SIST EN ISO 3095:2025

Railway applications - Acoustics - Measurement of noise emitted by railbound vehicles (ISO 3095:2025)

This document specifies measurement methods and conditions to obtain reproducible and comparable exterior noise emission levels and spectra for all kinds of vehicles operating on rails or other types of fixed track, hereinafter conventionally called “unit”.
This document is applicable to type testing of units.
It provides measurement procedures for vehicle exterior noise (in general, a vehicle type test is carried out using only a selected subset of these tests):
—     when the vehicle is moving at constant speed;
—     when the vehicle is accelerating or decelerating;
—     when the vehicle is stationary in different operating conditions.
It does not include all the instructions to characterize the noise emission of the infrastructure related sources (bridges, crossings, switching, impact noise, curving noise, etc.).
This document does not apply to
—     the noise emission of track maintenance units while working,
—     environmental impact assessment (collection of data to be used in a prediction method for environmental assessment),
—     noise immission assessment,
—     guided buses, and
—     warning signal noise.
The results can be used, for example
—     to characterize the exterior noise emitted by units,
—     to compare the noise emission of various units on a particular track section, and
—     to collect basic source data for units.
NOTE            Additional guidance is provided in Annex E for measurements in the specific case of urban rail vehicles.

Akustik - Bahnanwendungen - Messung der Geräuschemission von spurgebundenen Fahrzeugen (ISO 3095:2025)

Dieses Dokument legt Messverfahren und -bedingungen fest, um reproduzierbare und vergleichbare Außengeräuschemissionspegel und -spektren für alle Arten spurgebundener Fahrzeuge zu gewinnen, die auf Schienen oder anderen Fahrwegen verkehren, und nachstehend üblicherweise als „Einheit“ bezeichnet werden.
Dieses Dokument ist anwendbar für die Typprüfung von Einheiten.
Es stellt Verfahren für die Messung von Außengeräuschen von Fahrzeugen bereit (im Allgemeinen wird eine Fahrzeug-Typprüfung durchgeführt, bei der nur eine ausgewählte Teilmenge dieser Prüfungen verwendet wird):
   wenn das Fahrzeug sich mit konstanter Geschwindigkeit bewegt;
   wenn das Fahrzeug beschleunigt oder abbremst;
   wenn sich das Fahrzeug unter verschiedenen Betriebsbedingungen im Stillstand befindet.
Es enthält nicht alle Anweisungen, um die Geräuschemissionen der infrastrukturbezogenen Quellen (Brücken, Bahnübergänge, Weichen, Aufprallgeräusche, Kurvengeräusche usw.) zu charakterisieren.
Dieses Dokument gilt nicht für:
   die Geräuschemission von arbeitenden Gleisbaumaschinen,
   Bewertung der Umweltbelastung (Erhebung von Daten, die in einem Prognoseverfahren zur Umweltverträglichkeit zu verwenden sind),
   die Bewertung der Geräuschimmission,
   spurgeführte Busse, und
   das Geräusch der akustischen Warnsignale.
Die Ergebnisse können z. B. verwendet werden:
   um das von Einheiten abgestrahlte Außengeräusch zu charakterisieren,
   um die Geräuschemission von verschiedenen Einheiten auf einem bestimmten Gleisabschnitt zu vergleichen, und
   um grundlegende Quelldaten für Einheiten zu erheben.
ANMERKUNG   Anhang E enthält zusätzliche Hinweise für Messungen im speziellen Fall von städtischen Schienenfahrzeugen.

Acoustique - Applications ferroviaires - Mesurage du bruit émis par les véhicules circulant sur rails (ISO 3095:2025)

Le présent document spécifie la méthode et les conditions de mesurage permettant d'obtenir des niveaux et spectres d'émission de bruit extérieur reproductibles et comparables pour tous les types de véhicules ferroviaires circulant sur des rails ou pour d'autres types de voies fixes, désignés ci-après par le terme générique « unité ».
Le présent document s'applique aux essais de type des unités.
Il fournit les procédures de mesure pour évaluer le bruit à l'extérieur du véhicule (en général, un essai de type du véhicule est réalisé à l'aide d'un sous-ensemble sélectionné de ces essais uniquement) :
—   lorsque le véhicule circule à vitesse constante ;
—   lorsque le véhicule est en phase d'accélération ou de décélération ;
—   lorsque le véhicule est à l'arrêt dans des conditions de fonctionnement différentes.
Le présent document n'inclut pas toutes les instructions pour caractériser les émissions de bruit par les sources liées à l'infrastructure (ponts, passages à niveau, aiguillages, bruit d'impact, bruit en courbe, etc.).
Le présent document ne s'applique pas :
—   aux bruits émis par les unités de maintenance des voies en phase de travail ;
—   à l'évaluation de l'impact sur l'environnement (collecte de données à utiliser dans une méthode de prédiction pour une évaluation environnementale) ;
—   à l'évaluation des nuisances sonores ;
—   aux bus guidés ; et
—   aux bruits émis par les signaux d'avertissement.
Les résultats peuvent être utilisés, par exemple :
—   pour caractériser le bruit extérieur émis par les unités ;
—   pour comparer les émissions sonores de différentes unités sur une section de voie spécifique ; et
—   pour recueillir des données de source de base pour les unités.
NOTE   L'Annexe E fournit des recommandations supplémentaires pour les mesures dans le cas particulier des véhicules ferroviaires urbains.

Železniške naprave - Akustika - Merjenje hrupa, ki ga oddajajo tirna vozila (ISO 3095:2025)

Ta dokument določa merilne metode ter pogoje za pridobivanje ponovljivih in primerljivih ravni in spektrov zunanjega hrupa, ki ga oddajajo različna tirna vozila (v nadaljnjem besedilu: »enota«). Ta dokument se uporablja za tipsko preskušanje enot. Zagotavlja postopke merjenja zunanjega hrupa vozila (tipski preskus vozila se na splošno izvaja le z izbranim podsklopom teh preskusov): –    ko se vozilo premika s stalno hitrostjo; –    ko vozilo pospešuje ali upočasnjuje; –    ko vozilo miruje v različnih delovnih razmerah. Standard ne vključuje vseh navodil za označevanje hrupa, ki ga oddajajo drugi viri infrastrukture (mostovi, prehodi, stikalna oprema, udarni zvok, zvok pri zavijanju itd.). Ta dokument se ne uporablja za: –    emisije hrupa enot za vzdrževanje tirov med delom; –    oceno vplivov na okolje (zbiranje podatkov, ki se uporabljajo v metodi napovedi za okoljsko oceno); –    oceno imisij hrupa; –     tirno vodene avtobuse; in –    hrup opozorilnih signalov. Rezultate je mogoče uporabiti na primer za: –    karakterizacijo zunanjega hrupa, ki ga oddajajo enote; –    primerjavo emisij hrupa različnih enot na določenem odseku tira; in –    zbiranje osnovnih izvornih podatkov za enote. OPOMBA:             V dodatku E so podana dodatna navodila za meritve v posebnem primeru mestnih tirnih vozil.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Public Enquiry End Date: 30-Sep-2023
• Publication Date: 13-Oct-2025
• ICS: 17.140.30 - Noise emitted by means of transport
• ICS: 45.060.01 - Railway rolling stock in general
• Technical Committee: IŽNP - Reilway applications
• Current Stage: 6060 - National Implementation/Publication (Adopted Project)
• Start Date: 08-Oct-2025
• Due Date: 13-Dec-2025
• Completion Date: 14-Oct-2025
• Directive: 2016/797/EU - Directive (EU) 2016/797 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 May 2016 on the interoperability of the rail system within the European Union (Text with EEA relevance)
• Mandate: M/483 - Mandate for programming and standardisation addressed to the European standardisation bodies under directive 2008/57/EC in the field of the interoperability of the rail system within the European Union
• Mandate: M/591 - Standardisation request to the European Committee for Standardisation and the European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardisation as regards railway products in support of Directive (EU) 2016/797
• Ref Project: EN ISO 3095:2025 - Railway applications - Acoustics - Measurement of noise emitted by railbound vehicles (ISO 3095:2025)

Relations

• Replaces: SIST EN ISO 3095:2013 - Acoustics - Railway applications - Measurement of noise emitted by railbound vehicles (ISO 3095:2013)
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2025

Overview - SIST EN ISO 3095:2025 (Railway acoustics, noise measurement)

SIST EN ISO 3095:2025 / ISO 3095:2025 specifies standardized methods and test conditions to measure and report exterior noise emitted by railbound vehicles (hereafter “unit”). It is intended to produce reproducible and comparable exterior noise levels and spectra for type testing of vehicles on fixed track. The standard covers measurements for:

• constant-speed pass-by tests,
• acceleration / deceleration pass-by tests,
• stationary vehicle noise in different operating conditions.

It is adopted as EN ISO 3095:2025 in Europe and supersedes EN ISO 3095:2013. Annex E provides additional guidance for urban rail vehicles.

Key technical topics and requirements

The document defines the essential elements needed to ensure comparable results:

• Instrumentation and calibration - sound level meters, microphones, and calibration procedures.
• Environmental and meteorological conditions - acoustical environment, wind/temperature limits, and background noise assessment.
• Track conditions - line geometry, superstructure, track quality, acoustic rail roughness, and dynamic track properties that affect measured noise.
• Vehicle conditions - normal operating settings, occupancy/load, wheel tread conditioning, and train composition (adjacent vehicles).
• Measurement positions - standard and additional microphone locations for pass-by and stationary tests.
• Measured quantities and spectra - defined acoustic metrics and frequency analysis.
• Test procedures and data processing - recording intervals, pass-by speeds, standard and optional processing steps to derive comparable results.
• Exclusions - not intended for infrastructure-related noise (bridges, crossings, curving/impact noise), noise from track maintenance units in operation, environmental impact prediction methods, immission assessment, guided buses, or warning signal noise.

Practical applications

SIST EN ISO 3095:2025 is used to:

• Characterize exterior noise of new vehicle designs during type testing.
• Compare noise emissions of different vehicle types on a common test section.
• Provide basic source data for further acoustic analyses or noise mitigation planning.
• Support procurement specifications, product development (bogies, wheel treatments, soundproofing), and verification against noise limits.

Who uses this standard

• Rolling-stock manufacturers and design engineers
• Acoustic consultants and testing laboratories
• Railway operators and infrastructure managers
• Certification and regulatory bodies
• Urban planners addressing rail noise in cities

Related standards and notes

• This edition supersedes EN ISO 3095:2013.
• It was prepared by ISO/TC 43 (Acoustics) in collaboration with CEN/TC 256 (Railway applications).
• For environmental impact prediction, immission assessment, or infrastructure-source characterization, other dedicated standards and methods should be used (those topics are explicitly excluded from ISO 3095:2025).

Keywords: SIST EN ISO 3095:2025, ISO 3095:2025, railway acoustics, noise measurement, railbound vehicles, vehicle exterior noise, type testing, pass-by noise, urban rail guidance.

Standards Content (Sample)

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-november-2025
Nadomešča:
SIST EN ISO 3095:2013
Železniške naprave - Akustika - Merjenje hrupa, ki ga oddajajo tirna vozila (ISO
3095:2025)
Railway applications - Acoustics - Measurement of noise emitted by railbound vehicles
(ISO 3095:2025)
Akustik - Bahnanwendungen - Messung der Geräuschemission von spurgebundenen
Fahrzeugen (ISO 3095:2025)
Acoustique - Applications ferroviaires - Mesurage du bruit émis par les véhicules
circulant sur rails (ISO 3095:2025)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO 3095:2025
ICS:
17.140.30 Emisija hrupa transportnih Noise emitted by means of
sredstev transport
45.060.01 Železniška vozila na splošno Railway rolling stock in
general
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

EN ISO 3095
EUROPEAN STANDARD
NORME EUROPÉENNE
September 2025
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 17.140.30; 45.060.01 Supersedes EN ISO 3095:2013
English Version
Railway applications - Acoustics - Measurement of noise
emitted by railbound vehicles (ISO 3095:2025)
Applications ferroviaires - Acoustique - Mesurage du Akustik - Bahnanwendungen - Messung der
bruit émis par les véhicules circulant sur rails (ISO Geräuschemission von spurgebundenen Fahrzeugen
3095:2025) (ISO 3095:2025)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 1 September 2025.

CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye and
United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION

EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG

CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2025 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 3095:2025 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

Contents Page
European foreword . 3

European foreword
This document (EN ISO 3095:2025) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 43 "Acoustics"
in collaboration with Technical Committee CEN/TC 256 “Railway applications” the secretariat of which
is held by DIN.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by March 2026, and conflicting national standards shall
be withdrawn at the latest by March 2026.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document supersedes EN ISO 3095:2013.
This document has been prepared under a standardization request addressed to CEN by the European
Commission. The Standing Committee of the EFTA States subsequently approves these requests for its
Member States.
Any feedback and questions on this document should be directed to the users’ national standards
body/national committee. A complete listing of these bodies can be found on the CEN website.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland,
Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of
North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye and the
United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO 3095:2025 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO 3095:2025 without any modification.

International
Standard
ISO 3095
Fourth edition
Railway applications — Acoustics
2025-09
— Measurement of noise emitted by
railbound vehicles
Applications ferroviaires — Acoustique — Mesurage du bruit
émis par les véhicules circulant sur rails
Reference number
ISO 3095:2025(en) © ISO 2025
ISO 3095:2025(en)
© ISO 2025
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: [phone]
Email: [e-mail]
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii
ISO 3095:2025(en)
Contents Page
Foreword .vi
Introduction .vii
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 2
3.1 General definitions.2
3.2 Definitions of track properties . .3
3.3 Definitions of acoustic measurement quantities .4
3.4 Definitions for noise from parked trains .6
4 Instrumentation and calibration . 6
4.1 Instrumentation .6
4.2 Calibration .7
5 Stationary test . 7
5.1 General .7
5.2 Environmental conditions . .7
5.2.1 Acoustical environment .7
5.2.2 Meteorological conditions .8
5.2.3 Background sound pressure level .8
5.3 Track conditions .8
5.4 Vehicle conditions .9
5.4.1 General .9
5.4.2 Normal operating conditions .9
5.4.3 Additional operating conditions .10
5.5 Measurement positions .10
5.5.1 Standard measurement positions .10
5.5.2 Additional measurement positions.11
5.6 Measured quantities .11
5.7 Test procedure .11
5.8 Data processing. 12
5.8.1 Standard processing . 12
5.8.2 Additional processing . 12
6 Constant speed test .13
6.1 Environmental conditions . 13
6.1.1 Acoustical environment . 13
6.1.2 Meteorological conditions .14
6.1.3 Background sound pressure level .14
6.2 Track conditions .14
6.2.1 General .14
6.2.2 Geometry of the line .14
6.2.3 Track superstructure . 15
6.2.4 Track quality . 15
6.2.5 Acoustic rail roughness of the test track . 15
6.2.6 Dynamic properties of the test track .16
6.2.7 Special conditions .17
6.3 Vehicle conditions .17
6.3.1 General .17
6.3.2 Normal operating conditions .18
6.3.3 Occupancy and load .18
6.3.4 Wheel tread conditioning .19
6.3.5 Train composition (adjacent vehicles) .19
6.4 Measurement positions . 20
6.4.1 Standard measurement positions . 20
6.4.2 Additional measurement positions.21

iii
ISO 3095:2025(en)
6.5 Measured quantities .21
6.6 Test procedure .21
6.6.1 General .21
6.6.2 Pass-by speeds .21
6.6.3 Recording and measurement time intervals .21
6.7 Data processing.24
6.7.1 Standard processing .24
6.7.2 Additional processing .24
7 Acceleration test from standstill .24
7.1 General .24
7.2 Environmental conditions . 25
7.2.1 Acoustical environment . 25
7.2.2 Meteorological conditions . 25
7.2.3 Background sound pressure level . 25
7.3 Track conditions . 25
7.4 Vehicle conditions . 26
7.4.1 General . 26
7.4.2 Normal operating conditions .27
7.4.3 Occupancy and load .27
7.5 Maximum level method .27
7.5.1 Measurement positions .27
7.5.2 Measured quantities . 29
7.5.3 Test procedure. 30
7.5.4 Data processing . 30
7.6 Averaged level method . 30
7.6.1 Measurement positions . 30
7.6.2 Measurement quantity .31
7.6.3 Test procedure.31
7.6.4 Data processing .31
8 Braking test .32
8.1 General .32
8.2 Environmental conditions .32
8.2.1 Acoustical environment .32
8.2.2 Meteorological conditions .32
8.2.3 Background sound pressure level .32
8.3 Track conditions . 33
8.4 Vehicle conditions . 33
8.4.1 General . 33
8.4.2 Normal operating conditions . 34
8.4.3 Occupancy and load . 34
8.4.4 Braking modes . 34
8.5 Measurement positions . 34
8.6 Measurement quantity . 35
8.7 Test procedure . 35
8.8 Data processing. 35
8.8.1 Standard processing . 35
8.8.2 Additional processing . 36
9 Quality of the measurements .36
9.1 General . 36
9.2 Deviations from the requirements . 36
9.3 Measurement tolerances . 36
9.4 Measurement spread . 36
9.5 Measurement uncertainties . . 36
10 Test report .37
Annex A (normative) Method to characterize the impulsive character of the noise .38
Annex B (normative) Tests at constant speed — Special cases . 41

iv
ISO 3095:2025(en)
Annex C (informative) Track influence on the pass-by test result .45
Annex D (normative) Method to assess acceptable small deviations from acoustic rail
roughness requirements . 61
Annex E (informative) Guidance for urban rail vehicles measurement .63
Annex F (informative) Additional measurements .65
Annex G (informative) Quantification of measurement uncertainties according to ISO/
[1]
IEC Guide 98-3:2008 .71
Annex H (informative) Noise from parked trains . 76
Annex I (informative) Data processing for tonal noise assessment at standstill .86
Bibliography .89

v
ISO 3095:2025(en)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through
ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee
has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations,
governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely
with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described
in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the different types
of ISO document should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the
ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
ISO draws attention to the possibility that the implementation of this document may involve the use of (a)
patent(s). ISO takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of any claimed patent
rights in respect thereof. As of the date of publication of this document, ISO had not received notice of (a)
patent(s) which may be required to implement this document. However, implementers are cautioned that
this may not represent the latest information, which may be obtained from the patent database available at
www.iso.org/patents. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions
related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the World Trade
Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 43, Acoustics, Subcommittee SC 1, Noise,in
collaboration with the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) Technical Committee CEN/TC 256,
Railway applications,in accordance with the Agreement on technical cooperation between ISO and CEN
(Vienna Agreement).
This fourth edition cancels and replaces the third edition (ISO 3095:2013), which has been technically
revised.
The main changes are as follows:
[6]
— the alignment of measurement conditions with ISO 3381:2021 ;
— an improvement of the tonality assessment;
— the introduction of specific measurement conditions for hybrid vehicles;
— a new informative Annex C providing guidance information on the track influence on pass-by test results;
— an improved specification for additional noise measurements on bridges and other elevated structures
in concrete bridge sections (see Annex F);
— a new informative Annex H specifying the measurement method for noise from parked trains to support
a potential regulation aiming at taking into account annoyance produced in that situation;
— a new informative Annex I outlining a procedure for assessing tonal noise using a narrow band analysis
at standstill.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.

vi
ISO 3095:2025(en)
Introduction
Railway exterior noise is encountered both along open tracks and in and around depots, stops, stations
[20][28]
and other holding locations. It includes a number of different physical sources such as rolling noise,
[29][30]
impact noise, traction noise, aerodynamic noise, curving noise, braking noise, horn noise and noise
from auxiliary equipment and other components. The noise for any given train type strongly depends on the
rolling stock design, operating conditions and the track type and condition.
Rolling noise is one of the main sources from vehicle running on open tracks. It contains a significant and
sometimes dominant noise contribution from the track. This document is intended to characterize the noise
emission from the unit, minimizing the influence of the track.
These conditions are relevant for type testing of rollingstock, enabling comparisons of rolling stock noise
emission levels for train operating and test conditions to comply with regulatory or contractual sound level
limits. Where measurements are undertaken on other track designs or with different rolling stock operating
conditions, noise levels can differ from the type test conditions described herein.
When project proponents are specifying project noise limits for rolling stock, they should include
consideration of what is appropriate to their network/environment, temperature ranges, track type (ballast/
slab/tunnel, light rail, etc.), and note that the limit values will be dependent on the network conditions, track
decay rates, wheel/rail maintenance expectations, speed range, curves, and so on.
Railway environments carry particular safety risks. The measurement procedures specified in this
document need to take into account relevant safe work methods applicable to each network.

vii
International Standard ISO 3095:2025(en)
Railway applications — Acoustics — Measurement of noise
emitted by railbound vehicles
1 Scope
This document specifies measurement methods and conditions to obtain reproducible and comparable
exterior noise emission levels and spectra for all kinds of vehicles operating on rails or other types of fixed
track, hereinafter conventionally called “unit”.
This document is applicable to type testing of units.
It provides measurement procedures for vehicle exterior noise (in general, a vehicle type test is carried out
using only a selected subset of these tests):
— when the vehicle is moving at constant speed;
— when the vehicle is accelerating or decelerating;
— when the vehicle is stationary in different operating conditions.
It does not include all the instructions to characterize the noise emission of the infrastructure related
sources (bridges, crossings, switching, impact noise, curving noise, etc.).
This document does not apply to
— the noise emission of track maintenance units while working,
— environmental impact assessment (collection of data to be used in a prediction method for environmental
assessment),
— noise immission assessment,
— guided buses, and
— warning signal noise.
The results can be used, for example
— to characterize the exterior noise emitted by units,
— to compare the noise emission of various units on a particular track section, and
— to collect basic source data for units.
NOTE Additional guidance is provided in Annex E for measurements in the specific case of urban rail vehicles.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content constitutes
requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references,
the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
IEC 60942:2017, Electroacoustics — Sound calibrators
IEC 61094-4:1995, Measurement microphones — Part 4: Specifications for working standard microphones
IEC 61260-1:2014, Electroacoustics — Octave-band and fractional-octave-band filters — Part 1: Specifications

ISO 3095:2025(en)
IEC 61260-3:2016, Electroacoustics — Octave-band and fractional-octave-band filters — Part 3: Periodic tests
IEC 61672-1:2013, Electroacoustics — Sound level meters — Part 1: Specifications
IEC 61672-3:2013, Electroacoustics — Sound level meters — Part 3: Periodic tests
ISO 1996-2:2017, Acoustics — Description, measurement and assessment of environmental noise — Part 2:
Determination of sound pressure levels
EN 15461:2008+A1:2010, Railway applications — Noise emission — Characterisation of the dynamic properties
of track sections for pass by noise measurements
EN 15610:2019+A1:2025, Railway applications — Acoustics — Rail and wheel roughness measurement related
to rolling noise generation
EN 17343:2023, Railway applications — General terms and definitions
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in EN 17343:2023 and the following apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
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3.1 General definitions
3.1.1
type test for noise emission of railbound units
one or more tests performed to prove that a product is capable of conforming to all relevant requirements of
a specification
[SOURCE: ISO 12576-1:2001, 3.27, modified — for noise emission of railbound units has been added.]
3.1.2
hybrid vehicle
vehicle that can store energy in an onboard ESS (Energy Storage System) and is driven by using the stored
energy as well as electric power from a generator or overhead lines
Note 1 to entry: Other electric power supply options are possible, e.g. third-rail systems.
Note 2 to entry: Dual-mode (e.g. Electric-Diesel vehicles are not hybrid vehicles because they have no energy storage
system on-board.
[SOURCE: IEC 62864-1:2016, 3.1.4, modified — Note 1 to entry and Note 2 to entry have been added.]
3.1.3
series hybrid
system which drives a (electric) motor supplied via the power converter for combined operation of electric
power from multiple power sources
Note 1 to entry: The wheels are driven by the driving force from the (electric) motor only.
Note 2 to entry: Figure 1 shows an example block diagram of a series hybrid system.

ISO 3095:2025(en)
Traction Equipment (TE)
Primary Power Source
Link
+:
+:
(PPS)
P 0: —
P 0: — Example
Example conigurations
PPS
TE
MS
(converters not drawn): conigurations: ~
‒:
‒:
G
~
3 synchronous
DE
~
motor drive
M
Diesel electric
DC contact line
~
M
~
3 asynchronous
motor drive DC motor drive
AC contact line
Fuel cells
Energy Storage System Brake resistor (BR)
(ESS)
Example
P +:
BR
Example coniguration:
0: —
coniguration:
Non-exhaustive list of storage
technologies:
Auxiliaries (Aux)
+:
– Lithium ion battery
Example
Auxiliary
P 0: —
– Nickel metal hybride battery
P +:
ESS
loads
AUX
coniguration:
– Electric double-layer capacitor
‒:
– Flywheel
Key
DE diesel engine
P power of primary power source (PPS)
PPS
P power of traction equipment (TE)
TE
P power of energy storage system (ESS)
ESS
P power of brake resistor (BR)
BR
P power of auxiliaries (AUX)
AUX
Figure 1 — Block diagram of a series hybrid system
[SOURCE: IEC 62864-1:2016, 3.1.3, modified — Note 1 to entry has been modified and Note 2 to entry has
been added.]
3.2 Definitions of track properties
3.2.1
acoustic roughness
r(x)
variation in the height of the running surface associated with rolling noise excitation, expressed as a function
of distance x along the running surface
[SOURCE: EN 15610:2019+A1:2025, 3.1]
3.2.2
acoustic roughness spectrum

r()λ
amplitude of the acoustic roughness expressed as a function of the wavelength λ
[SOURCE: EN 15610:2019+A1:2025, 3.2]

ISO 3095:2025(en)
3.2.3
track decay rate
vibration amplitude decay rate of the vertical or transverse bending waves of the rail
Note 1 to entry: It is represented by a one-third octave band spectrum of the values of the decay rate, expressed in
decibels per metre (dB/m) representing the attenuation as a function of the distance.
[SOURCE: EN 15461:2008+A1:2010, 3.6, modified – "as a function of the distance along the rail" deleted]
3.2.4
acoustic track characteristics
ATC
characteristics of the track that are defined in terms of acoustic rail roughness and track decay rates
[SOURCE: ISO 3381:2021, 3.5]
3.2.5
test section
specific section of track associated with a particular set of measurements
[SOURCE: EN 15610:2019+A1:2025, 3.7]
3.2.6
reference track section
portion of track with specific requirements to minimize the contribution of the track for pass-by noise
measurements
3.3 Definitions of acoustic measurement quantities
3.3.1
sound pressure
p
difference between an instantaneous total pressure and the corresponding static pressure
Note 1 to entry: Sound pressure is expressed in pascals (Pa).
[SOURCE: IEC 61672-1:2013, 3.1]
3.3.2
sound pressure level
L
p
ten times the logarithm to the base 10 of the ratio of the time-mean-square of a sound-signal to the square of
the reference value
p
RMS
L =10 lg dB (1)
p
p
where
p is the root-mean-square pressure in the time domain;
RMS
p is the reference value.
Note 1 to entry: Sound pressure level is expressed in decibels (dB).
Note 2 to entry: the reference value is 20 μPa.
[SOURCE: IEC 61672-1:2013, 3.2, modified — equation and definition of terms p and p added]
RMS 0
ISO 3095:2025(en)
3.3.3
AF-weighted sound pressure level history
L (t)
pAF
A-weighted sound pressure level as a function of time with time weighting F (fast)
Note 1 to entry: see also IEC61672-1:2013, definition 3.6 “time-weighted sound level”.
3.3.4
AF-weighted maximum sound pressure level
L
pAFmax
maximum value of the A-weighted sound pressure level determined during the measurement time interval T
by using time weighting F (fast)
Note 1 to entry: see also IEC61672-1:2013, definition 3.7, maximum time-weighted sound level.
3.3.5
equivalent continuous sound pressure level
L
peq,T
ten times the logarithm to the base 10 of the ratio of the time-average of the square of the sound pressure,
p, during a stated time interval of duration, T (starting at t1 and ending t2), to the square of the reference
sound pressure, p0
Note 1 to entry: the A-weighted equivalent continuous sound pressure level is
 
t
pt()
1 2
A
L =10lg ddt B (2)
 
pTAeq,
∫
t
T
 p 
 
where
p (t) is the A-weighted instantaneous sound pressure at running time t
A
p is equal to 20
...