SIST IEC/TR 61334-1-4:1997

Distribution automation using distribution line carrier systems - Part 1: General considerations - Section 4: Identification of data transmission parameters concerning medium and low-voltage distribution mains

Assesses the ability of MV (medium voltage) and LV(low voltage) distribution power networks to be used as a data transmission medium suitable to support applications related to distribution automation systems.[
]This publication has the status of a Technical Report - type 3.

Automatisation de la distribution à l'aide de systèmes de communication à courants porteurs - Partie 1: Considérations générales - Section 4: Identification des paramètres de transmission de données des réseaux de distribution moyenne et basse tension

Evalue la capacité de réseaux d'énergie MT (moyenne tension) et BT (basse tension) à servir de support de transmission de données pour des applications de systèmes d'automatisation de la distribution.[
]Cette publication a le statut d'un rapport technique - type 3.

Distribution automation using distribution line carrier systems - Part 1: General considerations - Section 4: Identification of data transmission parameters concerning medium and low-voltage distribution mains

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 31-Jul-1997
• ICS: 29.240.20 - Power transmission and distribution lines
• ICS: 33.040.40 - Data communication networks
• ICS: 33.200 - Telecontrol. Telemetering
• Technical Committee: PSE - Power systems management
• Current Stage: 6060 - National Implementation/Publication (Adopted Project)
• Start Date: 01-Aug-1997
• Due Date: 01-Aug-1997
• Completion Date: 01-Aug-1997
• Ref Project: IEC 61675-1:2013 - Radionuclide imaging devices - Characteristics and test conditions - Part 1: Positron emission tomographs

Standards Content (Sample)

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST IEC/TR 61334-1-4:1997
01-avgust-1997
Distribution automation using distribution line carrier systems - Part 1: General
considerations - Section 4: Identification of data transmission parameters
concerning medium and low-voltage distribution mains
Distribution automation using distribution line carrier systems - Part 1: General
considerations - Section 4: Identification of data transmission parameters concerning
medium and low-voltage distribution mains
Automatisation de la distribution à l'aide de systèmes de communication à courants
porteurs - Partie 1: Considérations générales - Section 4: Identification des paramètres
de transmission de données des réseaux de distribution moyenne et basse tension
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: IEC/TR 61334-1-4
ICS:
29.240.20 Daljnovodi Power transmission and
distribution lines
33.040.40 Podatkovna komunikacijska Data communication
omrežja networks
33.200 Daljinsko krmiljenje, daljinske Telecontrol. Telemetering
meritve (telemetrija)
SIST IEC/TR 61334-1-4:1997 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

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SIST IEC/TR 61334-1-4:1997

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SIST IEC/TR 61334-1-4:1997

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SIST IEC/TR 61334-1-4:1997

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SIST IEC/TR 61334-1-4:1997

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SIST IEC/TR 61334-1-4:1997

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SIST IEC/TR 61334-1-4:1997

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SIST IE
...

IEC 61675-1
®

Edition 2.0 2013-09
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE


Radionuclide imaging devices – Characteristics and test conditions –
Part 1: Positron emission tomographs

Dispositifs d'imagerie par radionucléides – Caractéristiques et conditions
d'essai –
Partie 1: Tomographes à émission de positrons

IEC 61675-1:2013

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
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IEC 61675-1

®


Edition 2.0 2013-09




INTERNATIONAL



STANDARD




NORME



INTERNATIONALE











Radionuclide imaging devices – Characteristics and test conditions –

Part 1: Positron emission tomographs




Dispositifs d'imagerie par radionucléides – Caractéristiques et conditions

d'essai –

Partie 1: Tomographes à émission de positrons















INTERNATIONAL

ELECTROTECHNICAL

COMMISSION


COMMISSION

ELECTROTECHNIQUE

PRICE CODE
INTERNATIONALE

CODE PRIX W


ICS 11.040.50 ISBN 978-2-8322-1119-9



Warning! Make sure that you obtained this publication from an authorized distributor.

Attention! Veuillez vous assurer que vous avez obtenu cette publication via un distributeur agréé.

® Registered trademark of the International Electrotechnical Commission
Marque déposée de la Commission Electrotechnique Internationale

---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
– 2 – 61675-1 © IEC:2013
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 4
INTRODUCTION . 6
1 Scope . 7
2 Normative references . 7
3 Terms and definitions . 7
4 Test methods . 13
4.1 General . 13
4.2 SPATIAL RESOLUTION . 13
4.2.1 General . 13
4.2.3 Method . 14
4.2.4 Analysis . 15
4.2.5 Report . 17
4.3 Tomographic sensitivity. 18
4.3.1 General . 18
4.3.2 Purpose . 18
4.3.3 Method . 18
4.3.4 Analysis . 19
4.3.5 Report . 20
4.4 Uniformity . 20
4.5 Scatter measurement . 20
4.5.1 General . 20
4.5.2 Purpose . 20
4.5.3 Method . 20
4.5.4 Analysis . 21
4.5.5 Report . 22
4.6 PET COUNT RATE PERFORMANCE . 23
4.6.1 General . 23
4.6.2 Purpose . 23
4.6.3 Method . 23
4.6.4 Analysis . 24
4.6.5 Report . 26
4.7 Image quality and quantification accuracy of source ACTIVITY
concentrations . 26
4.7.1 General . 26
4.7.2 Purpose . 26
4.7.3 Method . 27
4.7.4 Data analysis . 31
4.7.5 Report . 34
5 ACCOMPANYING DOCUMENTS . 35
5.1 General . 35
5.2 Design parameters . 35
5.3 Configuration of the tomograph . 36
5.4 SPATIAL RESOLUTION . 36
5.5 Sensitivity . 36
5.6 SCATTER FRACTION . 36
5.7 COUNT RATE performance . 36

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61675-1 © IEC:2013 – 3 –
5.8 Image quality and quantification accuracy of source ACTIVITY
concentrations . 36
Bibliography . 37
Index of defined terms . 38

Figure 1 – Evaluation of FWHM . 16
Figure 2 – Evaluation of EQUIVALENT WIDTH (EW) . 17
Figure 3 – Scatter phantom configuration and position on the imaging bed . 19
Figure 4 – Evaluation of SCATTER FRACTION . 22
Figure 5 – Cross-section of body phantom . 27
Figure 6 – Phantom insert with hollow spheres . 28
Figure 7 – Image quality phantom and scatter phantom position for whole body scan
acquisition . 29
Figure 8 – Placement of ROIs in the phantom background . 32

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– 4 – 61675-1 © IEC:2013
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
____________

RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING DEVICES –
CHARACTERISTICS AND TEST CONDITIONS –

Part 1: Positron emission tomographs

FOREWORD
1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote
international co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To
this end and in addition to other activities, IEC publishes International Standards, Technical Specifications,
Technical Reports, Publicly Available Specifications (PAS) and Guides (hereafter referred to as “IEC
Publication(s)”). Their preparation is entrusted to technical committees; any IEC National Committee interested
in the subject dealt with may participate in this preparatory work. International, governmental and non-
governmental organizations liaising with the IEC also participate in this preparation. IEC collaborates closely
with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by
agreement between the two organizations.
2) The formal decisions or agreements of IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, an international
consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation from all
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3) IEC Publications have the form of recommendations for international use and are accepted by IEC National
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5) IEC itself does not provide any attestation of conformity. Independent certification bodies provide conformity
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6) All users should ensure that they have the latest edition of this publication.
7) No liability shall attach to IEC or its directors, employees, servants or agents including individual experts and
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8) Attention is drawn to the Normative references cited in this publication. Use of the referenced publications is
indispensable for the correct application of this publication.
9) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this IEC Publication may be the subject of
patent rights. IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
International Standard IEC 61675-1 has been prepared by subcommittee 62C: Equipment for
radiotherapy, nuclear medicine and radiation dosimetry, of IEC technical committee 62:
Electrical equipment in medical practice.
This second edition replaces the first edition of IEC 61675-1, published in 1998. This edition
constitutes a technical revision. Requirements have been changed regarding the following
technical aspects:
– SPATIAL RESOLUTION;
– sensitivity measurement;
– SCATTER FRACTION;
– COUNT RATE performance;
– image quality.

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61675-1 © IEC:2013 – 5 –
The text of this standard is based on the following documents:
CDV Report on voting
62C/550/CDV 62C/561/RVC

Full information on the voting for the approval of this standard can be found in the report on
voting indicated in the above table.
This publication has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
In this standard, the following print types are used:
– Requirements and definitions: roman type.
– Test specifications: italic type.
– Informative material appearing outside of tables, such as notes, examples and references: in smaller type.
Normative text of tables is also in a smaller type.
– TERMS DEFINED IN CLAUSE 3 OF IEC 60601-1, IN THIS PARTICULAR STANDARD OR AS NOTED:
SMALL CAPITALS.
References to clauses within this standard are preceded by the term “clause” followed by the
clause number. References to subclauses within this particular standard are by number only.
In this standard, the conjunctive “or” is used as an “inclusive or” so a statement is true if any
combination of the conditions is true.
The verbal forms used in this standard conform to usage described in Annex H of the ISO/IEC
Directives, Part 2. For the purposes of this standard, the auxiliary verb:
– “shall” means that compliance with a requirement or a test is mandatory for compliance
with this standard;
– “should” means that compliance with a requirement or a test is recommended but is not
mandatory for compliance with this standard;
– “may” is used to describe a permissible way to achieve compliance with a requirement or
test.
The committee has decided that the contents of this publication will remain unchanged until
the stability date indicated on the IEC web site under "http://webstore.iec.ch" in the data
related to the specific publication. At this date, the publication will be
• reconfirmed,
• withdrawn,
• replaced by a revised edition, or
• amended.

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– 6 – 61675-1 © IEC:2013
INTRODUCTION
Further developments of POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHS allow most of the tomographs to be
operated in fully 3D acquisition mode. To comply with this trend, this standard describes test
conditions in accordance with this acquisition characteristic. In addition, today a POSITRON
EMISSION TOMOGRAPH often includes X-RAY EQUIPMENT for COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY (CT). For
this standard PET-CT hybrid devices are considered to be state of the art, dedicated
POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHS not including the X-ray component being special cases only.
The test methods specified in this part of IEC 61675 have been selected to reflect as much as
possible the clinical use of POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHS. It is intended that the tests be
carried out by MANUFACTURERS, thereby enabling them to declare the characteristics of
POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHS in the ACCOMPANYING DOCUMENTS. This standard does not
indicate which tests will be performed by the MANUFACTURER on an individual tomograph.

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61675-1 © IEC:2013 – 7 –
RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING DEVICES –
CHARACTERISTICS AND TEST CONDITIONS –

Part 1: Positron emission tomographs



1 Scope
This part of IEC 61675 specifies terminology and test methods for declaring the
characteristics of POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHS. POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHS detect the
ANNIHILATION RADIATION of positron emitting RADIONUCLIDEs by COINCIDENCE DETECTION.
No test has been specified to characterize the uniformity of reconstructed images, because all
methods known so far will mostly reflect the noise in the image.
2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and
are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any
amendments) applies.
IEC 60788:2004, Medical electrical equipment – Glossary of defined terms
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in IEC 60788:2004 and the
following apply.
3.1
tomography
radiography of one or more layers within an object
[SOURCE: IEC 60788:2004, rm-41-15]
3.1.1
transverse tomography
TOMOGRAPHY that slices a three-dimensional object into a stack of OBJECT SLICES which are
considered as being two-dimensional and independent from each other and at which the
IMAGE PLANES are perpendicular to the SYSTEM AXIS
3.1.2
emission computed tomography
ECT
imaging method for the representation of the spatial distribution of incorporated
RADIONUCLIDES in selected two-dimensional slices through the object
3.1.2.1
projection
transformation of a three-dimensional object into its two-dimensional image or of a two-
dimensional object into its one-dimensional image, by integrating the physical property which
determines the image along the direction of the PROJECTION BEAM

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– 8 – 61675-1 © IEC:2013
Note 1 to entry: This process is mathematically described by line integrals in the direction of PROJECTION (along
the LINE OF RESPONSE) and called radon-transform.
3.1.2.2
projection beam
beam that determines the smallest possible volume in which the physical property which
determines the image is integrated during the measurement process
Note 1 to entry: Its shape is limited by SPATIAL RESOLUTION in all three dimensions.
Note 2 to entry: The PROJECTION BEAM mostly has the shape of a long thin cylinder or cone. In POSITRON EMISSION
TOMOGRAPHY, it is the sensitive volume between two detector elements operated in coincidence.
3.1.2.3
projection angle
angle at which the PROJECTION is measured or acquired
3.1.2.4
sinogram
two-dimensional display of all one-dimensional PROJECTIONs of an OBJECT SLICE, as a function
of the PROJECTION ANGLE
Note 1 to entry: The PROJECTION ANGLE is displayed on the ordinate, the linear projection coordinate is displayed
on the abscissa.
3.1.2.5
object slice
physical property that correspondes to a slice in the object and that determines the measured
information and which is displayed in the tomographic image
3.1.2.6
image plane
a plane assigned to a plane in the OBJECT SLICE
Note 1 to entry: Usually the IMAGE PLANE is the midplane of the corresponding OBJECT SLICE.
3.1.2.7
system axis
axis of symmetry, characterized by geometrical and physical properties of the arrangement of
the system
Note 1 to entry: For a circular POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPH, the SYSTEM AXIS is the axis through the centre of
the detector ring. For tomographs with rotating detectors it is the axis of rotation.
3.1.2.8
tomographic volume
juxtaposition of all volume elements which contribute to the measured PROJECTIONs for all
PROJECTION ANGLES
3.1.2.8.1
transverse field of view
dimensions of a slice through the TOMOGRAPHIC VOLUME, perpendicular to the SYSTEM AXIS
Note 1 to entry: For a circular TRANSVERSE FIELD OF VIEW, it is described by its diameter.
Note 2 to entry: For non-cylindrical TOMOGRAPHIC VOLUMES the TRANSVERSE FIELD OF VIEW may depend on the
axial position of the slice.
3.1.2.8.2
axial field of view
AFOV
field which is characterized by dimensions of a slice through the TOMOGRAPHIC VOLUME,
parallel to and including the SYSTEM AXIS

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61675-1 © IEC:2013 – 9 –
Note 1 to entry: In practice, it is specified only by its axial dimension, given by the distance between the centre of
the outmost defined IMAGE PLANEs plus the average of the measured AXIAL RESOLUTION.
3.1.2.8.3
total field of view
field which is characterized by dimensions (three-dimensional) of the TOMOGRAPHIC VOLUME
3.1.3
positron emission tomography
PET
EMISSION COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY utilizing the ANNIHILATION RADIATION of positron emitting
RADIONUCLIDES by COINCIDENCE DETECTION
3.1.3.1
positron emission tomograph
tomographic device, which detects the ANNIHILATION RADIATION of positron emitting
RADIONUCLIDES by COINCIDENCE DETECTION
3.1.3.2
annihilation radiation
ionizing radiation that is produced when a particle and its antiparticle interact and cease to
exist
3.1.3.3
coincidence detection
method which checks whether two opposing detectors have detected one photon each
simultaneously
Note 1 to entry: By this method the two photons are concatenated into one event.
Note 2 to entry: The COINCIDENCE DETECTION between two opposing detector elements serves as an electronic
collimation to define the corresponding PROJECTION BEAM or LINE OF RESPONSE (LOR), respectively.
3.1.3.4
coincidence window
time interval during which two detected photons are considered as being simultaneous
3.1.3.5
line of response
LOR
axis of the PROJECTION BEAM
Note 1 to entry: In PET, it is the line connecting the centres of two opposing detector elements operated in
coincidence.
3.1.3.6
total coincidences
sum of all coincidences detected
3.1.3.6.1
true coincidence
result of COINCIDENCE DETECTION of two gamma events originating from the same positron
annihilation
3.1.3.6.2
scattered true coincidence
TRUE COINCIDENCE where at least one participating photon was scattered before the
COINCIDENCE DETECTION

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3.1.3.6.3
unscattered true coincidence
difference between TRUE COINCIDENCES and SCATTERED TRUE COINCIDENCES
3.1.3.6.4
random coincidence
result of a COINCIDENCE DETECTION in which participating photons do not originate from the
same positron annihilation.
3.1.3.7
singles rate
COUNT RATE measured without COINCIDENCE DETECTION, but with energy discrimination
3.1.4
two-dimensional reconstruction
image reconstruction at which data are rebinned prior to reconstruction into SINOGRAMS, which
are the PROJECTION data of transverse slices which are considered as being independent of
each other and being perpendicular to the SYSTEM AXIS
3.1.5
three-dimensional reconstruction
image reconstruction at which the LINES OF RESPONSE are not restricted to being perpendicular
to the SYSTEM AXIS so that a LINE OF RESPONSE may pass several transverse slices
3.2
image matrix
matrix in which each element corresponds to the measured or calculated
physical property of the object at the location described by the coordinates of this MATRIX
ELEMENT
3.2.1
matrix element
smallest unit of an IMAGE MATRIX, which is assigned in location and size to a certain volume
element of the object (VOXEL)
3.2.1.1
pixel
MATRIX ELEMENT in a two-dimensional IMAGE MATRIX
3.2.1.2
trixel
MATRIX ELEMENT in a three-dimensional IMAGE MATRIX
3.2.2
voxel
volume element in the object which is assigned to a MATRIX ELEMENT in a two- or three-
dimensional IMAGE MATRIX
Note 1 to entry: The dimensions of the VOXEL are determined by the dimensions of the corresponding MATRIX
ELEMENT via the appropriate scale factors and by the systems SPATIAL RESOLUTION in all three dimensions.
3.3
point spread function
PSF
scintigraphic image of a POINT SOURCE

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61675-1 © IEC:2013 – 11 –
3.3.1
physical point spread function
two-dimensional POINT SPREAD FUNCTION in planes perpendicular to the
PROJECTION BEAM at specified distances from the detector
Note 1 to entry: The PHYSICAL POINT SPREAD FUNCTION characterizes the purely physical (intrinsic) imaging
performance of the tomographic device and is independent of for example sampling, image reconstruction and
image processing. A PROJECTION BEAM is characterized by the entirety of all PHYSICAL POINT SPREAD FUNCTIONs as a
function of distance along its axis.
3.3.2
axial point spread function
profile passing through the peak of the PHYSICAL POINT SPREAD FUNCTION in a plane parallel to
the sYSTEM AXIS
3.3.3
transverse point spread function
POINT SPREAD FUNCTION in a tomographic IMAGE PLANE
reconstructed two-dimensional
Note 1 to entry: In TOMOGRAPHY, the TRANSVERSE POINT SPREAD FUNCTION can also be obtained from a LINE
SOURCE located parallel to the SYSTEM AXIS.
3.4
spatial resolution
ability to concentrate the count density distribution in the image of a POINT
SOURCE to a point
3.4.1
transverse resolution
SPATIAL RESOLUTION in a reconstructed plane perpendicular to the SYSTEM AXIS
3.4.1.1
radial resolution
TRANSVERSE RESOLUTION along a line passing through the position of the source and the
SYSTEM AXIS
3.4.1.2
tangential resolution
TRANSVERSE RESOLUTION in the direction orthogonal to the direction of RADIAL RESOLUTION
3.4.2
axial resolution
SPATIAL RESOLUTION along a line parallel to the SYSTEM AXIS
Note 1 to entry: AXIAL RESOLUTION only applies for tomographs with sufficiently fine axial sampling fulfilling the
sampling theorem.
3.4.3
equivalent width
EW
width of the rectangle that has the same area and the same height as the response function
3.4.4
full width at half maximum
FWHM
for a bell shaped curve, distance parallel to the abscissa axis between the points where the
ordina
...