SIST EN 61788-13:2012

Superconductivity - Part 13: AC loss measurements - Magnetometer methods for hysteresis loss in superconducting multifilamentary composites

This part of IEC 61788 describes considerations for the measurement of hysteretic loss in Cu/Nb-Ti multifilamentary composites using DC- or low-ramp-rate magnetometry. This international standard specifies a method of the measurement of hysteretic loss in multifilamentary Cu/Nb-Ti composite conductors. Measurements are assumed to be on round wires with temperatures at or near 4,2 K. DC or low-ramp-rate magnetometry will be performed using either a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID magnetometer, See Annex A.) or a vibrating-sample magnetometer (VSM). In case differences between the calibrated magnetometer results are noted, the VSM results, extrapolated to zero ramp rate, will be taken as definitive. Extension to the measurement of superconductors in general is given in Annex B.

/

Supraconductivité - Partie 13: Mesure des pertes en courant alternatif - Méthodes de mesure par magnétomètre des pertes par hystérésis dans les composites multifilamentaires supraconducteurs

La CEI 61788-13:2012 décrit des éléments nécessaires pour mesurer les pertes par hystérésis dans les composites multifilamentaires de Cu/Nb-Ti au moyen d'un magnétomètre à courant continu ou à faible vitesse de rampe. La présente norme internationale spécifie une méthode de mesure des pertes par hystérésis dans les conducteurs composites multifilamentaires de Cu/Nb-Ti. On suppose que les mesures sont effectuées sur des fils ronds à des températures égales ou proches de 4,2 K. La magnétométrie en courant continu ou à faible vitesse de rampe sera effectuée au moyen d'un interféromètre quantique supraconducteur ou d'un magnétomètre à échantillon vibrant. L'extension à la mesure des supraconducteurs en général est donnée en Annexe. Cette deuxième édition annule et remplace la première édition parue en 2003. Cette édition constitue une révision technique. Les modifications apportées à la deuxième édition sont une extension à la mesure des supraconducteurs en général, de tailles et formes d'échantillons diverses et à des températures différentes de 4,2 K, et le remplacement par le mot 'incertitude' pour toutes les expressions statistiques quantitatives utilisant les termes 'précision' et 'exactitude'.

Supraprevodnost - 13. del: Meritve izgub pri izmeničnem toku - Metode z magnetometrom za histerezne izgube v supraprevodnih večvlakenskih kompozitih

Ta del standarda IEC 61788 opisuje dejavnike, ki jih je treba upoštevati pri meritvah histereznih izgub v Cu/Nb-Ti večvlakenskih kompozitih z uporabo izmeničnega toka ali magnetometrije z nizko stopnjo rampe. Ta mednarodni standard določa metodo za meritve histereznih izgub v večvlakenskih Cu/Nb-Ti kompozitnih prevodnikih. Predvideva se, da so meritve opravljene na okroglih žicah s temperaturo približno ali točno 4,2 K. Magnetometrija z izmeničnim tokom ali nizko stopnjo rampe bo izvedena z uporabo superprevodne kvantne interferenčne naprave (SQUID magnetometer, glej dodatek A) ali magnetometrom s tresočim vzorcem (VSM). V primeru, da so razlike med rezultati kalibriranih magnetometrov, bodo upoštevani rezultati magnetometra s tresočim vzorcem, ki so ekstrapolirani na nični stopnji rampe. Dodatek splošnim meritvam superprevodnikov je podan v dodatku B.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 16-Oct-2012
• ICS: 17.220.20 - Measurement of electrical and magnetic quantities
• ICS: 29.050 - Superconductivity and conducting materials
• Technical Committee: I09 - Imaginarni 09
• Current Stage: 6060 - National Implementation/Publication (Adopted Project)
• Start Date: 12-Oct-2012
• Due Date: 17-Dec-2012
• Completion Date: 17-Oct-2012
• Ref Project: EN 61788-13:2012 - Superconductivity - Part 13: AC loss measurements - Magnetometer methods for hysteresis loss in superconducting multifilamentary composites

Relations

• Replaces: SIST EN 61788-13:2003 - Superconductivity -- Part 13: AC loss measurements - Magnetometer methods for hysteresis loss in Cu/Nb-Ti multifilamentary composites
• Effective Date: 10-May-2011
• Replaces: SIST EN 61788-13:2003 - Superconductivity -- Part 13: AC loss measurements - Magnetometer methods for hysteresis loss in Cu/Nb-Ti multifilamentary composites
• Effective Date: 28-Jan-2023
• Replaces: SIST EN 61788-13:2003 - Superconductivity -- Part 13: AC loss measurements - Magnetometer methods for hysteresis loss in Cu/Nb-Ti multifilamentary composites
• Effective Date: 07-Jun-2022

Standards Content (Sample)

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN 61788-13:2012
01-december-2012
1DGRPHãþD
SIST EN 61788-13:2003
6XSUDSUHYRGQRVWGHO0HULWYHL]JXESULL]PHQLþQHPWRNX0HWRGH]
PDJQHWRPHWURP]DKLVWHUH]QHL]JXEHYVXSUDSUHYRGQLKYHþYODNHQVNLKNRPSR]LWLK
Superconductivity - Part 13: AC loss measurements - Magnetometer methods for
hysteresis loss in superconducting multifilamentary composites
/
Supraconductivité - Partie 13: Mesure des pertes en courant alternatif - Méthodes de
mesure par magnétomètre des pertes par hystérésis dans les composites
multifilamentaires supraconducteurs
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN 61788-13:2012
ICS:
17.220.20 0HUMHQMHHOHNWULþQLKLQ Measurement of electrical
PDJQHWQLKYHOLþLQ and magnetic quantities
29.050 Superprevodnost in prevodni Superconductivity and
materiali conducting materials
SIST EN 61788-13:2012 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

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SIST EN 61788-13:2012

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SIST EN 61788-13:2012

EUROPEAN STANDARD
EN 61788-13

NORME EUROPÉENNE
October 2012
EUROPÄISCHE NORM

ICS 17.220; 29.050 Supersedes EN 61788-13:2003


English version


Superconductivity -
Part 13: AC loss measurements -
Magnetometer methods for hysteresis loss in superconducting
multifilamentary composites
(IEC 61788-13:2012)


Supraconductivité -  Supraleitfähigkeit -
Partie 13: Mesure des pertes Teil 13: Messung der
en courant alternatif - Wechselstromverluste -
Méthodes de mesure par magnétomètre Magnetometerverfahren zur Messung
des pertes par hystérésis dans les der Hystereseverluste von supraleitenden
composites multifilamentaires Multifilament-Verbundleitern
supraconducteurs (IEC 61788-13:2012)
(CEI 61788-13:2012)



This European Standard was approved by CENELEC on 2012-08-29. CENELEC members are bound to comply
with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard
the status of a national standard without any alteration.

Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on
application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CENELEC member.

This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other
language made by translation under the responsibility of a CENELEC member into its own language and notified
to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.

CENELEC members are the national electrotechnical committees of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus,
the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany,
Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland,
Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom.

CENELEC
European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
Comité Européen de Normalisation Electrotechnique
Europäisches Komitee für Elektrotechnische Normung

Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B - 1000 Brussels


© 2012 CENELEC - All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CENELEC members.
Ref. No. EN 61788-13:2012 E

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SIST EN 61788-13:2012
EN 61788-13:2012 - 2 -
Foreword
The text of document 90/302/FDIS, future edition 2 of IEC 61788-13, prepared by IEC/TC 90
"Superconductivity" was submitted to the IEC-CENELEC parallel vote and approved by CENELEC as
EN 61788-13:2012.
The following dates are fixed:
(dop) 2013-05-29
• latest date by which the document has
to be implemented at national level by
publication of an identical national
standard or by endorsement
(dow) 2015-08-29
• latest date by which the national
standards conflicting with the
document have to be withdrawn

This document supersedes EN 61788-13:2003.

EN 61788-13:2012 includes the following significant technical changes with respect to
EN 61788-13:2003:
- to extend to the measurement of superconductors in general, in various sample sizes and shapes,
and at temperatures other than 4,2 K;
- to use the word “uncertainty” for all quantitative (associated with a number) statistical expressions
and eliminate the quantitative use of “precision” and “accuracy” in accordance with the decision at
the June 2006 IEC/TC 90 meeting in Kyoto.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CENELEC [and/or CEN] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such
patent rights.

Endorsement notice
The text of the International Standard IEC 61788-13:2012 was approved by CENELEC as a European
Standard without any modification.

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SIST EN 61788-13:2012
- 3 - EN 61788-13:2012
Annex ZA
(normative)

Normative references to international publications
with their corresponding European publications

The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated
references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.

NOTE  When an international publication has been modified by common modifications, indicated by (mod), the relevant EN/HD
applies.

Publication Year Title EN/HD Year

IEC 60050 Series International Electrotechnical Vocabulary - -
(IEV)


IEC 61788-5 - Superconductivity - EN 61788-5 -
Part 5: Matrix to superconductor volume
ratio measurement - Copper
to superconductor volume ratio
of Cu/Nb-Ti composite superconductors

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SIST EN 61788-13:2012

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SIST EN 61788-13:2012



IEC 61788-13

®


Edition 2.0 2012-07




INTERNATIONAL



STANDARD




NORME



INTERNATIONALE











Superconductivity –

Part 13: AC loss measurements – Magnetometer methods for hysteresis loss in

superconducting multifilamentary composites




Supraconductivité –

Partie 13: Mesure des pertes en courant alternatif – Méthodes de mesure par


magnétomètre des pertes par hystérésis dans les composites multifilamentaires

supraconducteurs












INTERNATIONAL

ELECTROTECHNICAL

COMMISSION


COMMISSION

ELECTROTECHNIQUE

PRICE CODE
INTERNATIONALE

CODE PRIX T


ICS 17.220, 29.050 ISBN 978-2-83220-292-0



Warning! Make sure that you obtained this publication from an authorized distributor.

Attention! Veuillez vous assurer que vous avez obtenu cette publication via un distributeur agréé.

® Registered trademark of the International Electrotechnical Commission
Marque déposée de la Commission Electrotechnique Internationale

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SIST EN 61788-13:2012
– 2 – 61788-13 © IEC:2012
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 3
INTRODUCTION . 5
1 Scope . 6
2 Normative references . 6
3 Terms and definitions . 6
4 General specifications . 8
4.1 Target uncertainty . 8
4.2 Uncertainty and uniformity of the applied field . 8
4.3 VSM calibration . 8
4.4 Temperature . 9
4.5 Specimen length . 9
4.6 Specimen orientation and demagnetization effects . 9
4.7 Normalization volume . 9
4.8 Mode of field cycling or sweeping . 9
5 The VSM method of measurement . 10
5.1 General . 10
5.2 VSM measurement principle . 10
5.3 VSM specimen preparation . 10
5.4 VSM measurement conditions and calibration . 12
5.4.1 Field amplitude . 12
5.4.2 Direction of applied field . 12
5.4.3 Rate of change of the applied field (sweep rate) . 12
5.4.4 Waveform of the field change . 12
5.4.5 Specimen size and shape correction . 12
5.4.6 Allowance for addendum (background subtraction) . 13
5.4.7 Data point density . 13
6 Test report . 13
6.1 General . 13
6.2 Initiation of the test . 13
6.3 Technical details . 13
Annex A (informative) The SQUID method of measurement . 15
Annex B (normative) Extension of the standard to the measurement of
superconductors in general . 16
Annex C (informative) Uncertainty considerations . 18
Bibliography . 23

Figure 1 – A typical experimental setup of VSM measurement . 11
Figure 2 – Three alternative specimen configurations for the VSM measurement . 11

Table C.1 – Output signals from two nominally identical extensometers . 19
Table C.2 – Mean values of two output signals . 19
Table C.3 – Experimental standard deviations of two output signals . 19
Table C.4 – Standard uncertainties of two output signals . 20
Table C.5 – Coefficient of variations of two output signals . 20

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SIST EN 61788-13:2012
61788-13 © IEC:2012 – 3 –
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
______________

SUPERCONDUCTIVITY –

Part 13: AC loss measurements –
Magnetometer methods for hysteresis loss
in superconducting multifilamentary composites

FOREWORD
1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote
international co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To
this end and in addition to other activities, IEC publishes International Standards, Technical Specifications,
Technical Reports, Publicly Available Specifications (PAS) and Guides (hereafter referred to as “IEC
Publication(s)”). Their preparation is entrusted to technical committees; any IEC National Committee interested
in the subject dealt with may participate in this preparatory work. International, governmental and non-
governmental organizations liaising with the IEC also participate in this preparation. IEC collaborates closely
with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by
agreement between the two organizations.
2) The formal decisions or agreements of IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, an international
consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation from all
interested IEC National Committees.
3) IEC Publications have the form of recommendations for international use and are accepted by IEC National
Committees in that sense. While all reasonable efforts are made to ensure that the technical content of IEC
Publications is accurate, IEC cannot be held responsible for the way in which they are used or for any
misinterpretation by any end user.
4) In order to promote international uniformity, IEC National Committees undertake to apply IEC Publications
transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and regional publications. Any divergence
between any IEC Publication and the corresponding national or regional publication shall be clearly indicated in
the latter.
5) IEC itself does not provide any attestation of conformity. Independent certification bodies provide conformity
assessment services and, in some areas, access to IEC marks of conformity. IEC is not responsible for any
services carried out by independent certification bodies.
6) All users should ensure that they have the latest edition of this publication.
7) No liability shall attach to IEC or its directors, employees, servants or agents including individual experts and
members of its technical committees and IEC National Committees for any personal injury, property damage or
other damage of any nature whatsoever, whether direct or indirect, or for costs (including legal fees) and
expenses arising out of the publication, use of, or reliance upon, this IEC Publication or any other IEC
Publications.
8) Attention is drawn to the Normative references cited in this publication. Use of the referenced publications is
indispensable for the correct application of this publication.
9) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this IEC Publication may be the subject of
patent rights. IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
International Standard IEC 61788-13 has been prepared by IEC technical committee 90:
Superconductivity.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition published in 2003. It constitutes a
technical revision.
Modifications made to the second edition are
– to extend to the measurement of superconductors in general, in various sample sizes and
shapes, and at temperatures other than 4,2 K,
– to use the word “uncertainty” for all quantitative (associated with a number) statistical
expressions and eliminate the quantitative use of “precision” and “accuracy” in accordance
with the decision at the June 2006 IEC/TC90 meeting in Kyoto.

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SIST EN 61788-13:2012
– 4 – 61788-13 © IEC:2012
The text of this standard is based on the following documents:
FDIS Report on voting
90/302/FDIS 90/306/RVD

Full information on the voting for the approval of this standard can be found in the report on
voting indicated in the above table.
This publication has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
A list of all parts of the IEC 61788 series, under the general title: Superconductivity, can be
found on the IEC website.
The committee has decided that the contents of this publication will remain unchanged until
the stability date indicated on the IEC web site under "http://webstore.iec.ch" in the data
related to the specific publication. At this date, the publication will be
• reconfirmed,
• withdrawn,
• replaced by a revised edition, or
• amended.

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SIST EN 61788-13:2012
61788-13 © IEC:2012 – 5 –
INTRODUCTION
IEC Technical Committee 90 proposes magnetometer and pickup coil methods for measuring
the AC losses of Cu/Nb-Ti composite superconducting wires in transverse time-varying
magnetic fields. These represent initial steps in standardization of methods for measuring the
various contributions to AC loss in transverse fields, the most frequently encountered
configuration.
It was decided to split the initial proposal mentioned above into two documents covering two
standard methods. One of them describes the magnetometer method for hysteresis loss and
low frequency (or sweep rate) total AC loss measurement in a slowly varying magnetic field,
and the other describes the pickup coil method for total AC loss measurement in higher
frequency (or sweep rate) magnetic fields. The frequency range is 0 Hz – 0,06 Hz for the
magnetometer method and 0,005 Hz – 60 Hz for the pickup-coil method. The overlap between
0,005 Hz and 0,06 Hz is a complementary frequency range for the two methods.
This standard deals with the magnetometer method.

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SIST EN 61788-13:2012
– 6 – 61788-13 © IEC:2012
SUPERCONDUCTIVITY –

Part 13: AC loss measurements –
Magnetometer methods for hysteresis loss
in superconducting multifilamentary composites



1 Scope
This part of IEC 61788 describes considerations for the measurement of hysteretic loss in
Cu/Nb-Ti multifilamentary composites using DC- or low-ramp-rate magnetometry. This
international standard specifies a method of the measurement of hysteretic loss in
multifilamentary Cu/Nb-Ti composite conductors. Measurements are assumed to be on round
wires with temperatures at or near 4,2 K. DC or low-ramp-rate magnetometry will be
performed using either a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID
magnetometer, See Annex A.) or a vibrating-sample magnetometer (VSM). In case
differences between the calibrated magnetometer results are noted, the VSM results,
extrapolated to zero ramp rate, will be taken as definitive. Extension to the measurement of
superconductors in general is given in Annex B.
2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and
are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any
amendments) applies.
IEC 60050 (all parts), International Electrotechnical Vocabulary (available at
IEC 61788-5, Superconductivity – Part 5: Matrix to superconductor volume ratio measurement
– Copper to superconductor volume ratio of Cu/Nb-Ti composite superconductors
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this part of IEC 61788, the terms and definitions given in IEC 60050-815,
together with the following terms and definitions, apply.
3.1
AC loss
P
power dissipated in a composite superconductor due to application of a time-varying magnetic
field or electric current
Note 1 to entry: The AC loss per magnetic field cycle is designated Q. Although all such loss is inevitably
"hysteretic" in the general sense, the AC loss in a superconducting composite is assumed to be separable into
"hysteresis-", "eddy-current-", and "coupling-" loss components, as defined below (see Note 1 and Note 2 of
IEC 60050-815:2000, 815-04-54).
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-815:2000, 815-04-54, modified – The original two notes have been
replaced by a new note to entry.]

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SIST EN 61788-13:2012
61788-13 © IEC:2012 – 7 –
3.2
hysteresis loss
P
h
loss of the type whose value per cycle is independent of frequency arising in a super-
conductor under a varying magnetic field
Note 1 to entry: This loss is caused by the irreversible magnetic properties of the superconducting material due to
pinning of flux lines.
Note 2 to entry: Hysteresis loss is that which takes place only within the superconducting regions of the Cu/Nb-Ti
composite, and hence which would be present even in the absence of the matrix. The hysteresis loss per cycle,
designated Q , is associated with the area of the magnetization vs. field (M-H) hysteresis loop; the associated M is
h
occasionally referred to as the "persistent-current magnetization".
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-815:2000, 815-04-55, modified – A new note to entry has been added.]
3.3
eddy current loss
P
e
loss arising in the normal matrix of a superconductor or the structural material when exposed
to a varying magnetic field, either from an applied field or from a self-field
Note 1 to entry: The eddy current loss per cycle is designated Q .
e
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-815:2000, 815-04-56, modified – A new note to entry has been added. ]
3.4
coupling loss
P
c
loss arising in multi-filamentary superconducting wires with a normal matrix due to coupling
current
Note 1 to entry: The coupling loss per cycle is designated Q
c.
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-815:2000, 815-04-59, modified – A new note to entry has been added. ]
3.5
proximity effect coupling loss

P
pe
loss stemming from currents that circulate along the filaments of a superconducting composite
and across the intervening matrix rendered superconducting by proximity effect (PE)
Note 1 to entry: By so doing, the PE currents compete for the same paths as the coupling currents. Since the PE
entire current path is superconductive, P is a persistent-current effect and when it is present serves to augment
pe
P Proximity effect can be expected in Cu/NbTi composites when the interfilamentary spacing drops below about
h.
1 µm. The PE loss per cycle is designated Q .
pe
3.6
demagnetization
phenomenon in which the specimen’s magnetization reduces the applied magnetic field
sensed by the superconductor
Note 1 to entry: It depends on the strength of that magnetization as well as sample geometry and applied field
orientation. It is usually negligible for multifilamentary Cu/Nb-Ti composites at 4,2 K in large magnetic fields.
3.7
flux creep
thermally activated flux motion in which fluxons move from one pinning centre to another
Note 1 to entry: Flux creep refers to the logarithmic time dependence of decay (at fixed applied field strength and
sample temperature) of a superconductor's persistent-current magnetization. A significant level of flux creep will

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SIST EN 61788-13:2012
– 8 – 61788-13 © IEC:2012
contribute a frequency dependence to the hysteretic loss. The effect is negligible for Cu/Nb-Ti composites, except
when proximity effect coupling is present.
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-815:2000, 815-03-20, modified – The original note has been replaced
by a new note to entry.]
3.8
flux jump
cooperative and transitional movements of pinned fluxons as a result of a magnetic instability
initiated by mechanical, thermal, or electrical disturbances
Note 1 to entry: A flux jump manifests itself as a sudden drop in magnetization of the superconductor.
3.9
filamentary volume
total volume of the filaments within a given sample
3.10
composite volume
total specimen volume including both superconductor and matrix
3.11
sweep amplitude
H
max
maximum value of the applied field
3.12
magnetization loop
trace of specimen magnetization as function of applied magnetic field strength as the field is
varied around a complete cycle starting and ending at +H
max
Note 1 to entry: The area of the loop, Q, is the "energy loss per cycle". As indicated above, by analogy with the
components of power dissipation, Q can be regarded as having the components Q , Q , Q , and Q .
h e c pe
4 General specifications
4.1 Target uncertainty
The target uncertainty of this method is defined as coefficient of variation (COV; standard
deviation divided by the average). The COV shall not exceed 5 %.
Important variables and elements affecting the uncertainty of the results are specified as
follows. Introduction to the uncertainty is given in Annex C.
4.2 Uncertainty and uniformity of the applied field
An applied magnetic field system shall provide the magnetic field with a relative standard
uncertainty not to exceed 0,5 %. The applied field shall have a uniformity of 0,1 % over the
volume of the specimen.
4.3 VSM calibration
The goal of VSM calibration is to ensure that the specimen's moment is measured with a
relative combined standard uncertainty not to exceed 1 %. Calibration shall be performed with
all cryostats and any other metal parts in place (as they would be in an actual measurement).
The magnetometer shall be calibrated using a small Ni sphere whose calibration is traceable
to the National Institute of Standards and Technology (N.I.S.T., U.S.A.)’s standard reference
material 772a. This is a Ni sphere 2,383 mm in diameter prepared from high purity Ni wire.

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SIST EN 61788-13:2012
61788-13 © IEC:2012 – 9 –
2
The certified value of its magnetic moment, m, is (3,47 ± 0,01) mA m at 298 K, in a field, H,
of 398 kA/m (µ H = 0,5 T). In calibration against this sphere, field and temperature corrections
0
are made according to
2
m = 3,47 [1 + 0,0026 ln(H/398)][1 – 0,00047(T−298)] (mA m )
with H in kA/m (1 kA/m = 12,56 Oe) and T in K. For convenience, a calibration field of about
400 kA/m is recommended.
4.4 Temperature
Measurements shall be made at or near 4,2 K, the normal boiling point of liquid helium and
the actual temperature of measurement reported to a combined standard uncertainty not
exceeding 0,05 K.
At temperatures other than 4,2 K, the temperature shall be known with a relative standard
uncertainty not exceeding 1,2 %, which corresponds to the above combined standard
uncertainty at 4,2 K.
4.5 Specimen length
Several magnetization components are functions of specimen length, L. Length dependence
needs to be eliminated or appropriately allowed for.
a) In relatively short samples, critical current density anisotropy in the longitudinal and
transverse directions will lead to a measurable "end effect" and hence to a length
dependence in Q . To avert this possibility, specimens shall be prepared whose
h
superconducting components (filaments) have a length/diameter ratio of more than 20.
b) Proximity effect can be expected to be present in Cu/Nb-Ti multifilamentary composites
only if the filament spacing, d , is less than about 1 µm. Under this condition, the resulting
s
PE contribution to magnetization will depend on sample length, L, and twist pitch, L .
p
Under this condition, these lengths will need to be taken into account in the following way
when reporting the results:
– for d < about 1 µm and the filaments are untwisted, Q shall be measured as function
s h
of L and the results extrapolated to zero L;
– for d < about 1 µm and the filaments are twisted, Q shall be measured at L > 5 L .
s h p
4.6 Specimen orientation and demagnetization effects
Loss measurements shall be made on strand specimens in a transverse magnetic field. For
the fully penetrated fine filaments of a multifilamentary Cu/Nb-Ti strand, demagnetization is
negligible. By the same token, it is negligible for round-, flat-, or square-cross-sectioned
bundles of such strands. However, for the sake of completeness in reporting the results, the
specimen configuration shall be reported.
4.7 Normalization volume
It may be desirable to report hysteretic loss in terms of the superconductor volume. To pursue
this route, it is necessary to invoke a standard procedure for determining the matrix
(Cu)/superconductor volume ratio (see IEC 61788-5). For the purposes of this standard, these
steps are eliminated, and AC loss is to be reported in terms of total composite volume.
Volume should be measured with a relative combined standard uncertainty not to exceed
0,5 %.
4.8 Mode of field cycling or sweeping
The applied field may be changed point-by-point over the field cycle starting and ending at
H . SQUID magnetometry is restricted to this mode of field change, and it is optional for the
max
VSM to be operated in point-by-point mode. The VSM may also be operated semicontinuously,
the M-H loop being constructed from 200 or so (M,H) data-pairs.

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SIST EN 61788-13:2012
– 10 – 61788-13 © IEC:2012
5 The VSM method
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