no more than 50 % of the ultimate capacity of the bearing (see Annex C).
Bearings shall also be capable of meeting start-up and upset conditions.
NOTE 1 This device can be a direct operated valve, using fluid pressures taken from the thrust bearing oil film
for actuation.
NOTE 2 Loading of 50 % of the ultimate load can be exceeded during start-up or upset conditions.
4.9.4 Bearing housings
4.9.4.1 Bearing housings shall be in accordance with ISO 10439-1:2015, 4.9.4 and 4.9.4.2.
4.9.4.2 Rotor support system parts (bearings, bearing housings, bearing shells, and bearing brackets)
shall be separable from the mating casings.
NOTE Expander bearing housings are pressurized.
ISO 10439-4:2015(E)
4.10 Expander-compressor shaft seals
4.10.1 Shaft seals shall comply with the requirement of ISO 10439-1:2015, 4.10 and 4.10.2 and 4.10.3.
NOTE Expander-compressors do not have shaft end seals, but the same types of seals are used for internal
sealing between the process gas and the bearing housing.
4.10.2 Shaft seals shall be provided to restrict the leakage of process gas into the bearing housing over
the range of specified operating conditions, including start-up and shutdown. Seals shall be suitable for
specified variations in seal operating conditions that can prevail during start-up, shutdown, or settling
out, and during any other special operation specified.
4.10.3 Shaft seals used in expanders can be either clearance seals or self-acting dry gas seals.
NOTE See ISO 10439-1:2015, 4.10 for information on shaft end seals.
4.11 Integral gearing
Integral gears are not applicable to expander-compressors.
4.12 Nameplates and rotation arrows
4.12.1 Nameplates and rotation arrows shall be in accordance with ISO 10439-1:2015, 4.12.
NOTE Rotation arrows are generally not provided for expander-compressors.
4.12.2 The following data shall be clearly stamped or engraved on the nameplate:
— supplier’s name;
— serial number;
— size, type, and model number;
— design power;
— rated speed (rpm);
— trip speed (rpm);
— purchaser’s item number or other reference;
— maximum allowable working pressure of each casin
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