SIST EN 1870-5:2003+A1:2009/kFprA2:2012

Safety of woodworking machines - Circular sawing machines - Part 5: Circular sawbenches/up-cutting cross-cut sawing machines

This document deals with all significant hazards, hazardous situations and events as listed in Clause 4 which are relevant to circular saw benches/up-cutting cross-cut sawing machines, hereinafter referred to as "machines", designed to cut solid wood, chipboard, fibreboard, plywood and also these materials where they are covered with plastic edging and/or plastic/light alloy laminates. This European Standard does not apply to: hand-held motor-operated electric tools or any adaptation permitting their use in a different mode, i.e. bench mounting; machines set up on a bench or a table similar to a bench, which is intended to carry out work in a stationary position, capable of being lifted by one person by hand. For Computer Numerically Controlled (CNC) machines this European Standard does not cover hazards related to Electro-Magnetic Compatibility (EMC). This European Standard is primarily directed at machines which are manufactured after the date of issue of this European Standard.

Sicherheit von Holzbearbeitungsmaschinen - Kreissägemaschinen - Teil 5: Kombinierte Tischkreissägemaschinen/von unten schneidende Kappsägemaschinen

Sécurité des machines pour le travail du bois - Machines à scie circulaires - Partie 5: Scies circulaires combinées à table et à coupe transversale ascendante

Varnost lesnoobdelovalnih strojev - Krožne žage - 5. del: Delovne mize za krožno žago/podmizni čelilniki in stroji za prečni prerez - Dopolnilo A2

General Information

• Status: Not Published
• Public Enquiry End Date: 19-Apr-2012
• ICS: 25.080.60 - Sawing machines
• ICS: 79.120.10 - Woodworking machines
• Technical Committee: VSN - Safety of machinery
• Current Stage: 98 - Abandoned project (Adopted Project)
• Start Date: 09-Nov-2012
• Due Date: 14-Nov-2012
• Completion Date: 09-Nov-2012
• Directive: Harmonized Standard2006/42/EC - Directive 2006/42/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 May 2006 on machinery, and amending Directive 95/16/EC (recast)
• Mandate: M/396 - Mandate to CEN and Cenelec for standardisation in the field of machinery
• Ref Project: EN 1870-5:2002+A1:2009/FprA2 - Safety of woodworking machines - Circular sawing machines - Part 5: Circular sawbenches/up-cutting cross-cut sawing machines

Relations

• Consolidated By: SIST EN 1870-5:2003+A2:2012 - Safety of woodworking machines - Circular sawing machines - Part 5: Circular sawbenches/up-cutting cross-cut sawing machines
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2012
• Revised: SIST EN 1870-5:2003+A1:2009 - Safety of woodworking machines - Circular sawing machines - Part 5: Circular sawbenches/up-cutting cross-cut sawing machines
• Effective Date: 17-Jul-2010

Overview

SIST EN 1870-5:2003+A1:2009/kFprA2:2012 is a European standard developed by CEN focusing on the safety requirements for circular sawing machines used in woodworking, specifically circular sawbenches and up-cutting cross-cut sawing machines. This standard identifies significant hazards and prescribes measures to minimize risks associated with these machines, which are widely used for cutting solid wood, chipboard, fibreboard, plywood, and composites with plastic or light alloy laminates. The standard ensures that machines manufactured after its date of issue adhere to essential safety practices in design, operation, and maintenance, thereby supporting compliance with the EU Machinery Directive.

Key Topics

• Hazard Identification: EN 1870-5 details all significant hazards relevant to circular sawbenches and up-cutting cross-cut sawing machines as outlined in Clause 4. These include mechanical hazards (cutting, crushing, entanglement), electrical hazards, noise and dust emission, risks from moving parts, and ergonomic considerations.
• Safety and Reliability of Control Systems: Specific requirements for safety-related parts of the control systems are based on performance levels as defined in EN ISO 13849-1. These control parts must reliably execute safety functions under foreseeable conditions, reducing the risk of unexpected start-up or malfunction.
• Protection against Mechanical and Electrical Risks: The standard stipulates measures for guarding saw blades and drive mechanisms, safe braking systems, prevention of automatic restart after power loss, and comprehensive guidelines for the prevention of electrical shock, based on references such as EN 60204-1.
• Maintenance and Information for Use: Manufacturers must provide clear instructions, marking, and maintenance requirements, along with warnings and guidance on the correct and safe use of sawbenches and cross-cut machines.
• Noise and Dust Control: The standard addresses emissions, requiring that dust extraction and noise measurement comply with related standards like EN ISO 3746 and EN 11202.
• Ergonomics and Human Factors: Ergonomics is emphasized to minimize operator fatigue and error. Controls and displays must be designed to be safe and intuitive.

Applications

This standard is applicable to:

• Industrial woodworking facilities using circular sawbenches and up-cutting cross-cut sawing machines in stationary setups for precision cutting.
• Manufacturers of woodworking machinery who must ensure their products meet European safety standards for the intended use, including foreseeable misuse.
• Safety assessors and auditors responsible for inspecting machinery compliance in environments such as furniture production, carpentry shops, and engineered wood product facilities.
• Procurement and maintenance teams in woodworking plants, who rely on EN 1870-5 when selecting or maintaining machinery to optimize workplace safety and meet regulatory compliance.

EN 1870-5 is not intended for hand-held or bench-mounted electric tools, CNC machines concerning EMC hazards, or devices easily relocated by one person.

Related Standards

For comprehensive safety and conformity, EN 1870-5 references several key standards, including:

• EN ISO 12100:2010 – Safety of machinery: General principles for design and risk reduction
• EN ISO 13849-1:2008 – Safety-related parts of control systems: Performance Level (PL)
• EN 60204-1:2006 – Electrical equipment of machines
• EN ISO 3746:2010, EN ISO 11202:2010 – Acoustics and noise emission measurements
• EN ISO 4413:2010 & EN ISO 4414:2010 – Hydraulic and pneumatic fluid power systems safety
• EN 1088:1995+A2:2008 – Interlocking devices associated with guards
• EN 61029-1:2009 – Safety of transportable motor-operated electric tools

Adhering to EN 1870-5 alongside these related standards supports a robust safety culture, aids CE marking, and ensures regulatory compliance throughout the EU woodworking industry.

Standards Content (Sample)

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-marec-2012
9DUQRVWOHVQRREGHORYDOQLKVWURMHY.URåQHåDJHGHO'HORYQHPL]H]DNURåQR
åDJRSRGPL]QLþHOLOQLNLLQVWURML]DSUHþQLSUHUH]'RSROQLOR$
Safety of woodworking machines - Circular sawing machines - Part 5: Circular
sawbenches/up-cutting cross-cut sawing machines
Sicherheit von Holzbearbeitungsmaschinen - Kreissägemaschinen - Teil 5: Kombinierte
Tischkreissägemaschinen/von unten schneidende Kappsägemaschinen
Sécurité des machines pour le travail du bois - Machines à scie circulaires - Partie 5:
Scies circulaires combinées à table et à coupe transversale ascendante
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN 1870-5:2002+A1:2009/FprA2
ICS:
25.080.60 Strojne žage Sawing machines
79.120.10 Lesnoobdelovalni stroji Woodworking machines
SIST EN 1870- en,fr,de
5:2003+A1:2009/kFprA2:2012
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

EUROPEAN STANDARD
FINAL DRAFT
EN 1870-5:2002+A1:2009
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
FprA2
January 2012
ICS 79.120.10
English Version
Safety of woodworking machines - Circular sawing machines -
Part 5: Circular sawbenches/up-cutting cross-cut sawing
machines
Sécurité des machines pour le travail du bois - Machines à Sicherheit von Holzbearbeitungsmaschinen -
scie circulaires - Partie 5: Scies circulaires combinées à
Kreissägemaschinen - Teil 5: Kombinierte
table et à coupe transversale ascendante Tischkreissägemaschinen/von unten schneidende
Kappsägemaschinen
This draft amendment is submitted to CEN members for unique acceptance procedure. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee
CEN/TC 142.
This draft amendment A2, if approved, will modify the European Standard EN 1870-5:2002+A1:2009. If this draft becomes an amendment,
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for inclusion of this
amendment into the relevant national standard without any alteration.

This draft amendment was established by CEN in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made
by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has
the same status as the official versions.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland,
Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom.

Recipients of this draft are invited to submit, with their comments, notification of any relevant patent rights of which they are aware and to
provide supporting documentation.

Warning : This document is not a European Standard. It is distributed for review and comments. It is subject to change without notice and
shall not be referred to as a European Standard.

EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION

EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG

Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2012 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN 1870-5:2002+A1:2009/FprA2:2012:
worldwide for CEN national Members. E

Contents Page
Foreword .4
1 Modification to the Foreword .5
2 Modification to Clause 1, Scope .5
3 Modifications to Clause 2, Normative references .5
4 Modification to 3.2, Definitions .6
5 Modifications to Clause 4, List of significant hazards .7
6 Modifications to Clause 5, Safety requirements and/or measures .9
7 Modifications to 5.1.1, Safety and reliability of control systems .9
8 Modification to 5.1.3, Starting . 10
9 Modifications to 5.1.4, Normal stopping . 10
10 Modification to 5.1.5, failure of the power supply . 10
11 Modifications to 5.2.1, Stability . 10
12 Modifications to 5.2.2, Risk of break-up during operation . 10
13 Modifications to 5.2.4.1, General . 10
14 Modification to 5.2.4.2 . 11
15 Modification to 5.2.4.3 . 11
16 Modifications to 5.2.7.1, Guarding of the saw blade above the table . 12
17 Modifications to 5.2.7.3, Access to the saw blade below the table . 12
18 Modification to 5.2.7.4, Guarding of drives . 13
19 Modification to 5.3.2.2, Noise emission measurement . 13
20 Modification to 5.3.2.3, Declaration . 13
21 Modifications to 5.3.3, Emission of chips and dust . 14
22 Modification to 5.3.4, Electricity . 14
23 Modification to 5.3.6 lighting . 15
24 Modification to 5.3.9, Heat . 15
25 Modification to 5.3.11, Vibration . 15
26 Modification to 5.3.14, Static electricity . 15
27 Modifications to 5.3.17, Maintenance . 15
28 Modification to Clause 6, Information for use . 15
29 Modification to 6.1, Warning devices. 15
30 Modification to 6.2.1, Marking . 15
31 Modifications to 6.3, Instruction handbook . 15
32 Modification to Annex E . 16
33 Addition of an Annex F . 16
34 Addition of an Annex G . 19
35 Addition of an Annex H . 22
36 Modification to Annex ZA . 23
37 Modifications to Annex ZB . 23
38 Modifications to Bibliography . 23

Foreword
This document (EN 1870-5:2002+A1:2009/FprA2:2012) has been prepared by Technical Committee
CEN/TC 142 “Safety of woodworking machines”, the secretariat of which is held by UNI.
This document is currently submitted to the Unique Acceptance Procedure.
This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the
European Free Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of the Machinery Directive.
For relationship with EU Directive, see informative Annex ZA, which is an integral part of this document.
1 Modification to the Foreword
th
Replace 8 paragraph with:
"For relationship with EU Directive, see informative Annex ZA, which is an integral part of this document.".
2 Modification to Clause 1, Scope
st
Add at the end of 1 paragraph: "when they are used as intended and under the conditions foreseen by the
manufacturer including reasonably foreseeable misuse".
3 Modifications to Clause 2, Normative references
Delete references to EN 982:1996 and EN 983:1996.
Add the following references:
"EN 61800-5-2:2007, Adjustable speed electrical power drive systems — Part 5-2: Safety requirements —
Functional (IEC 61800-5-2:2007)",
"EN ISO 4413:2010, Hydraulic fluid power — General rules and safety requirements for systems and their
components (ISO 4413:2010)
EN ISO 4414:2010, Pneumatic fluid power — General rules and safety requirements for systems and their
components (ISO 4414:2010)".
Replace "EN ISO 3743-1" with "EN ISO 3743-1:2010" and replace the title with "Acoustics — Determination of
sound power levels and sound energy levels of noise sources using sound pressure — Engineering methods
for small movable sources in reverberant fields — Part 1: Comparison method for a hard-walled test room
(ISO 3743-1:2010)".
Replace "EN ISO 3744" with "EN ISO 3744:2010" and replace the title with "Acoustics — Determination of
sound power levels and sound energy levels of noise sources using sound pressure — Engineering methods
for an essentially free field over a reflecting plane (ISO 3744:2010)".
Replace "EN ISO 3746:1995" with "EN ISO 3746:2010" and replace the title with "Acoustics — Determination
of sound power levels and sound energy levels of noise sources using sound pressure — Survey method
using an enveloping measurement surface over a reflecting plane (ISO 3746:2010)".
Replace "EN ISO 11202:1995" with "EN ISO 11202:2010" and replace the title with "Acoustics — Noise
emitted by machinery and equipment — Determination of emission sound pressure levels at a work station
and at other specified positions applying approximate environmental corrections (ISO 11202:2010)".
Replace "EN ISO 11204:1995" with "EN ISO 11204:2010" and replace the title with "Acoustics — Noise
emitted by machinery and equipment — Determination of emission sound pressure levels at a work station
and at other specified positions applying accurate environmental corrections (ISO 11204:2010)".
Replace "EN ISO 12100-1:2003" and "EN ISO 12100-2:2003" with "EN ISO 12100:2010, Safety of machinery
— General principles for design — Risk assessment and risk reduction (ISO 12100:2010)".
Replace throughout the standard reference to:
"EN 614-1:2006" with "EN 614-1:2006+A1:2009",
"EN 847-1:2005" with "EN 847-1:2005+A1:2007",
"EN 894-1:1997" with "EN 894-1:1997+A1:2008",
"EN 894-2:1997" with "EN 894-2:1997+A1:2008",
"EN 894-3:2000" with "EN 894-3:2000+A1:2008",
"EN 982:1996" with "EN ISO 4413:2010",
"EN 983:1996" with "EN ISO 4414:2010",
"EN 1005-1:2001" with "EN 1005-1:2001+A1:2008",
"EN 1005-2:2003" with "EN 1005-2:2003+A1:2008",
"EN 1005-3:2002" with "EN 1005-3:2002+A1:2008",
"EN 1005-4:2005" with "EN 1005-4:2005+A1:2008",
"EN 1037:1995" with "EN 1037:1995+A1:2008",
"EN 1088:1995" with "EN 1088:1995+A2:2008",
"EN 60439-1:1999" with "EN 60439-1:1999 and EN 60439-1/A1:2004" in the text excluding Clause 2,
"EN 60529:1991" with "EN 60529:1991 and EN 60529:1991/A1:2000" in the text excluding Clause 2,
"EN 61029-1:2000" with "EN 61029-1:2009",
"EN ISO 3743-1" and "EN ISO 3743-1:1995" with "EN ISO 3743-1:2010",
"EN ISO 3743-2" and "EN ISO 3743-2:1996" with "EN ISO 3743-2:2009",
"EN ISO 3744" and "EN ISO 3744:1995" with "EN ISO 3744: 2010",
"EN ISO 3745:2003" with "EN ISO 3745:2009",
"EN ISO 3746:1995" with "EN ISO 3746:2010",
"EN ISO 4871:1996" with "EN ISO 4871:2009",
"EN ISO 9614-1" and "EN ISO 9614-1:1995" with "EN ISO 9614-1:2009",
"EN ISO 11202:1995" with "EN ISO 11202:2010",
"EN ISO 11204:1995" with "EN ISO 11204:2010" and
"EN ISO 12100-1:2003" and "EN ISO 12100-2:2003" with "EN ISO 12100:2010".
4 Modification to 3.2, Definitions
Add the following term and definition:
"3.2.14
performance level PL
discrete level used to specify the ability of safety-related parts of control systems to perform a safety function
under foreseeable conditions
[3.1.23 of EN ISO 13849-1:2008]".
5 Modifications to Clause 4, List of significant hazards
st
Replace in 1 paragraph reference to "EN 1050:1996" with "EN ISO 12100:2010".
st
Delete in 1 paragraph the words "as far as they are dealt with in this document".
nd
Replace 2 paragraph with "These hazards are listed in Table 1:".
Replace old Table 1 with:
"Table 1 — List of significant hazards
Hazards, hazardous situations and Relevant sub-
No hazardous events EN ISO 12100:2010 clause of this
document
1 Mechanical hazards related to:
- machine parts or workpieces:
a) shape; 5.2.3, 5.2.5,
5.2.6, 5.2.7,
6.2.2.1, 6.2.2.2, 6.3 5.2.8
b) relative location; 5.1.2, 5.2.5,
5.2.6, 5.2.7
c) mass and stability (potential energy of 5.2.6
elements which may move under the
effect of gravity)
d) mass and velocity (kinetic energy of 5.2.6
elements in controlled or uncontrolled
motion);
e) mechanical strength. 5.2.2, 5.2.3,
5.2.5, 5.2.6
- accumulation of energy inside the machinery:
g) liquids and gases under pressure; 6.2.10, 6.3.5.4 5.3.7, 5.3.8
1.1 Crushing hazard 5.2.7, 5.2.8

1.2 Shearing hazard 5.2.7, 5.2.8

1.3 Cutting or severing hazard 5.2.2, 5.2.3,

5.2.4, 5.2.7
1.4 Entanglement hazard 5.2.7
1.5 Drawing-in or trapping hazard 5.2.7

1.9 High pressure fluid injection or ejection 5.2.7
6.2.10
hazard
Table 1 (continued)
2 Electrical hazards due to:
2.1 Contact of persons with live parts (direct 6.2.9, 6.3.5.4 5.3.4, 5.3.13,
contact) 5.3.14
2.2 Contact of persons with parts which 6.2.9 5.3.4, 5.3.13,
have become live under faulty conditions 5.3.14
(indirect contact)
4 Hazards generated by noise, resulting in:
Hearing loss (deafness), other 6.2.2.2, 6.3 5.3.2
4.1
physiological disorders (loss of balance,
loss of awareness)
Interference with speech 5.3.2
4.2
communication, acoustic signals.
Hazards generated by radiation
6.5 Lasers 6.3.4.5 5.3.11
7 Hazards generated by materials and substances (and their constituent elements)
processed or used by the machinery
7.1 Hazards from contact with or inhalation 6.2.3b, 6.2.4 5.3.3
of harmful fluids and dusts
7.2 Fire hazard 6.2.4 5.3.1, 5.3.3, 6.3
8 Hazards generated by neglecting ergonomic principles in machinery design related
to:
8.1 Unhealthy postures or excessive effort 6.2.7, 6.2.8.2, 6.2.11.12, 5.1.2
6.3.5.5, 6.3.5.6
8.2 Hand-arm or foot-leg anatomy 6.2.8.3 5.1.2
8.4 Local lighting 6.2.8.6 6.3
8.6 Human error, human behaviour 6.2.8, 6.2.11.8, 6.2.11.10, 6.3
6.3.5.2, 6.4
8.7 Design, location or identification of 6.2.8.7, 6.2.11.8 5.1.2
manual controls
8.8 Design or location of visual display units 6.2.8.8, 6.4.2 5.1.2
6.3.2.1 5.1.5
9 Combination of hazards
Unexpected start up, unexpected overrun/overspeed (or any similar malfunction)
from:
10.1 Failure/disorder of the control system 6.2.11, 6.3.5.4 5.1.1
10.2 Restoration of energy supply after an 6.2.11.4 5.1.6, 5.1.5,
interruption 5.3.7
10.3 External influences on electrical 6.2.11.11 5.1.1, 5.3.4,
equipment 5.3.10
10.6 Errors made by the operator (due to 6.2.8, 6.2.11.8, 6.2.11.10, 5.1.1, 5.3.5, 6.3
mismatch of machinery with human 6.3.5.2, 6
characteristics and abilities, see 8.6)
5.1.2, 5.1.4
11 Impossibility of stopping the machine 6.2.11.1, 6.2.11.3, 6.3.5.2
in the best possible conditions
5.1.5
13 Failure of the power supply 6.2.11.1, 6.2.11.4
5.1.1
14 Failure of the control circuit 6.2.11, 6.3.5.4
5.2.3, 5.3.12
15 Errors of fitting 6.2.7, 6.4.5
Table 1 (continued)
5.2.2
16 Break-up during operation 6.2.3
5.2.2, 5.2.3,
17 Falling or ejected objects or fluids 6.2.3, 6.2.10
5.2.5, 5.2.6,
5.2.8
5.2.1
18 Loss of stability / overturning of 6.3.2.6
machinery
".
6 Modifications to Clause 5, Safety requirements and/or measures
Add before first sentence the title: "General" and renumber accordingly.
Replace first sentence with: "The machine shall comply with the safety requirements and/or protective
measures of Clause 5.
NOTE 1 In addition, the machine should be designed in accordance with the requirements of the principles of
EN ISO 12100:2010 for hazards relevant but not significant, which are not dealt with by this document (e.g. sharp edges of
the machine frame).
NOTE 2 For guidance in connection with risk reduction by design, see EN ISO 12100:2010, 6.2, and for safeguarding
measures, see EN ISO 12100:2010, 6.3.".
7 Modifications to 5.1.1, Safety and reliability of control systems
st
Replace in 1 paragraph the second sentence with:
"Safety related parts of the control system of this machine comprise parts concerning the following functions
and they shall fulfil the requirements of the PL in accordance with the requirements of EN ISO 13849-1:2008
given below:".
Add ": PL c" in the list before the clause's reference for each item.
nd
Delete from 2 paragraph to last paragraph and add new sub-clause: "
5.1.2 Use of protective devices
Protective devices shall be in accordance with the specific standards. For the devices listed below the
following requirements apply:
a) magnetic/proximity switches shall be in accordance with the requirements of EN 1088:1995+A2:2008, 6.3
and the related control system shall conform to PL=c in accordance with the requirements of
EN ISO 13849-1:2008;
b) time delay shall be PL=c in accordance with the requirements of EN ISO 13849-1:2008.
Verification: By checking the relevant drawings and/or circuit diagrams, inspection of the machine and relevant
functional testing of the machine.".
Renumber the following sub-clauses accordingly.
8 Modification to 5.1.3, Starting
rd
Add after 3 paragraph:
"The safety related part of the control circuits (also see 5.2.1) for start and restart of the machine and for a
demountable power feed unit (if fitted) shall be PL=c in accordance with the requirements of
EN ISO 13849-1:2008.".
9 Modifications to 5.1.4, Normal stopping
st
Add after 1 paragraph the following NOTE:
"NOTE For normal stopping of PDS(SR) (power drive system, safety related) see 4.2.2.2 "safe torque off (STO)” and
4.2.2.3 “safe stop 1 (SS1)” of EN 61800-5-2:2007.".
In last paragraph replace second sentence with: "If a time delay device is used, it shall conform to 5.2.1.2 b)
and be at least the maximum rundown time.".
Add after last paragraph:
"The safety related part of the control circuits (also see 5.2.1) for normal stopping shall be PL=c in accordance
with the requirements of EN ISO 13849-1:2008.".
10 Modification to 5.1.5, failure of the power supply
nd
Add as 2 paragraph: "The safety related part of the control system to prevent automatic restart shall be PL=c
in accordance with the requirements of EN ISO 13849-1:2008.".
11 Modifications to 5.2.1, Stability
In fourth paragraph replace "Transportable" with "Displaceable".
Delete the NOTE.
12 Modifications to 5.2.2, Risk of break-up during operation
Replace the text of c) with: "polycarbonate with a wall thickness of at least 3 mm or other plastic material
passing the test given in Annex G.".
And add after c)
"The saw blade guard below the table shall be manufactured from one or a combination of the materials
-2
required in a), b) or c) or from cast iron with an ultimate tensile strength of at least 200 N mm and a wall
thickness of at least 3 mm.".
Add in verification at the end "and for plastic materials with character
...