SIST ISO 11171:2021
(Main)Hydraulic fluid power -- Calibration of automatic particle counters for liquids
Hydraulic fluid power -- Calibration of automatic particle counters for liquids
ISO 11171:2016 specifies procedures for the following:
a) primary particle-sizing calibration, sensor resolution and counting performance of automatic particle counters (APCs) for liquids capable of analysing bottle samples;
b) secondary particle-sizing calibration using suspensions verified with a primary calibrated APC;
c) establishing acceptable operation and performance limits;
d) verifying particle sensor performance using a truncated test dust;
e) determining coincidence and flow rate limits.
Transmissions hydrauliques -- Étalonnage des compteurs automatiques de particules en suspension dans les liquides
ISO 11171:2016 spécifie des modes opératoires portant sur les aspects suivants:
a) l'étalonnage dimensionnel primaire, la résolution des capteurs et les performances de comptage des compteurs automatiques de particules (CAP) en suspension dans les liquides capables d'analyser des échantillons en flacon;
b) l'étalonnage dimensionnel secondaire avec des suspensions vérifiées au moyen d'un CAP ayant fait l'objet d'un étalonnage primaire;
c) l'établissement de limites acceptables de fonctionnement et de performances;
d) la vérification des performances du détecteur de particules en utilisant de la poudre d'essai tronquée;
e) la détermination des limites de coïncidence et de débit.
Fluidna tehnika - Hidravlika - Umerjanje naprav za avtomatsko štetje delcev v tekočinah
General Information
- Status
- Withdrawn
- Publication Date
- 03-Jun-2021
- Withdrawal Date
- 13-Sep-2021
- Technical Committee
- IHPV - Hydraulics and pneumatics
- Current Stage
- 9900 - Withdrawal (Adopted Project)
- Start Date
- 14-Sep-2021
- Due Date
- 07-Oct-2021
- Completion Date
- 14-Sep-2021
Relations
- Replaces
SIST ISO 11171:2014 - Hydraulic fluid power - Calibration of automatic particle counters for liquids - Effective Date
- 01-Jul-2021
- Revised
SIST ISO 11171:2021 - Hydraulic fluid power - Calibration of automatic particle counters for liquids - Effective Date
- 10-Dec-2016
ISO 11171:2016 - Hydraulic fluid power — Calibration of automatic particle counters for liquids Released:10/5/2016
ISO 11171:2016 - Transmissions hydrauliques — Étalonnage des compteurs automatiques de particules en suspension dans les liquides Released:10/5/2016
Frequently Asked Questions
SIST ISO 11171:2021 is a standard published by the Slovenian Institute for Standardization (SIST). Its full title is "Hydraulic fluid power -- Calibration of automatic particle counters for liquids". This standard covers: ISO 11171:2016 specifies procedures for the following: a) primary particle-sizing calibration, sensor resolution and counting performance of automatic particle counters (APCs) for liquids capable of analysing bottle samples; b) secondary particle-sizing calibration using suspensions verified with a primary calibrated APC; c) establishing acceptable operation and performance limits; d) verifying particle sensor performance using a truncated test dust; e) determining coincidence and flow rate limits.
ISO 11171:2016 specifies procedures for the following: a) primary particle-sizing calibration, sensor resolution and counting performance of automatic particle counters (APCs) for liquids capable of analysing bottle samples; b) secondary particle-sizing calibration using suspensions verified with a primary calibrated APC; c) establishing acceptable operation and performance limits; d) verifying particle sensor performance using a truncated test dust; e) determining coincidence and flow rate limits.
SIST ISO 11171:2021 is classified under the following ICS (International Classification for Standards) categories: 17.120.01 - Measurement of fluid flow in general; 23.100.01 - Fluid power systems in general; 23.100.60 - Filters, seals and contamination of fluids. The ICS classification helps identify the subject area and facilitates finding related standards.
SIST ISO 11171:2021 has the following relationships with other standards: It is inter standard links to SIST ISO 11171:2014, SIST ISO 11171:2021. Understanding these relationships helps ensure you are using the most current and applicable version of the standard.
You can purchase SIST ISO 11171:2021 directly from iTeh Standards. The document is available in PDF format and is delivered instantly after payment. Add the standard to your cart and complete the secure checkout process. iTeh Standards is an authorized distributor of SIST standards.
Standards Content (Sample)
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 11171
Third edition
2016-10-01
Hydraulic fluid power — Calibration of
automatic particle counters for liquids
Transmissions hydrauliques — Étalonnage des compteurs
automatiques de particules en suspension dans les liquides
Reference number
©
ISO 2016
© ISO 2016, Published in Switzerland
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior
written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of
the requester.
ISO copyright office
Ch. de Blandonnet 8 • CP 401
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, Switzerland
Tel. +41 22 749 01 11
Fax +41 22 749 09 47
copyright@iso.org
www.iso.org
ii © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Materials and equipment . 2
5 Sequence of APC calibration procedures . 4
6 Sizing calibration procedure . 7
7 Data presentation .13
8 Identification statement .14
Annex A (normative) Preliminary APC check .15
Annex B (normative) Coincidence error procedure .18
Annex C (normative) Flow rate limit determination .23
Annex D (normative) Resolution determination .27
Annex E (normative) Verification of particle-counting accuracy .32
Annex F (normative) Preparation and verification of bottles of secondary
calibration suspensions .35
Annex G (informative) APC calibration round robin .38
Annex H (informative) Sample calculations.43
Annex I (informative) Verification of particle size distribution of calibration samples .49
Bibliography .51
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity assessment,
as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the
Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 131, Fluid power systems, Subcommittee SC 6,
Contamination control.
This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition (ISO 11171:2010), of which it constitutes a
minor revision.
This edition includes the following significant changes with respect to the previous edition:
— 6.8: defining μm equation, Table 3 – revised to show μm(b) and μm(c) to be reported;
— 7.1: revised to show how to report μm(b) and μm(c).
iv © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved
Introduction
In hydraulic fluid power systems, power is transmitted and controlled through a liquid under pressure
within an enclosed circuit. The fluid is both a lubricant and a power-transmitting medium. Reliable
system performance requires control of the contaminants in the fluid. Qualitative and quantitative
determination of the particulate contaminants in the fluid medium requires precision in obtaining
the sample and in determining the contaminant particle size distribution and concentration. Liquid
automatic particle counters (APCs) are an accepted means of determining the concentration and size
distribution of the contaminant particles. Individual APC accuracy is established through calibration.
This International Standard establishes a recommended standard calibration procedure for
determining particle sizing and counting accuracy. The primary particle-sizing calibration is conducted
using NIST SRM 2806 suspensions with particle size distribution certified by the United States’ National
Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). A secondary calibration method with traceability to NIST
uses suspensions of ISO MTD which are independently analysed using an APC calibrated by the primary
method. Concentration limits are determined through the use of serial dilutions of a concentrated
suspension. Operation and performance limits are also established using this International Standard.
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 11171:2016(E)
Hydraulic fluid power — Calibration of automatic particle
counters for liquids
1 Scope
This International Standard specifies procedures for the following:
a) primary particle-sizing calibration, sensor resolution and counting performance of automatic
particle counters (APCs) for liquids capable of analysing bottle samples;
b) secondary particle-sizing calibration using suspensions verified with a primary calibrated APC;
c) establishing acceptable operation and performance limits;
d) verifying particle sensor performance using a truncated test dust;
e) determining coincidence and flow rate limits.
2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated
references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 3722, Hydraulic fluid power — Fluid sample containers — Qualifying and controlling cleaning methods
ISO 5598, Fluid power systems and components — Vocabulary
ISO 12103-1, Road vehicles — Test dust for filter evaluation — Part 1: Arizona test dust
ISO 16889, Hydraulic fluid power — Filters — Multi-pass method for evaluating filtration performance of
a filter element
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 5598 and the following apply.
3.1
automatic particle counter
APC
instrument that automatically counts and sizes individual particles suspended in a fluid, typically
relying on optical light scattering or light extinction principles of particle sizing
Note 1 to entry: An APC consists of, at a minimum, a particle sensor, a means for delivering a known volume of
sample to the sensor at a controlled rate, a signal processor, an analyser that compiles the sensor output for the
sizes of individual particles into particle size distribution and a means for outputting particle size distribution
results for the sample.
3.2
threshold noise level
minimum voltage setting of an automatic particle counter at which the observed pulse-counting frequency
does not exceed 60 counts/min due to electrical noise in the absence of flow in the sensing volume
3.3
sensing volume
portion of the illuminated region of the sensor through which the fluid stream passes and from which
the light is collected by the optical system
3.4
resolution
measure of the ability of an automatic particle counter to distinguish between particles of similar, but
different, sizes
3.5
coincidence error limit
highest concentration of NIST RM 8632 that can be counted with an automatic particle counter with an
error of less than 5 % resulting from the presence of more than one particle in the sensing volume at
one time
3.6
working flow rate
flow rate through the sensor used for sizing calibration and sample analysis
3.7
particle size
projected area equivalent diameter of particles as determined using scanning electron microscopy or
as determined using a calibrated liquid optical single particle automatic particle counter
Note 1 to entry: Unless otherwise stated, an APC used for particle size determination is calibrated in accordance
with this International Standard.
Note 2 to entry: NIST uses scanning electron microscopy to determine the projected area equivalent diameter of
particles in its reference materials.
3.8
particle size distribution
number concentration of particles, expressed as a function of particle size
3.9
primary calibration
sizing calibration conducted using NIST standard reference material 2806x
Note 1 to entry: The procedure is specified in Clause 6.
Note 2 to entry: For details of NIST standard reference material 2806x, see 4.4.
3.10
secondary calibration
sizing calibration conducted using calibration suspensions
Note 1 to entry: The procedure is specified in Clause 6 and the calibration suspensions are prepared in accordance
with Annex F.
4 Materials and equipment
4.1 Polystyrene latex spheres, nearly monodispersed in aqueous suspension. Polystyrene latex
spheres with a nominal diameter of 10 µm are required in Annex D for resolution determination and
polystyrene latex spheres with other nominal diameters larger than 50 µm are required in Clause 6, if
size calibration for particle sizes of 50 µm and larger is performed. In certain situations, it may also be
useful to use additional sphere sizes. Regardless, the coefficient of variation of each polystyrene latex
sphere size shall be less than 5 %. The supplier of the polystyrene latex spheres shall provide a certificate
2 © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved
of analysis with each batch, which indicates that the sphere particle size has been determined using
techniques with traceability to National or International Standards.
Once opened, suspensions of polystyrene latex spheres shall be used within three months unless the
size distribution and cleanliness of the suspension have been verified.
NOTE 1 The size distribution and cleanliness of polystyrene latex spheres can be verified using the method
described in D.13.
NOTE 2 Polystyrene latex spheres in aqueous suspension have a limited shelf-life. Shelf-life is a function of a
variety of factors including temperature and microbial contamination of the suspension.
4.2 Clean dilution fluid, consisting of the test fluid used in ISO 16889 and an antistatic additive that
gives a conductivity of 2 500 pS/m ± 1 000 pS/m at room temperature. The fluid shall contain less than
0,5 % of the number of particles equal to or larger than the smallest particle size of interest expected to
be observed in the samples.
4.3 Clean aerosol OT dilution fluid, to determine sensor resolution in Annex D (the clean dilution
fluid specified in 4.2 is used for all other operations in this International Standard). It is prepared from
a concentrate made by adding 120 g of aerosol OT to each litre of clean dilution fluid (4.2). Heat the
concentrate to about 60 °C and stir until the aerosol OT has completely dissolved. Prepare the aerosol OT
dilution fluid by diluting the concentrate with clean dilution fluid (4.2) to a final concentration of 12 g
of aerosol OT per litre. The clean aerosol OT dilution fluid shall meet the same cleanliness levels as the
dilution fluid specified in 4.2.
CAUTION — Follow the precautions for safe handling and usage described in the materials safety
data sheet (available from the supplier of the aerosol OT).
Aerosol OT (dioctyl sulfosuccinate, sodium salt) is a waxy, hygroscopic solid. If it appears to be damp or
has absorbed water prior to use, dry it first for at least 18 h at about 150 °C.
4.4 NIST standard reference material 2806x (SRM 2806x) primary calibration suspension,
where x is the letter used by NIST to designate the batch number of the certified primary calibration
suspension, available from NIST. Primary calibrations shall use SRM 2806.
NOTE ISO/TR 16144 describes the procedures used to certify the standard reference material SRM 2806.
4.5 NIST reference material 8631 (RM 8631) dust, prepared by drying the dust for at least 18 h at a
temperature between 110 °C and 150 °C, required if secondary calibration is to be performed (see 6.1).
4.6 ISO medium test dust (MTD) in accordance with ISO 12103-1, dried for at least 18 h at a
temperature between 110 °C and 150 °C before use.
4.7 NIST reference material 8632 (RM 8632) dust, prepared by drying the dust for at least 18 h a
temperature between 110 °C and 150 °C before use, if required for determination of coincidence error
limit or in Annexes B, C and E.
NOTE The reference materials specified in 4.4, 4.5, 4.6 and 4.7 are created using “living” documents that
may change as new batches are produced. Users of this International Standard are advised to ensure that they
are using the latest batch available.
4.8 Automatic particle counter (APC) for liquids, with bottle sampler.
4.9 Clean sample containers, with closures (appropriate bottle caps, for example), and volumetric
glassware of at least class B. The cleanliness levels of the sample containers, closures and glassware
shall be less than 0,5 % of the number of particles (larger than the smallest particle size of interest)
expected to be observed in the samples. The cleanliness levels shall be confirmed by ISO 3722.
4.10 Mechanical shaker, such as a paint or laboratory shaker, suitable for dispersing suspensions.
2 2
4.11 Ultrasonic cleaner, with a power density of 3 000 W/m to 10 000 W/m of bottom area.
4.12 Linear-linear graph paper or computer software for generating graphics.
4.13 Log-log graph paper or computer software for generating graphics.
4.14 Analytical or electronic balance with the following minimum specifications:
a) readability: 0,05 mg;
b) accuracy (agreement with true mass): ±0,05 mg;
c) precision (repeatability): ±0,05 mg;
d) front or side doors and a covered top to eliminate the effect of air currents.
5 Sequence of APC calibration procedures
5.1 See Figure 1 for a recommended sequence of steps to be followed when performing a full
calibration on a new APC. Conduct the procedures of this clause when a new APC is received or following
the repair or readjustment of an APC or sensor (see Table 1). Proceed to Clause 6 if neither the APC
nor the sensor has been repaired or readjusted, if no detectable change in the operating characteristics
has occurred since the last sizing calibration was performed, or if the APC has been subjected to the
procedures in Annexes A, B, C, D, and E and the results have been documented. The specific order of
Annexes and Clauses specified in Figure 1 and Table 1 are recommendations. The operator may follow a
different order, as long as all required parts are performed.
NOTE 1 Annexes A, B, C, and D can be performed by an individual laboratory or by the manufacturer of the
APC prior to delivery.
A change in the operating characteristics of the APC can be detected by several different methods,
including but not limited to the following:
a) using particle data from control samples collected over time and a statistical process control chart,
such as an individuals moving range (IMR) chart, to detect significant changes in calibration;
b) comparing calibration curves over time to detect a significant change in calibration;
c) returning the APC to its manufacturer for evaluation and assessment of the change in calibration;
d) analysing a primary or secondary calibration suspension in accordance with 6.2 and 6.3, then
comparing the resulting particle concentration data to the corresponding particle size distribution
for the sample. If the results agree within the limits for the maximum allowable D given in
Q
Table C.2, the ability of the APC to size and count particles has not been significantly affected. If the
results do not agree, a significant change has occurred and the operator is instructed to proceed as
indicated in Table 1;
e) analysing a primary or secondary calibration suspension and resulting data as described in item
d), then analysing an ISO UFTD sample prepared in accordance with Annex A, then comparing
the resulting particle concentration data with the limits given in Table A.1. If the results agree
within the limits given in Table A.1, the ability of the APC to size and count particles has not
been significantly affected. If the results do not agree with the limits of Table A.1, the APC has
experienced a significant change and the operator is instructed to proceed as indicated in Table 1.
NOTE 2 For the purposes of this subclause, repair or readjustment of an APC refers to service or repair
procedures that affect the ability of the APC to accurately size and count particles.
4 © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved
If the light source or any part of the optics is adjusted, repaired or replaced, the procedures of Clause 6
and Annexes A, B, D, and E shall be repeated.
If the sensor or counting electronics is adjusted, repaired or replaced, the procedures of Clause 6 and
Annexes A, B, C, D, and E shall be repeated.
If the volume measurement system is repaired, replaced or readjusted, the procedures of Annex A shall
be repeated.
It is not necessary to repeat these procedures following normal cleaning procedures, the attachment of
cables or peripheral equipment, the replacement of plumbing lines or connections, or following other
operations that do not involve disassembly of the APC, sensor or volume measurement system.
5.2 Perform the preliminary APC check, which includes volume accuracy, in accordance with Annex A.
5.3 Determine the coincidence error limits of the APC in accordance with Annex B.
5.4 Perform the sizing calibration procedure in accordance with Clause 6.
5.5 Determine the flow rate limits of the APC in accordance with Annex C.
5.6 Determine the APC resolution in accordance with Annex D.
5.7 Verify the particle-counting accuracy in accordance with Annex E.
5.8 In order to conform to the requirements of this International Standard, the APC shall include the
following:
a) be calibrated in accordance with 5.4;
b) meet the volume accuracy, resolution and sensor performance specifications determined in 5.2, 5.6
and 5.7;
c) be operated using the calibration curve determined in 5.4 within the coincidence error and flow
rate limits determined in 5.3 and 5.5.
Figure 1 — Sequence of APC calibration procedures
6 © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved
Table 1 — Schedule of APC calibration procedures
Relevant Clause and Annexes of this International Standard
Clause 6 Annex A Annex B Annex C Annex D Annex E
a
APC status
Sizing Preliminary Coincidence Flow rate Resolution Accuracy
calibration APC check error limits limits
procedure
New APC or existing APC not
calibrated to this x x x x x x
International Standard
Last calibration was more
x — — — — —
than 6 m to 12 m ago
Suspicion that calibration has
x — — — — —
changed significantly
Optics (including light source)
x x x — x x
repaired or readjusted
Sensor or counting
electronics repaired or x x x x x x
readjusted
Volume measurement
components (e.g. flowme-
— x — — — —
ter, burette, level detectors)
repaired or readjusted
Sensor cleaned No action necessary
Cables or peripheral
No action necessary
equipment attached
Plumbing lines and
No action necessary
connections replaced
Operation performed that
does not involve disassembly
No action necessary
of APC, sensor or volume
measurement system
a
Repair or readjustment refers only to service or repair procedures that affect the ability of the APC to accurately size
and count particles. In order to verify the ability of an APC to accurately size and count particles, analyse a primary or
secondary calibration suspension in accordance with 6.2 and 6.3, then compare the resulting particle concentration data
to the corresponding particle size distribution for the sample. If the results agree within the limits given for the maximum
allowable D in Table C.2, the ability of the APC to size and count particles has not been significantly affected. If the results
Q
do not agree, proceed as indicated in this table.
6 Sizing calibration procedure
6.1 Refer to Figure 2 for a flow chart describing the sizing calibration procedure. Conduct the sizing
calibration every three to six months, when a new APC is received, or after the repair or readjustment
of an APC or sensor. For primary calibrations, use NIST calibration suspensions (see 4.4). For secondary
calibrations, use calibration suspensions prepared in accordance with Annex F.
Figure 2 — Sizing calibration procedure
After a suitable calibration history for an APC and sensor has been developed, the frequency of
calibration can gradually decrease, but the time interval between successive calibrations shall not
exceed one year.
All phases of the calibration shall be conducted at the same flow rate. The flow rate limits of the APC are
determined in Annex C. Any data obtained at flow rates outside these limits shall be discarded and the
corresponding part of the procedure repeated using the proper flow rate.
Conduct the sizing calibration using the same sample volume used in 5.2. If a different volume is used, the
procedure in 5.2 shall be repeated using the new sample volume to avoid volume measurement errors.
8 © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved
It is recommended that the threshold noise level of the APC be determined using the method in A.2
before proceeding to 6.2. If the threshold noise level has changed by more than 30 % since the last time
it was determined, this can be an indication that the calibration of the APC has changed and the APC is
in need of repair. Failure to check the threshold noise level before proceeding to 6.2 can result in lost
time spent trying to calibrate a defective APC and invalidation of particle count data.
6.2 Set the APC to the cumulative mode and, using at least six different channels, set the threshold
voltage as follows:
a) the lowest threshold setting shall be at least 1,5 times the threshold noise level of the APC, this
determines the minimum detectable particle size;
b) the highest threshold setting is limited by the working-voltage range of the APC (consult the
APC manufacturer to determine this), the particle size distribution and the volume of the
calibration sample;
c) intermediate threshold settings shall be chosen to cover the size range of interest.
Prepare a calibration suspension sample for analysis. Shake the sample vigorously by hand. Agitate
the sample ultrasonically for at least 30 s and then shake it on a mechanical shaker for at least 1 min to
disperse the dust in the liquid. Continue shaking the sample until it is to be analysed.
The procedure described in 6.2 to 6.8 assumes manual calibration of an APC with a small number of
threshold settings. Alternatively, calibration can be performed using a multichannel analyser (MCA)
or software that follows the same procedure. If an MCA is used, it is essential that the relationship
between the measured voltage of the MCA and the APC threshold setting be first established. In general,
software and MCA methods tend to be faster and more accurate than manual methods.
6.3 Degas the sample under vacuum or ultrasonically until the bubbles rise to the surface and gently
turn the sample bottle over at least five times, taking care not to introduce air bubbles into the liquid.
Obtain at least five consecutive particle counts, each consisting of at least 10 mL and 10 000 particles at
the smallest threshold setting.
Calculate the total number, N, of particles counted for each channel using Formula (1):
NX= 5 V (1)
where
X is the mean particle concentration, in particles per millilitre, for the five counts for a particu-
lar channel;
V is the sample volume, in millilitres, for a single count.
The value of N shall be greater than or equal to 1 000 in order to ensure statistically significant results
for that particular channel.
Calculate D , which is the difference expressed as a percentage between the minimum, X , and
Q min
maximum, X , observed particle count for each channel, using Formula (2):
max
− X
X
max
min
= ×100 (2)
D
Q
X
Record in Table 2, the threshold voltage setting, particle concentration data, X , and D for each channel.
Q
Using Table C.2, find the maximum allowable difference expressed as a percentage corresponding to
the value of X for each channel. If the value of D is less than the maximum, then the value of X for
Q
that channel is acceptable for use. If there are at least six channels with acceptable data, proceed to 6.4.
If not, examine the results of any unacceptable channels as specified in the following.
Calculate D using Formula (3):
XX−
maxmin
D = (3)
XX−
0 N
where
X is the observed particle count of the suspected outlier (either X or X );
0 max min
X is the observed particle count closest in value to X .
N 0
If D for a particular channel is less than 1,44, discard the related outlier data point, X , recalculate X
0 0
using the remaining four data points, and use the recalculated value of X for calibration purposes. If D
for a particular channel is greater than 1,44, data from this channel are not acceptable and shall be
discarded. If there are at least six channels of acceptable data (using the D and D criteria), proceed to
Q 0
6.4. If not, take appropriate corrective action and repeat 6.1 to 6.3.
If N is less than 1 000 for any channel, the data for that channel shall not be used. If sufficient numbers of
particles counted is the only quality criterion that is not met, change the threshold settings to correspond
to particle sizes that yield sufficient counts, or repeat 6.1 to 6.3 using a larger sample volume.
Primary and secondary calibration samples shall not be collected and reused.
NOTE Other failures to meet the quality criteria can arise from a number of sources, including contaminated
dilution fluid or glassware, volumetric errors, calculation errors, operating too close to the threshold noise level
of the APC, or bubbles in the samples. Flow rate variability due to counting while the sample chamber is being
pressurized or due to other sources also leads to problems. Particle settling can occur. If excessively high stirring
rates are used, particles can be centrifuged out or bubbles can be introduced.
10 © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved
Table 2 — APC particle sizing calibration worksheet (see 6.3, 6.8 and A.9)
APC Model Date
Serial number Operator
Sensor type Model Calibration sample
Serial number Lot number
Noise level Flow rate mL/min Concentration
First calibration suspension Calibration suspension identification number
Threshold setting
Count 1
Count 2
Count 3
Count 4
Count 5
X (particles/mL)
D
Q
Second calibration suspension Calibration suspension identification number
Threshold setting
Count 1
Count 2
Count 3
Count 4
Count 5
X (particles/mL)
D
Q
Third calibration suspension Calibration suspension identification number
Threshold setting
Count 1
Count 2
Count 3
Count 4
Count 5
X (particles/mL)
D
Q
6.4 Plot the particle concentrations (in particles larger than the indicated size per millilitre) versus to
the corresponding threshold settings, in millivolts, on a log -log graph using only the acceptable data
10 10
points (as determined in 6.3). Use appropriate statistical regression techniques to define the relationship
between concentration and threshold setting.
6.5 Determine the expected particle concentrations for at least six different particle sizes using
the appropriate particle size distribution data for the calibration samples. Using the mathematical
relationship determined in 6.4, determine the threshold setting expected to yield these concentrations.
Do not extrapolate to sizes outside the range given in the particle size distribution data. If any of
the threshold settings are less than 1,5 times the threshold noise level of the APC, choose particle
concentration data for a larger size that yields an acceptable threshold setting. Set the threshold settings
of the APC to these values.
NOTE Throughout this International Standard, reference to size distribution data refers either to particle
size, concentration and standard deviation tables available for NIST calibration suspensions or to size,
concentration and standard deviation data obtained in Annex F for secondary calibration suspensions.
6.6 Repeat 6.1 to 6.5 using at least six different threshold voltage settings, but use all acceptable data
(as determined in 6.3) from both samples to determine the relationship between particle concentration
and threshold setting in 6.4 and 6.5.
6.7 Repeat 6.1 to 6.5 once more using at least six different threshold voltage settings, but use all
acceptable data (as determined in 6.3) from all three samples to determine the final relationship between
particle concentration and threshold setting.
6.8 Construct a calibration curve using the relationship between particle concentration and the
threshold setting determined in 6.7. Choose at least 18 different particle sizes from the appropriate
particle size distribution data. Choose only particle sizes that fall within the size range actually observed
in 6.3 to 6.7. Record in Table 3 these 18 sizes in units of µm(c) and µm(b) and the corresponding
concentrations and threshold settings (determined using the concentration versus threshold setting plot
constructed in 6.7), where µm(c) refers to particle sizes obtained using primary or secondary calibration
samples traceable to NIST SRM 2806 or NIST SRM 2806a, and µm(b) refers to particle sizes obtained
using primary or secondary calibration samples traceable to NIST SRM 2806b. Particle sizes in units of
µm(c) and µm(b) are mathematically related by Formula (4):
dd=0,898 (4)
cb
where d is the particle size given in units of µm(c) and d is the particle size given in units of µm(b).
c b
Use this formula to convert µm(b) sizes to µm(c) sizes for sizes smaller than or equal to 38 µm(b) when
NIST SRM 2806b traceable calibration samples are used. For sizes greater than 38 µm(b), the particle
sizes given in µm(b) and µm(c) are numerically equivalent. Plot the corresponding threshold settings
versus particle size. Use the statistical regression technique to define the calibration curve and for
interpolation. Do not extrapolate to sizes outside the size range used for calibration.
Some applications may require calibration at larger particle sizes than are reported in SRM 2806. To
calibrate APCs for counting particles larger than 50 µm(c), ISO 21501-3 should be used. In any case, the
user is cautioned that counting larger-sized particles is subject to many sources of error. Among the
most likely sources of error are: a) the settling of large particles during all phases of sample collection,
handling and analysis, and b) the inherently poor particle-counting statistics resulting from the
typically low concentrations of large particles in hydraulic fluid samples.
ISO 21501-3 is a particle size calibration method that uses monodispersed polystyrene latex spheres. In
contrast, the calibration method described in this International Standard is a count calibration method
using a polydispersed test dust. Both methods determine the relationship between APC threshold
voltage and particle size. A particle size calibration method, such as ISO 21501-3 can be used for
particles larger than 50 µm(c) because the NIST particle size distribution used in this International
Standard is also based on the projected area diameter of the particles. The signal detected by APCs for
particles larger than 50 µm(c) is not strongly dependent on the refractive index of either the particle or
the liquid.
If a calibration method based on a polystyrene latex sphere suspension is used, the polystyrene
latex spheres shall have a size traceable to national or international standards and have a coefficient
[11]
of variation of less than 5 %. The polystyrene latex spheres shall be suspended in MIL-PRF-5606
hydraulic fluid using the procedure described in Annex D (if the particles are supplied in aqueous
[11]
suspension), or mixed directly into MIL-PRF-5606 using ultrasound to disperse the particles (if the
particles are supplied dry).
12 © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved
Table 3 — APC calibration summary
APC Model Date
Serial number Operator
Sensor Model
Serial number
Noise level Sample volume mL Flow rate mL/min
C % Flow rate limits mL/min
V,vol
Coincidence error limit particles/mL
s µm R %
R R
s µm R %
L L
d µm R %
Sizing calibration
Calibration sample Lot number
Size Threshold setting Observed particle concentration
µm(c) µm(b) mV Particles/mL
Verification of particle-counting accuracy
Size Expected particle concentration Observed particle concentration
µm(c) µm(b) Particles/mL Particles/mL
5 5,6
10 11,1
7 Data presentation
7.1 Report all particle sizes obtained using an APC calibrated in accordance with this International
Standard, in one of the following ways:
a) as “µm” or “micrometres”, with the following statement: “The sizes quoted in this document were
obtained using an APC calibrated in accordance with ISO 11171 and calibration samples traceable
to NIST SRM 2806x” where “x” is the NIST SRM 2806 batch identification letter of the primary
calibration samples used to establish traceability for the APC calibration;
b) as “µm(c)”, where the sizes were obtained through the use of an APC calibrated in accordance with
ISO 11171 using calibration samples traceable to NIST SRM 2806 or SRM 2806a, or were obtained
through the use of an APC calibrated with ISO 11171 using calibration samples traceable to NIST
SRM 2806b and the resultant µm(b) sizes mathematically converted to µm(c) sizes using Formula 4;
c) as “µm(b)”, where the sizes were obtained through the use of an APC calibrated in accordance with
ISO 11171 using calibration samples traceable to NIST SRM 2806b.
7.2 Retain completed Tables 2, 3, B.1, C.1, and F.1 on file for inspection.
8 Identification statement
Use the following statement in test reports, catalogues and sales literature when electing to comply
with this International Standard:
“Calibration of liquid automatic particle counters conforms to ISO 11171, Hydraulic fluid power —
Calibration of automatic particle counters for liquids.”
14 © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved
Annex A
(normative)
Preliminary APC check
A.1 Figure A.1 is a flow chart of the preliminary APC check procedure. Conduct the preliminary APC
check when a new APC is received, or following the repair or readjustment of an APC or sensor.
Figure A.1 — Preliminary APC check procedure
A.2 Determine the threshold noise level of the APC under no-flow conditions with clean dilution
fluid (4.2) in the sensor. Ensure that the noise levels do not differ significantly for all the channels of
the APC. If significant differences occur, readjust the APC. Record the APC and sensor model and serial
number, the date and the threshold noise level of the first channel in Tables 2, 3, B.1, C.1 and F.1.
For APCs that use pulse height analysers (as opposed to comparator circuits), determine only the first-
channel threshold noise level. Contact the APC manufacturer in order to determine the type of APC
being used (pulse height analyser or comparator circuit type).
NOTE The APC manufacturer can provide guidance on how to determine the threshold noise level
described in A.2.
A.3 Determine the sample volume actually counted during a particle-counting run using a method with
traceability to a national or international standard. Record this value in Table 3 and use it to calculate
particle concentrations in all subsequent work.
NOTE Contact the APC manufacturer in order to determine an appropriate method of determining the
sample volume.
A.4 Prepare an RM 8632 concentrate of about 100 mg/l as follows:
a) accurately weigh out the required amount of dry RM 8632 (±0,1 mg) and transfer it to a clean
sample bottle;
b) fill the bottle about three-quarters full with an accurately measured amount (±1 mL) of clean
dilution fluid.
Calculate the mass concentration of dust, γ , in milligrams per litre, in the concentrate using
A
Formula (A.1):
1000 m
γ = (A.1)
A
V
where
m is the mass, in milligrams, of RM 8632;
V is the volume, in millilitres, of clean dilution fluid.
The RM 8632 concentrate prepared in this annex is also used to determine the coincidence error limits
(Annex B) and flow rate limits (Annex C) of the APC, as well as to verify particle-counting accuracy
(Annex E). For this reason, special care shall be taken in determining the dust concentration of the
concentrate and to ensure that the concentrate is not contaminated. Failure to do so can cause an
otherwise suitable APC to be deemed unacceptable for use.
A.5 Cover the bottle with a clean closure and vigorously shake the concentrate by hand. Disperse the
RM 8632 concentrate ultrasonically for at least 30 s and then shake it on a mechanical shaker for at least
60 s to disperse the dust.
A.6 Calculate the amount of concentrate required to prepare a dilution that is about 25 % of the
concentration limit for the sensor recommended by the manufacturer. The number concentration
corresponding to a particular mass concentration can be estimated from Table A.1. Add accurately the
required amount of concentrate and clean dilution fluid to a clean sample container in order to obtain the
correct total volume of diluted RM 8632 suspension. Put a particle-free closure on the sample container.
16 © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved
Table A.1 — Particle size distribution for sensor performance verification (see A.6 and B.4)
Particle concentration (particles/mL greater than indicated
Particle size
size for a 1 mg/l sample of RM 8632) shall be
µm(c)
greater than or equal to less than or equal to
5 3 300 4 500
6 1 500 2 500
7 660 1 400
8 280 760
9 120 410
10 58 220
11 28 120
12 14 63
13 7,4 34
14 4,1 19
15 2,3 11
A.7 Set the APC to the cumulative mode. Set the lowest threshold setting of the APC to 1,5 times the
threshold noise level of the APC. Using clean dilution fluid, adjust the flow rate to the working flow rate.
Record the flow rate in Tables 2, 3, B.1, C.1, and F.1.
All of the procedures shall be conducted at the same flow rate. The flow rate limits of the APC are
determined in Annex C. Any data obtained at flow rates outside these limits shall be discarded and the
corresponding part of the procedure repeated using the proper flow rate.
A.8 Disperse the particles as described in A.5. Degas the diluted sample under vacuum or ultrasonically
until the bubbles rise to the surface. Obtain five consecutive particle counts of at least 10 000 particles
in the first channel for each measured sample volume. Calculate the coefficient of variation for volume
measurement, C , using Formula (A.2):
V,vol
N N
C C
2
NX − X
∑ ∑
C ii
i=1 i=1
C = (A.2)
V,vol
NN()−1
X
CC
where
N is the number of consecutive particle counts performed (i.e. five);
C
is the mean particle concentration, in particles per mill
...
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-julij-2021
Nadomešča:
SIST ISO 11171:2014
Fluidna tehnika - Hidravlika - Umerjanje naprav za avtomatsko štetje delcev v
tekočinah
Hydraulic fluid power -- Calibration of automatic particle counters for liquids
Transmissions hydrauliques -- Étalonnage des compteurs automatiques de particules en
suspension dans les liquides
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ISO 11171:2016
ICS:
17.120.01 Merjenje pretoka tekočin na Measurement of fluid flow in
splošno general
23.100.01 Hidravlični sistemi na splošno Fluid power systems in
general
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 11171
Third edition
2016-10-01
Hydraulic fluid power — Calibration of
automatic particle counters for liquids
Transmissions hydrauliques — Étalonnage des compteurs
automatiques de particules en suspension dans les liquides
Reference number
©
ISO 2016
© ISO 2016, Published in Switzerland
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior
written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of
the requester.
ISO copyright office
Ch. de Blandonnet 8 • CP 401
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, Switzerland
Tel. +41 22 749 01 11
Fax +41 22 749 09 47
copyright@iso.org
www.iso.org
ii © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Materials and equipment . 2
5 Sequence of APC calibration procedures . 4
6 Sizing calibration procedure . 7
7 Data presentation .13
8 Identification statement .14
Annex A (normative) Preliminary APC check .15
Annex B (normative) Coincidence error procedure .18
Annex C (normative) Flow rate limit determination .23
Annex D (normative) Resolution determination .27
Annex E (normative) Verification of particle-counting accuracy .32
Annex F (normative) Preparation and verification of bottles of secondary
calibration suspensions .35
Annex G (informative) APC calibration round robin .38
Annex H (informative) Sample calculations.43
Annex I (informative) Verification of particle size distribution of calibration samples .49
Bibliography .51
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity assessment,
as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the
Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 131, Fluid power systems, Subcommittee SC 6,
Contamination control.
This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition (ISO 11171:2010), of which it constitutes a
minor revision.
This edition includes the following significant changes with respect to the previous edition:
— 6.8: defining μm equation, Table 3 – revised to show μm(b) and μm(c) to be reported;
— 7.1: revised to show how to report μm(b) and μm(c).
iv © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved
Introduction
In hydraulic fluid power systems, power is transmitted and controlled through a liquid under pressure
within an enclosed circuit. The fluid is both a lubricant and a power-transmitting medium. Reliable
system performance requires control of the contaminants in the fluid. Qualitative and quantitative
determination of the particulate contaminants in the fluid medium requires precision in obtaining
the sample and in determining the contaminant particle size distribution and concentration. Liquid
automatic particle counters (APCs) are an accepted means of determining the concentration and size
distribution of the contaminant particles. Individual APC accuracy is established through calibration.
This International Standard establishes a recommended standard calibration procedure for
determining particle sizing and counting accuracy. The primary particle-sizing calibration is conducted
using NIST SRM 2806 suspensions with particle size distribution certified by the United States’ National
Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). A secondary calibration method with traceability to NIST
uses suspensions of ISO MTD which are independently analysed using an APC calibrated by the primary
method. Concentration limits are determined through the use of serial dilutions of a concentrated
suspension. Operation and performance limits are also established using this International Standard.
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 11171:2016(E)
Hydraulic fluid power — Calibration of automatic particle
counters for liquids
1 Scope
This International Standard specifies procedures for the following:
a) primary particle-sizing calibration, sensor resolution and counting performance of automatic
particle counters (APCs) for liquids capable of analysing bottle samples;
b) secondary particle-sizing calibration using suspensions verified with a primary calibrated APC;
c) establishing acceptable operation and performance limits;
d) verifying particle sensor performance using a truncated test dust;
e) determining coincidence and flow rate limits.
2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated
references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 3722, Hydraulic fluid power — Fluid sample containers — Qualifying and controlling cleaning methods
ISO 5598, Fluid power systems and components — Vocabulary
ISO 12103-1, Road vehicles — Test dust for filter evaluation — Part 1: Arizona test dust
ISO 16889, Hydraulic fluid power — Filters — Multi-pass method for evaluating filtration performance of
a filter element
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 5598 and the following apply.
3.1
automatic particle counter
APC
instrument that automatically counts and sizes individual particles suspended in a fluid, typically
relying on optical light scattering or light extinction principles of particle sizing
Note 1 to entry: An APC consists of, at a minimum, a particle sensor, a means for delivering a known volume of
sample to the sensor at a controlled rate, a signal processor, an analyser that compiles the sensor output for the
sizes of individual particles into particle size distribution and a means for outputting particle size distribution
results for the sample.
3.2
threshold noise level
minimum voltage setting of an automatic particle counter at which the observed pulse-counting frequency
does not exceed 60 counts/min due to electrical noise in the absence of flow in the sensing volume
3.3
sensing volume
portion of the illuminated region of the sensor through which the fluid stream passes and from which
the light is collected by the optical system
3.4
resolution
measure of the ability of an automatic particle counter to distinguish between particles of similar, but
different, sizes
3.5
coincidence error limit
highest concentration of NIST RM 8632 that can be counted with an automatic particle counter with an
error of less than 5 % resulting from the presence of more than one particle in the sensing volume at
one time
3.6
working flow rate
flow rate through the sensor used for sizing calibration and sample analysis
3.7
particle size
projected area equivalent diameter of particles as determined using scanning electron microscopy or
as determined using a calibrated liquid optical single particle automatic particle counter
Note 1 to entry: Unless otherwise stated, an APC used for particle size determination is calibrated in accordance
with this International Standard.
Note 2 to entry: NIST uses scanning electron microscopy to determine the projected area equivalent diameter of
particles in its reference materials.
3.8
particle size distribution
number concentration of particles, expressed as a function of particle size
3.9
primary calibration
sizing calibration conducted using NIST standard reference material 2806x
Note 1 to entry: The procedure is specified in Clause 6.
Note 2 to entry: For details of NIST standard reference material 2806x, see 4.4.
3.10
secondary calibration
sizing calibration conducted using calibration suspensions
Note 1 to entry: The procedure is specified in Clause 6 and the calibration suspensions are prepared in accordance
with Annex F.
4 Materials and equipment
4.1 Polystyrene latex spheres, nearly monodispersed in aqueous suspension. Polystyrene latex
spheres with a nominal diameter of 10 µm are required in Annex D for resolution determination and
polystyrene latex spheres with other nominal diameters larger than 50 µm are required in Clause 6, if
size calibration for particle sizes of 50 µm and larger is performed. In certain situations, it may also be
useful to use additional sphere sizes. Regardless, the coefficient of variation of each polystyrene latex
sphere size shall be less than 5 %. The supplier of the polystyrene latex spheres shall provide a certificate
2 © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved
of analysis with each batch, which indicates that the sphere particle size has been determined using
techniques with traceability to National or International Standards.
Once opened, suspensions of polystyrene latex spheres shall be used within three months unless the
size distribution and cleanliness of the suspension have been verified.
NOTE 1 The size distribution and cleanliness of polystyrene latex spheres can be verified using the method
described in D.13.
NOTE 2 Polystyrene latex spheres in aqueous suspension have a limited shelf-life. Shelf-life is a function of a
variety of factors including temperature and microbial contamination of the suspension.
4.2 Clean dilution fluid, consisting of the test fluid used in ISO 16889 and an antistatic additive that
gives a conductivity of 2 500 pS/m ± 1 000 pS/m at room temperature. The fluid shall contain less than
0,5 % of the number of particles equal to or larger than the smallest particle size of interest expected to
be observed in the samples.
4.3 Clean aerosol OT dilution fluid, to determine sensor resolution in Annex D (the clean dilution
fluid specified in 4.2 is used for all other operations in this International Standard). It is prepared from
a concentrate made by adding 120 g of aerosol OT to each litre of clean dilution fluid (4.2). Heat the
concentrate to about 60 °C and stir until the aerosol OT has completely dissolved. Prepare the aerosol OT
dilution fluid by diluting the concentrate with clean dilution fluid (4.2) to a final concentration of 12 g
of aerosol OT per litre. The clean aerosol OT dilution fluid shall meet the same cleanliness levels as the
dilution fluid specified in 4.2.
CAUTION — Follow the precautions for safe handling and usage described in the materials safety
data sheet (available from the supplier of the aerosol OT).
Aerosol OT (dioctyl sulfosuccinate, sodium salt) is a waxy, hygroscopic solid. If it appears to be damp or
has absorbed water prior to use, dry it first for at least 18 h at about 150 °C.
4.4 NIST standard reference material 2806x (SRM 2806x) primary calibration suspension,
where x is the letter used by NIST to designate the batch number of the certified primary calibration
suspension, available from NIST. Primary calibrations shall use SRM 2806.
NOTE ISO/TR 16144 describes the procedures used to certify the standard reference material SRM 2806.
4.5 NIST reference material 8631 (RM 8631) dust, prepared by drying the dust for at least 18 h at a
temperature between 110 °C and 150 °C, required if secondary calibration is to be performed (see 6.1).
4.6 ISO medium test dust (MTD) in accordance with ISO 12103-1, dried for at least 18 h at a
temperature between 110 °C and 150 °C before use.
4.7 NIST reference material 8632 (RM 8632) dust, prepared by drying the dust for at least 18 h a
temperature between 110 °C and 150 °C before use, if required for determination of coincidence error
limit or in Annexes B, C and E.
NOTE The reference materials specified in 4.4, 4.5, 4.6 and 4.7 are created using “living” documents that
may change as new batches are produced. Users of this International Standard are advised to ensure that they
are using the latest batch available.
4.8 Automatic particle counter (APC) for liquids, with bottle sampler.
4.9 Clean sample containers, with closures (appropriate bottle caps, for example), and volumetric
glassware of at least class B. The cleanliness levels of the sample containers, closures and glassware
shall be less than 0,5 % of the number of particles (larger than the smallest particle size of interest)
expected to be observed in the samples. The cleanliness levels shall be confirmed by ISO 3722.
4.10 Mechanical shaker, such as a paint or laboratory shaker, suitable for dispersing suspensions.
2 2
4.11 Ultrasonic cleaner, with a power density of 3 000 W/m to 10 000 W/m of bottom area.
4.12 Linear-linear graph paper or computer software for generating graphics.
4.13 Log-log graph paper or computer software for generating graphics.
4.14 Analytical or electronic balance with the following minimum specifications:
a) readability: 0,05 mg;
b) accuracy (agreement with true mass): ±0,05 mg;
c) precision (repeatability): ±0,05 mg;
d) front or side doors and a covered top to eliminate the effect of air currents.
5 Sequence of APC calibration procedures
5.1 See Figure 1 for a recommended sequence of steps to be followed when performing a full
calibration on a new APC. Conduct the procedures of this clause when a new APC is received or following
the repair or readjustment of an APC or sensor (see Table 1). Proceed to Clause 6 if neither the APC
nor the sensor has been repaired or readjusted, if no detectable change in the operating characteristics
has occurred since the last sizing calibration was performed, or if the APC has been subjected to the
procedures in Annexes A, B, C, D, and E and the results have been documented. The specific order of
Annexes and Clauses specified in Figure 1 and Table 1 are recommendations. The operator may follow a
different order, as long as all required parts are performed.
NOTE 1 Annexes A, B, C, and D can be performed by an individual laboratory or by the manufacturer of the
APC prior to delivery.
A change in the operating characteristics of the APC can be detected by several different methods,
including but not limited to the following:
a) using particle data from control samples collected over time and a statistical process control chart,
such as an individuals moving range (IMR) chart, to detect significant changes in calibration;
b) comparing calibration curves over time to detect a significant change in calibration;
c) returning the APC to its manufacturer for evaluation and assessment of the change in calibration;
d) analysing a primary or secondary calibration suspension in accordance with 6.2 and 6.3, then
comparing the resulting particle concentration data to the corresponding particle size distribution
for the sample. If the results agree within the limits for the maximum allowable D given in
Q
Table C.2, the ability of the APC to size and count particles has not been significantly affected. If the
results do not agree, a significant change has occurred and the operator is instructed to proceed as
indicated in Table 1;
e) analysing a primary or secondary calibration suspension and resulting data as described in item
d), then analysing an ISO UFTD sample prepared in accordance with Annex A, then comparing
the resulting particle concentration data with the limits given in Table A.1. If the results agree
within the limits given in Table A.1, the ability of the APC to size and count particles has not
been significantly affected. If the results do not agree with the limits of Table A.1, the APC has
experienced a significant change and the operator is instructed to proceed as indicated in Table 1.
NOTE 2 For the purposes of this subclause, repair or readjustment of an APC refers to service or repair
procedures that affect the ability of the APC to accurately size and count particles.
4 © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved
If the light source or any part of the optics is adjusted, repaired or replaced, the procedures of Clause 6
and Annexes A, B, D, and E shall be repeated.
If the sensor or counting electronics is adjusted, repaired or replaced, the procedures of Clause 6 and
Annexes A, B, C, D, and E shall be repeated.
If the volume measurement system is repaired, replaced or readjusted, the procedures of Annex A shall
be repeated.
It is not necessary to repeat these procedures following normal cleaning procedures, the attachment of
cables or peripheral equipment, the replacement of plumbing lines or connections, or following other
operations that do not involve disassembly of the APC, sensor or volume measurement system.
5.2 Perform the preliminary APC check, which includes volume accuracy, in accordance with Annex A.
5.3 Determine the coincidence error limits of the APC in accordance with Annex B.
5.4 Perform the sizing calibration procedure in accordance with Clause 6.
5.5 Determine the flow rate limits of the APC in accordance with Annex C.
5.6 Determine the APC resolution in accordance with Annex D.
5.7 Verify the particle-counting accuracy in accordance with Annex E.
5.8 In order to conform to the requirements of this International Standard, the APC shall include the
following:
a) be calibrated in accordance with 5.4;
b) meet the volume accuracy, resolution and sensor performance specifications determined in 5.2, 5.6
and 5.7;
c) be operated using the calibration curve determined in 5.4 within the coincidence error and flow
rate limits determined in 5.3 and 5.5.
Figure 1 — Sequence of APC calibration procedures
6 © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved
Table 1 — Schedule of APC calibration procedures
Relevant Clause and Annexes of this International Standard
Clause 6 Annex A Annex B Annex C Annex D Annex E
a
APC status
Sizing Preliminary Coincidence Flow rate Resolution Accuracy
calibration APC check error limits limits
procedure
New APC or existing APC not
calibrated to this x x x x x x
International Standard
Last calibration was more
x — — — — —
than 6 m to 12 m ago
Suspicion that calibration has
x — — — — —
changed significantly
Optics (including light source)
x x x — x x
repaired or readjusted
Sensor or counting
electronics repaired or x x x x x x
readjusted
Volume measurement
components (e.g. flowme-
— x — — — —
ter, burette, level detectors)
repaired or readjusted
Sensor cleaned No action necessary
Cables or peripheral
No action necessary
equipment attached
Plumbing lines and
No action necessary
connections replaced
Operation performed that
does not involve disassembly
No action necessary
of APC, sensor or volume
measurement system
a
Repair or readjustment refers only to service or repair procedures that affect the ability of the APC to accurately size
and count particles. In order to verify the ability of an APC to accurately size and count particles, analyse a primary or
secondary calibration suspension in accordance with 6.2 and 6.3, then compare the resulting particle concentration data
to the corresponding particle size distribution for the sample. If the results agree within the limits given for the maximum
allowable D in Table C.2, the ability of the APC to size and count particles has not been significantly affected. If the results
Q
do not agree, proceed as indicated in this table.
6 Sizing calibration procedure
6.1 Refer to Figure 2 for a flow chart describing the sizing calibration procedure. Conduct the sizing
calibration every three to six months, when a new APC is received, or after the repair or readjustment
of an APC or sensor. For primary calibrations, use NIST calibration suspensions (see 4.4). For secondary
calibrations, use calibration suspensions prepared in accordance with Annex F.
Figure 2 — Sizing calibration procedure
After a suitable calibration history for an APC and sensor has been developed, the frequency of
calibration can gradually decrease, but the time interval between successive calibrations shall not
exceed one year.
All phases of the calibration shall be conducted at the same flow rate. The flow rate limits of the APC are
determined in Annex C. Any data obtained at flow rates outside these limits shall be discarded and the
corresponding part of the procedure repeated using the proper flow rate.
Conduct the sizing calibration using the same sample volume used in 5.2. If a different volume is used, the
procedure in 5.2 shall be repeated using the new sample volume to avoid volume measurement errors.
8 © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved
It is recommended that the threshold noise level of the APC be determined using the method in A.2
before proceeding to 6.2. If the threshold noise level has changed by more than 30 % since the last time
it was determined, this can be an indication that the calibration of the APC has changed and the APC is
in need of repair. Failure to check the threshold noise level before proceeding to 6.2 can result in lost
time spent trying to calibrate a defective APC and invalidation of particle count data.
6.2 Set the APC to the cumulative mode and, using at least six different channels, set the threshold
voltage as follows:
a) the lowest threshold setting shall be at least 1,5 times the threshold noise level of the APC, this
determines the minimum detectable particle size;
b) the highest threshold setting is limited by the working-voltage range of the APC (consult the
APC manufacturer to determine this), the particle size distribution and the volume of the
calibration sample;
c) intermediate threshold settings shall be chosen to cover the size range of interest.
Prepare a calibration suspension sample for analysis. Shake the sample vigorously by hand. Agitate
the sample ultrasonically for at least 30 s and then shake it on a mechanical shaker for at least 1 min to
disperse the dust in the liquid. Continue shaking the sample until it is to be analysed.
The procedure described in 6.2 to 6.8 assumes manual calibration of an APC with a small number of
threshold settings. Alternatively, calibration can be performed using a multichannel analyser (MCA)
or software that follows the same procedure. If an MCA is used, it is essential that the relationship
between the measured voltage of the MCA and the APC threshold setting be first established. In general,
software and MCA methods tend to be faster and more accurate than manual methods.
6.3 Degas the sample under vacuum or ultrasonically until the bubbles rise to the surface and gently
turn the sample bottle over at least five times, taking care not to introduce air bubbles into the liquid.
Obtain at least five consecutive particle counts, each consisting of at least 10 mL and 10 000 particles at
the smallest threshold setting.
Calculate the total number, N, of particles counted for each channel using Formula (1):
NX= 5 V (1)
where
X is the mean particle concentration, in particles per millilitre, for the five counts for a particu-
lar channel;
V is the sample volume, in millilitres, for a single count.
The value of N shall be greater than or equal to 1 000 in order to ensure statistically significant results
for that particular channel.
Calculate D , which is the difference expressed as a percentage between the minimum, X , and
Q min
maximum, X , observed particle count for each channel, using Formula (2):
max
− X
X
max
min
= ×100 (2)
D
Q
X
Record in Table 2, the threshold voltage setting, particle concentration data, X , and D for each channel.
Q
Using Table C.2, find the maximum allowable difference expressed as a percentage corresponding to
the value of X for each channel. If the value of D is less than the maximum, then the value of X for
Q
that channel is acceptable for use. If there are at least six channels with acceptable data, proceed to 6.4.
If not, examine the results of any unacceptable channels as specified in the following.
Calculate D using Formula (3):
XX−
maxmin
D = (3)
XX−
0 N
where
X is the observed particle count of the suspected outlier (either X or X );
0 max min
X is the observed particle count closest in value to X .
N 0
If D for a particular channel is less than 1,44, discard the related outlier data point, X , recalculate X
0 0
using the remaining four data points, and use the recalculated value of X for calibration purposes. If D
for a particular channel is greater than 1,44, data from this channel are not acceptable and shall be
discarded. If there are at least six channels of acceptable data (using the D and D criteria), proceed to
Q 0
6.4. If not, take appropriate corrective action and repeat 6.1 to 6.3.
If N is less than 1 000 for any channel, the data for that channel shall not be used. If sufficient numbers of
particles counted is the only quality criterion that is not met, change the threshold settings to correspond
to particle sizes that yield sufficient counts, or repeat 6.1 to 6.3 using a larger sample volume.
Primary and secondary calibration samples shall not be collected and reused.
NOTE Other failures to meet the quality criteria can arise from a number of sources, including contaminated
dilution fluid or glassware, volumetric errors, calculation errors, operating too close to the threshold noise level
of the APC, or bubbles in the samples. Flow rate variability due to counting while the sample chamber is being
pressurized or due to other sources also leads to problems. Particle settling can occur. If excessively high stirring
rates are used, particles can be centrifuged out or bubbles can be introduced.
10 © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved
Table 2 — APC particle sizing calibration worksheet (see 6.3, 6.8 and A.9)
APC Model Date
Serial number Operator
Sensor type Model Calibration sample
Serial number Lot number
Noise level Flow rate mL/min Concentration
First calibration suspension Calibration suspension identification number
Threshold setting
Count 1
Count 2
Count 3
Count 4
Count 5
X (particles/mL)
D
Q
Second calibration suspension Calibration suspension identification number
Threshold setting
Count 1
Count 2
Count 3
Count 4
Count 5
X (particles/mL)
D
Q
Third calibration suspension Calibration suspension identification number
Threshold setting
Count 1
Count 2
Count 3
Count 4
Count 5
X (particles/mL)
D
Q
6.4 Plot the particle concentrations (in particles larger than the indicated size per millilitre) versus to
the corresponding threshold settings, in millivolts, on a log -log graph using only the acceptable data
10 10
points (as determined in 6.3). Use appropriate statistical regression techniques to define the relationship
between concentration and threshold setting.
6.5 Determine the expected particle concentrations for at least six different particle sizes using
the appropriate particle size distribution data for the calibration samples. Using the mathematical
relationship determined in 6.4, determine the threshold setting expected to yield these concentrations.
Do not extrapolate to sizes outside the range given in the particle size distribution data. If any of
the threshold settings are less than 1,5 times the threshold noise level of the APC, choose particle
concentration data for a larger size that yields an acceptable threshold setting. Set the threshold settings
of the APC to these values.
NOTE Throughout this International Standard, reference to size distribution data refers either to particle
size, concentration and standard deviation tables available for NIST calibration suspensions or to size,
concentration and standard deviation data obtained in Annex F for secondary calibration suspensions.
6.6 Repeat 6.1 to 6.5 using at least six different threshold voltage settings, but use all acceptable data
(as determined in 6.3) from both samples to determine the relationship between particle concentration
and threshold setting in 6.4 and 6.5.
6.7 Repeat 6.1 to 6.5 once more using at least six different threshold voltage settings, but use all
acceptable data (as determined in 6.3) from all three samples to determine the final relationship between
particle concentration and threshold setting.
6.8 Construct a calibration curve using the relationship between particle concentration and the
threshold setting determined in 6.7. Choose at least 18 different particle sizes from the appropriate
particle size distribution data. Choose only particle sizes that fall within the size range actually observed
in 6.3 to 6.7. Record in Table 3 these 18 sizes in units of µm(c) and µm(b) and the corresponding
concentrations and threshold settings (determined using the concentration versus threshold setting plot
constructed in 6.7), where µm(c) refers to particle sizes obtained using primary or secondary calibration
samples traceable to NIST SRM 2806 or NIST SRM 2806a, and µm(b) refers to particle sizes obtained
using primary or secondary calibration samples traceable to NIST SRM 2806b. Particle sizes in units of
µm(c) and µm(b) are mathematically related by Formula (4):
dd=0,898 (4)
cb
where d is the particle size given in units of µm(c) and d is the particle size given in units of µm(b).
c b
Use this formula to convert µm(b) sizes to µm(c) sizes for sizes smaller than or equal to 38 µm(b) when
NIST SRM 2806b traceable calibration samples are used. For sizes greater than 38 µm(b), the particle
sizes given in µm(b) and µm(c) are numerically equivalent. Plot the corresponding threshold settings
versus particle size. Use the statistical regression technique to define the calibration curve and for
interpolation. Do not extrapolate to sizes outside the size range used for calibration.
Some applications may require calibration at larger particle sizes than are reported in SRM 2806. To
calibrate APCs for counting particles larger than 50 µm(c), ISO 21501-3 should be used. In any case, the
user is cautioned that counting larger-sized particles is subject to many sources of error. Among the
most likely sources of error are: a) the settling of large particles during all phases of sample collection,
handling and analysis, and b) the inherently poor particle-counting statistics resulting from the
typically low concentrations of large particles in hydraulic fluid samples.
ISO 21501-3 is a particle size calibration method that uses monodispersed polystyrene latex spheres. In
contrast, the calibration method described in this International Standard is a count calibration method
using a polydispersed test dust. Both methods determine the relationship between APC threshold
voltage and particle size. A particle size calibration method, such as ISO 21501-3 can be used for
particles larger than 50 µm(c) because the NIST particle size distribution used in this International
Standard is also based on the projected area diameter of the particles. The signal detected by APCs for
particles larger than 50 µm(c) is not strongly dependent on the refractive index of either the particle or
the liquid.
If a calibration method based on a polystyrene latex sphere suspension is used, the polystyrene
latex spheres shall have a size traceable to national or international standards and have a coefficient
[11]
of variation of less than 5 %. The polystyrene latex spheres shall be suspended in MIL-PRF-5606
hydraulic fluid using the procedure described in Annex D (if the particles are supplied in aqueous
[11]
suspension), or mixed directly into MIL-PRF-5606 using ultrasound to disperse the particles (if the
particles are supplied dry).
12 © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved
Table 3 — APC calibration summary
APC Model Date
Serial number Operator
Sensor Model
Serial number
Noise level Sample volume mL Flow rate mL/min
C % Flow rate limits mL/min
V,vol
Coincidence error limit particles/mL
s µm R %
R R
s µm R %
L L
d µm R %
Sizing calibration
Calibration sample Lot number
Size Threshold setting Observed particle concentration
µm(c) µm(b) mV Particles/mL
Verification of particle-counting accuracy
Size Expected particle concentration Observed particle concentration
µm(c) µm(b) Particles/mL Particles/mL
5 5,6
10 11,1
7 Data presentation
7.1 Report all particle sizes obtained using an APC calibrated in accordance with this International
Standard, in one of the following ways:
a) as “µm” or “micrometres”, with the following statement: “The sizes quoted in this document were
obtained using an APC calibrated in accordance with ISO 11171 and calibration samples traceable
to NIST SRM 2806x” where “x” is the NIST SRM 2806 batch identification letter of the primary
calibration samples used to establish traceability for the APC calibration;
b) as “µm(c)”, where the sizes were obtained through the use of an APC calibrated in accordance with
ISO 11171 using calibration samples traceable to NIST SRM 2806 or SRM 2806a, or were obtained
through the use of an APC calibrated with ISO 11171 using calibration samples traceable to NIST
SRM 2806b and the resultant µm(b) sizes mathematically converted to µm(c) sizes using Formula 4;
c) as “µm(b)”, where the sizes were obtained through the use of an APC calibrated in accordance with
ISO 11171 using calibration samples traceable to NIST SRM 2806b.
7.2 Retain completed Tables 2, 3, B.1, C.1, and F.1 on file for inspection.
8 Identification statement
Use the following statement in test reports, catalogues and sales literature when electing to comply
with this International Standard:
“Calibration of liquid automatic particle counters conforms to ISO 11171, Hydraulic fluid power —
Calibration of automatic particle counters for liquids.”
14 © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved
Annex A
(normative)
Preliminary APC check
A.1 Figure A.1 is a flow chart of the preliminary APC check procedure. Conduct the preliminary APC
check when a new APC is received, or following the repair or readjustment of an APC or sensor.
Figure A.1 — Preliminary APC check procedure
A.2 Determine the threshold noise level of the APC under no-flow conditions with clean dilution
fluid (4.2) in the sensor. Ensure that the noise levels do not differ significantly for all the channels of
the APC. If significant differences occur, readjust the APC. Record the APC and sensor model and serial
number, the date and the threshold noise level of the first channel in Tables 2, 3, B.1, C.1 and F.1.
For APCs that use pulse height analysers (as opposed to comparator circuits), determine only the first-
channel threshold noise level. Contact the APC manufacturer in order to determine the type of APC
being used (pulse height analyser or comparator circuit type).
NOTE The APC manufacturer can provide guidance on how to determine the threshold noise level
described in A.2.
A.3 Determine the sample volume actually counted during a particle-counting run using a method with
traceability to a national or international standard. Record this value in Table 3 and use it to calculate
particle concentrations in all subsequent work.
NOTE Contact the APC manufacturer in order to determine an appropriate method of determining the
sample volume.
A.4 Prepare an RM 8632 concentrate of about 100 mg/l as follows:
a) accurately weigh out the required amount of dry RM 8632 (±0,1 mg) and transfer it to a clean
sample bottle;
b) fill the bottle about three-quarters full with an accurately measured amount (±1 mL) of clean
dilution fluid.
Calculate the mass concentration of dust, γ , in milligrams per litre, in the concentrate using
A
Formula (A.1):
1000 m
γ = (A.1)
A
V
where
m is the mass, in milligrams, of RM 8632;
V is the volume, in millilitres, of clean dilution fluid.
The RM 8632 concentrate prepared in this annex is also used to determine the coincidence error limits
(Annex B) and flow rate limits (Annex C) of the APC, as well as to verify particle-counting accuracy
(Annex E). For this reason, special care shall be taken in determining the dust concentration of the
concentrate and to ensure that the concentrate is not contaminated. Failure to do so can cause an
otherwise suitable APC to be deemed unacceptable for use.
A.5 Cover the bottle with a clean closure and vigorously shake the concentrate by hand. Disperse the
RM 8632 concentrate ultrasonically for at least 30 s and then shake it on a mechanical shaker for at least
60 s to disperse the dust.
A.6 Calculate the amount of concentrate required to prepare a dilution that is about 25 % of the
concentration limit for the sensor recommended by the manufacturer. The number concentration
corresponding to a particular mass concentration can be estimated from Table A.1. Add accurately the
required amount of concentrate and clean dilution fluid to a clean sample container in order to obtain the
correct total volume of diluted RM 8632 suspension. Put a particle-free closure on the sample container.
16 © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved
Table A.1 — Particle size distribution for sensor performance verification (see A.6 and B.4)
Particle concentration (particles/mL greater than
...
NORME ISO
INTERNATIONALE 11171
Troisième édition
2016-10-01
Transmissions hydrauliques —
Étalonnage des compteurs
automatiques de particules en
suspension dans les liquides
Hydraulic fluid power — Calibration of automatic particle counters
for liquids
Numéro de référence
©
ISO 2016
DOCUMENT PROTÉGÉ PAR COPYRIGHT
© ISO 2016, Publié en Suisse
Droits de reproduction réservés. Sauf indication contraire, aucune partie de cette publication ne peut être reproduite ni utilisée
sous quelque forme que ce soit et par aucun procédé, électronique ou mécanique, y compris la photocopie, l’affichage sur
l’internet ou sur un Intranet, sans autorisation écrite préalable. Les demandes d’autorisation peuvent être adressées à l’ISO à
l’adresse ci-après ou au comité membre de l’ISO dans le pays du demandeur.
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Tel. +41 22 749 01 11
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copyright@iso.org
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ii © ISO 2016 – Tous droits réservés
Sommaire Page
Avant-propos .iv
Introduction .v
1 Domaine d’application . 1
2 Références normatives . 1
3 Termes et définitions . 1
4 Matériaux et équipement . 2
5 Succession des opérations d’étalonnage des CAP . 4
6 Mode opératoire d’étalonnage dimensionnel . 7
7 Présentation des données .14
8 Phrase d’identification .14
Annexe A (normative) Contrôle préliminaire du CAP .15
Annexe B (normative) Mode opératoire de détermination de l’erreur de coïncidence.19
Annexe C (normative) Détermination des débits limites.24
Annexe D (normative) Détermination de la résolution .28
Annexe E (normative) Vérification de la précision du comptage de particules.34
Annexe F (normative) Préparation et vérification des flacons de suspensions
d’étalonnage secondaire .37
Annexe G (informative) Essai interlaboratoires d’étalonnage de CAP .40
Annexe H (informative) Exemples de calculs .46
Annexe I (informative) Vérification de la distribution granulométriquedes
suspensions d’étalonnage .52
Bibliographie .54
Avant-propos
L’ISO (Organisation internationale de normalisation) est une fédération mondiale d’organismes
nationaux de normalisation (comités membres de l’ISO). L’élaboration des Normes internationales est
en général confiée aux comités techniques de l’ISO. Chaque comité membre intéressé par une étude
a le droit de faire partie du comité technique créé à cet effet. Les organisations internationales,
gouvernementales et non gouvernementales, en liaison avec l’ISO participent également aux travaux.
L’ISO collabore étroitement avec la Commission électrotechnique internationale (IEC) en ce qui
concerne la normalisation électrotechnique.
Les procédures utilisées pour élaborer le présent document et celles destinées à sa mise à jour sont
décrites dans les Directives ISO/IEC, Partie 1. Il convient, en particulier de prendre note des différents
critères d’approbation requis pour les différents types de documents ISO. Le présent document a été
rédigé conformément aux règles de rédaction données dans les Directives ISO/IEC, Partie 2 (voir www.
iso.org/directives).
L’attention est appelée sur le fait que certains des éléments du présent document peuvent faire l’objet de
droits de propriété intellectuelle ou de droits analogues. L’ISO ne saurait être tenue pour responsable
de ne pas avoir identifié de tels droits de propriété et averti de leur existence. Les détails concernant
les références aux droits de propriété intellectuelle ou autres droits analogues identifiés lors de
l’élaboration du document sont indiqués dans l’Introduction et/ou dans la liste des déclarations de
brevets reçues par l’ISO (voir www.iso.org/brevets).
Les appellations commerciales éventuellement mentionnées dans le présent document sont données
pour information, par souci de commodité, à l’intention des utilisateurs et ne sauraient constituer un
engagement.
Pour une explication de la signification des termes et expressions spécifiques de l’ISO liés à l’évaluation
de la conformité, ou pour toute information au sujet de l’adhésion de l’ISO aux principes de l’Organisation
mondiale du commerce (OMC) concernant les obstacles techniques au commerce (OTC), voir le lien
suivant: www.iso.org/iso/fr/foreword.html.
L’ISO 11171 a été élaborée par le comité technique ISO/TC 131, Transmissions hydrauliques et
pneumatiques, sous-comité SC 6, Contrôle de la contamination.
Cette troisième édition annule et remplace la deuxième édition (ISO 11171:2010), qui a fait l’objet d’une
révision mineure.
La présente édition inclut les principales modifications suivantes par rapport à l’édition précédente:
— En 6.8: définition de l’équation de la taille des particules (µm), Tableau 3 – révisé pour représenter
les µm(b) et µm(c) à consigner.
— 7.1: révisé pour représenter la façon de consigner µm(b) et µm(c).
iv © ISO 2016 – Tous droits réservés
Introduction
Dans les systèmes de transmissions hydrauliques, l’énergie est transmise et commandée par
l’intermédiaire d’un liquide sous pression circulant en circuit fermé. Ce fluide est à la fois un lubrifiant
et un milieu de transmission de l’énergie. La fiabilité de fonctionnement d’un système exige un contrôle
des contaminants présents dans le fluide. La quantification et la qualification des contaminants
particulaires d’un échantillon de fluide requièrent que son prélèvement et la mesure de la distribution
granulométrique et de la concentration des contaminants soient réalisés avec soin et précision.
Les compteurs automatiques de particules (CAP) en suspension dans les liquides sont des moyens
reconnus de détermination de la concentration et de la distribution granulométrique des contaminants
particulaires. La précision de chaque CAP est établie par étalonnage.
La présente Norme internationale définit un mode opératoire d’étalonnage normalisé recommandé
permettant de déterminer la précision de l’analyse granulométrique et du comptage de particules.
L’étalonnage dimensionnel primaire est réalisé avec des suspensions NIST SRM 2806 ayant une
distribution granulométrique certifiée par le National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
des États-Unis. Une méthode d’étalonnage secondaire, assurant la traçabilité au NIST, utilise des
suspensions d’ISO MTD qui sont soumises à une analyse séparée au moyen d’un CAP étalonné selon
la méthode primaire. Les concentrations limites sont déterminées en effectuant une série de dilutions
d’une suspension concentrée. Les limites de fonctionnement et de performances sont également établies
à l’aide de la présente Norme internationale.
NORME INTERNATIONALE ISO 11171:2016(F)
Transmissions hydrauliques — Étalonnage des compteurs
automatiques de particules en suspension dans les
liquides
1 Domaine d’application
La présente Norme internationale spécifie des modes opératoires portant sur les aspects suivants:
a) l’étalonnage dimensionnel primaire, la résolution des capteurs et les performances de comptage des
compteurs automatiques de particules (CAP) en suspension dans les liquides capables d’analyser
des échantillons en flacon;
b) l’étalonnage dimensionnel secondaire avec des suspensions vérifiées au moyen d’un CAP ayant fait
l’objet d’un étalonnage primaire;
c) l’établissement de limites acceptables de fonctionnement et de performances;
d) la vérification des performances du détecteur de particules en utilisant de la poudre d’essai
tronquée;
e) la détermination des limites de coïncidence et de débit.
2 Références normatives
Les documents ci-après, dans leur intégralité ou non, sont des références normatives indispensables à
l’application du présent document. Pour les références datées, seule l’édition citée s’applique. Pour les
références non datées, la dernière édition du document de référence s’applique (y compris les éventuels
amendements).
ISO 3722, Transmissions hydrauliques — Flacons de prélèvement — Homologation et contrôle des méthodes
de nettoyage.
ISO 5598, Transmissions hydrauliques et pneumatiques — Vocabulaire.
ISO 12103-1, Véhicules routiers — Poussière pour l’essai des filtres — Partie 1: Poussière d’essai d’Arizona.
ISO 16889, Transmissions hydrauliques — Filtres — Évaluation des performances par la méthode de
filtration en circuit fermé.
3 Termes et définitions
Pour les besoins du présent document, les termes et définitions donnés dans l’ISO 5598 ainsi que les
suivants s’appliquent.
3.1
compteur automatique de particules
CAP
instrument qui compte automatiquement et dimensionne les particules individuelles en suspension
dans un fluide, reposant généralement sur les principes de la diffusion ou de l’absorption de lumière
Note 1 à l’article: Un CAP est constitué, au minimum, d’un détecteur de particules, d’un dispositif permettant de
fournir un volume connu d’échantillon au capteur à un débit régulé, d’un processeur de signal, d’un analyseur qui
transforme les tailles des particules individuelles fournies par le capteur en une distribution granulométrique, et
d’un afficheur des résultats de distribution granulométrique de l’échantillon.
3.2
niveau de bruit de fond
réglage minimum de la tension du CAP pour lequel la fréquence observée de comptage des impulsions
ne dépasse pas 60 comptages/min du fait de parasites en l’absence de débit dans le volume de détection
3.3
volume de détection
partie de la zone éclairée du capteur traversée par le flux de fluide et d’où le système optique capte
la lumière
3.4
résolution
mesure de l’aptitude d’un CAP à différencier des particules de tailles similaires mais différentes
3.5
limite d’erreur de coïncidence
concentration maximale en NIST RM 8632 qu’un CAP peut compter avec moins de 5 % d’erreur due à la
présence simultanée de plusieurs particules dans le volume de détection
3.6
débit d’utilisation
débit traversant le capteur pendant l’étalonnage dimensionnel et l’analyse des échantillons
3.7
taille des particules
diamètre des particules de surface projetée équivalente, déterminé par microscopie électronique à
balayage ou déterminé avec un compteur optique étalonné de particules en suspension dans les liquides
Note 1 à l’article: Sauf indication contraire, un CAP utilisé pour déterminer la taille des particules est étalonné
conformément à la présente Norme internationale.
Note 2 à l’article: Le NIST utilise la microscopie électronique à balayage afin de déterminer le diamètre des
particules de surface projetée équivalente dans ses matériaux de référence.
3.8
distribution granulométrique
concentration en nombre de particules, exprimée en fonction de la taille des particules
3.9
étalonnage primaire
étalonnage dimensionnel réalisé en utilisant le matériau de référence normalisé NIST 2806x
Note 1 à l’article: Le mode opératoire est spécifié à l’Article 6.
Note 2 à l’article: Des détails sur le matériau de référence normalisé NIST 2806x sont donnés en 4.4.
3.10
étalonnage secondaire
étalonnage dimensionnel réalisé en utilisant des suspensions d’étalonnage
Note 1 à l’article: Le mode opératoire est spécifié à l’Article 6 et les suspensions d’étalonnage sont préparées
conformément à l’Annexe F.
4 Matériaux et équipement
4.1 Billes de latex (polystyrène expansé), presque monodispersées, en suspension aqueuse. Les
billes de latex (polystyrène expansé) d’un diamètre nominal de 10 µm sont requises dans l’Annexe D
pour la détermination de la résolution, et les billes de latex (polystyrène expansé) d’autres diamètres
nominaux, supérieurs à 50 µm, sont requises à l’Article 6 si l’étalonnage dimensionnel concerne des
particules de 50 µm et plus. Dans certains cas, il peut également être utile d’ajouter des billes de latex
2 © ISO 2016 – Tous droits réservés
d’autres tailles. Néanmoins, le coefficient de variation de chaque taille de bille de latex (polystyrène
expansé) doit être inférieur à 5 %. Le fournisseur des billes de latex (polystyrène expansé) doit fournir
avec chaque lot un certificat d’analyse indiquant que la taille de particules des billes a été déterminée en
utilisant des techniques raccordées à des étalons nationaux ou internationaux.
Après ouverture, les suspensions de billes de latex (polystyrène expansé) doivent être utilisées dans un
délai de trois mois, à moins que la distribution granulométrique et la propreté de la suspension aient
été vérifiées.
NOTE 1 La distribution granulométrique et la propreté des billes de latex (polystyrène expansé) peuvent être
vérifiées en appliquant la méthode décrite en D.13.
NOTE 2 La durée de conservation des billes de latex (polystyrène expansé) en suspension aqueuse est limitée.
Elle dépend d’un certain nombre de facteurs, notamment la température et la contamination microbienne de la
suspension.
4.2 Fluide de dilution propre, se composant du fluide d’essai utilisé dans l’ISO 16889 et d’un additif
antistatique donnant une conductivité de 2 500 pS/m ± 1 000 pS/m à température ambiante. Le fluide
doit contenir moins de 0,5 % de particules de tailles égales ou supérieures aux plus petites tailles
d’intérêt que l’on s’attend à trouver dans les échantillons.
4.3 Fluide de dilution propre aérosol OT, pour déterminer la résolution du capteur à l’Annexe D (le
fluide de dilution propre décrit en 4.2 étant utilisé pour toutes les autres opérations de la présente Norme
internationale). Il est préparé à partir d’une solution concentrée obtenue en ajoutant 120 g d’aérosol OT
à chaque litre de fluide de dilution propre (4.2). Chauffer la solution concentrée à environ 60 °C et le
remuer jusqu’à dissolution complète de l’aérosol OT. Préparer le fluide de dilution aérosol OT en diluant
la solution concentrée avec le fluide de dilution propre (4.2) pour obtenir une concentration finale de
12 g d’aérosol OT par litre. Les niveaux de propreté du fluide de dilution propre aérosol OT doivent être
identiques à ceux du fluide de dilution décrit en 4.2.
ATTENTION — Prendre les précautions de sécurité de manipulation et d’utilisation décrites sur
la fiche de sécurité des matériaux (fiche disponible auprès du fournisseur d’aérosol OT).
L’aérosol OT (dioctylsulfosuccinate, sel de sodium) est une substance solide paraffineuse hygroscopique.
S’il est humide ou a absorbé de l’eau avant utilisation, le sécher pendant au moins 18 h à environ 150 °C.
4.4 Suspension d’étalonnage primaire de matériau de référence normalisé NIST 2806x
(SRM 2806x), où x est la lettre utilisée par le NIST pour désigner le numéro de lot de la suspension
d’étalonnage primaire certifiée, disponible auprès du NIST. Pour les étalonnages primaires, le SRM 2806
doit être utilisé.
NOTE L’ISO/TR 16144 décrit les modes opératoires utilisés afin de certifier le matériau de référence
normalisé SRM 2806.
4.5 Poudre de référence NIST 8631 (RM 8631), préparée par séchage pendant au moins 18 h à une
température comprise entre 110 °C et 150 °C, nécessaire si un étalonnage secondaire doit être réalisé
(voir 6.1).
4.6 Poudre d’essai moyenne ISO (MTD) conforme à l’ISO 12103-1, séchée pendant au moins 18 h à
une température comprise entre 110 °C et 150 °C avant emploi.
4.7 Poudre de référence NIST 8632 (RM 8632), préparée par séchage pendant au moins 18 h à une
température comprise entre 110 °C et 150 °C avant emploi, si nécessaire à la détermination de la limite
d’erreur de coïncidence ou dans les Annexes B, C et E.
NOTE Les matériaux de référence spécifiés en 4.4, 4.5, 4.6 et 4.7 sont créés à l’aide de documents « vivants »
modifiables pendant la production de nouveaux lots. Les utilisateurs de la présente Norme internationale sont
encouragés à s’assurer d’utiliser le dernier lot disponible.
4.8 Compteur automatique de particules (CAP) en suspension dans les liquides, avec passeur
d’échantillon en flacon.
4.9 Flacons de prélèvement propres, qui ferment (bouchons de flacon appropriés, par exemple), et
verrerie volumétrique, au moins de classe B. Les niveaux de propreté des flacons, des bouchons et de
la verrerie doivent être inférieurs à 0,5 % du nombre de particules (plus grand que la plus petite taille
d’intérêt) que l’on s’attend à trouver dans les échantillons. Les niveaux de propreté doivent être vérifiés
selon l’ISO 3722.
4.10 Agitateur mécanique, tel qu’un agitateur à peintures ou de laboratoire, à même de disperser les
suspensions.
2 2
4.11 Bain à ultrasons, ayant une puissance volumique comprise entre 3 000 W/m et 10 000 W/m de
surface de fond.
4.12 Papier graphique arithmétique ou logiciel informatique de tracé graphique.
4.13 Papier graphique logarithmique ou logiciel informatique de tracé graphique.
4.14 Balance d’analyse ou électronique répondant au minimum aux spécifications suivantes:
a) lisibilité: 0,05 mg;
b) précision (concordance avec la masse réelle): ± 0,05 mg;
c) fidélité (répétabilité): ± 0,05 mg;
d) portes avant et latérales et couvercle pour éliminer l’effet des courants d’air.
5 Succession des opérations d’étalonnage des CAP
5.1 La Figure 1 donne la séquence recommandée d’étapes à suivre pour effectuer l’étalonnage complet
d’un nouveau CAP. Appliquer les modes opératoires du présent article à réception d’un nouveau CAP ou
à la suite de la réparation ou d’un nouveau réglage d’un CAP ou d’un capteur (voir Tableau 1). Passer à
l’Article 6 si aucune réparation ou aucun nouveau réglage du CAP ou du capteur n’a été effectué, si aucune
modification perceptible des caractéristiques de fonctionnement ne s’est produite depuis le dernier
étalonnage dimensionnel, ou si les modes opératoires des Annexes A, B, C, D et E ont déjà été réalisés sur
le CAP et que les résultats ont été documentés. L’ordre précis des Annexes et des Articles spécifiés à la
Figure 1 et dans le Tableau 1 est une recommandation. L’opérateur peut suivre un ordre différent, tant
que toutes les étapes requises sont réalisées.
NOTE 1 Les Annexes A, B, C et D peuvent être réalisées par un laboratoire individuel ou par le fabricant du
CAP avant livraison.
Une modification des caractéristiques de fonctionnement du CAP peut être détectée par plusieurs
méthodes distinctes, notamment (liste non exhaustive):
a) étude des résultats de comptage de particules sur des échantillons de contrôle prélevés dans
le temps et d’une carte de contrôle de processus statistique, par exemple une carte de plage de
mouvements d’individus (IMR), pour détecter les modifications significatives de l’étalonnage;
b) comparaison des courbes d’étalonnage dans le temps pour détecter une modification significative
de l’étalonnage;
c) retour du CAP au fabricant pour évaluation et analyse de la modification de l’étalonnage;
d) analyse d’une suspension d’étalonnage primaire ou secondaire conformément à 6.2 et 6.3,
puis comparaison des données de concentration en particules ainsi obtenues à la distribution
4 © ISO 2016 – Tous droits réservés
granulométrique de l’échantillon. Si les résultats concordent avec les limites de D maximale
Q
admissible données dans le Tableau C.2, l’aptitude du CAP à dimensionner et compter les
particules n’a pas été affectée de manière significative. En cas de non-concordance des résultats,
une modification significative s’est produite et l’opérateur doit procéder comme indiqué dans le
Tableau 1;
e) analyse d’une suspension d’étalonnage primaire ou secondaire et des données obtenues tel que
décrit en d), puis en analysant un échantillon d’ISO UFTD préparé conformément à l’Annexe A et en
comparant les données de concentration en particules ainsi obtenues aux limites indiquées dans le
Tableau A.1. Si les résultats sont dans les limites du Tableau A.1, l’aptitude du CAP à dimensionner
et compter les particules n’a pas été affectée de manière significative. En cas de non-conformité des
résultats avec les limites du Tableau A.1, le CAP a subi une modification significative et l’opérateur
doit procéder comme indiqué dans le Tableau A.1.
NOTE 2 Pour les besoins du présent article, la réparation ou le nouveau réglage d’un CAP font référence
aux opérations d’entretien courant ou de réparation affectant l’aptitude du CAP à dimensionner et compter les
particules avec précision.
En cas de réglage, réparation ou remplacement de la source lumineuse ou d’une partie du système
optique, les modes opératoires de l’Article 6 et des Annexes A, B, D et E doivent être répétés.
En cas de réglage, réparation ou remplacement du capteur ou de l’électronique de comptage, les modes
opératoires de l’Article 6 et des Annexes A, B, C, D et E doivent être répétés.
En cas de réparation, remplacement ou nouveau réglage du système de mesure du volume, les modes
opératoires de l’Annexe A doivent être répétés.
Il est inutile de répéter ces modes opératoires à la suite d’un nettoyage normal, de la fixation de câbles
ou d’un équipement périphérique, du remplacement de tuyauteries ou de raccords ou de toute autre
opération n’entraînant pas le démontage du CAP, du capteur ou du système de mesure de volume.
5.2 Effectuer le contrôle préliminaire du CAP, y compris la précision du volume, conformément à
l’Annexe A.
5.3 Déterminer les limites d’erreur de coïncidence du CAP conformément à l’Annexe B.
5.4 Effectuer l’étalonnage dimensionnel conformément à l’Article 6.
5.5 Déterminer les débits limites du CAP conformément à l’Annexe C.
5.6 Déterminer la résolution du CAP conformément à l’Annexe D.
5.7 Vérifier la précision du comptage de particules conformément à l’Annexe E.
5.8 Pour satisfaire aux exigences de la présente Norme internationale, le CAP doit:
a) être étalonné conformément à 5.4;
b) être conforme aux spécifications de précision de volume, de résolution et de performances du
capteur déterminées en 5.2, 5.6 et 5.7;
c) fonctionner en utilisant la courbe d’étalonnage déterminée en 5.4 dans les limites d’erreurs de
coïncidence et de débit déterminées en 5.3 et 5.5.
Figure 1 — Succession des opérations d’étalonnage des CAP
6 © ISO 2016 – Tous droits réservés
Tableau 1 — Planning des opérations d’étalonnage des CAP
Article et Annexes pertinents de la présente Norme internationale
Article 6 Annexe A Annexe B Annexe C Annexe D Annexe E
a
Contrôle Limites
État du CAP
Étalonnage
prélimi- d’erreur Débits
dimension- Résolution Précision
naire de coïnci- limites
nel
du CAP dence
Nouveau CAP ou CAP exis-
tant non étalonné confor-
x x x x x x
mément à la présente
Norme internationale
Dernier étalonnage effec-
tué il y a plus de 6 mois à x — — — — —
12 mois
Étalonnage soupçonné
d’avoir changé de manière x — — — — —
significative
Réparation ou nouveau
réglage du système op-
x x x — x x
tique (y compris la source
lumineuse)
Réparation ou nouveau
réglage du capteur ou de x x x x x x
l’électronique de comptage
Réparation ou nouveau
réglage des organes de
mesure de volume (par
— x — — — —
exemple débitmètre,
burette, détecteurs de
niveau)
Nettoyage du capteur Aucune action nécessaire
Fixation de câbles ou
d’équipements périphé- Aucune action nécessaire
riques
Remplacement de tuyaute-
Aucune action nécessaire
ries ou de raccords
Opération n’entraînant pas
le démontage du CAP, du
Aucune action nécessaire
capteur ou du système de
mesure du volume
a
La réparation ou le nouveau réglage font uniquement référence aux opérations d’entretien courant ou de réparation
affectant l’aptitude du CAP à dimensionner et compter les particules avec précision. Pour vérifier l’aptitude d’un CAP à
dimensionner et compter les particules avec précision, analyser une suspension d’étalonnage primaire ou secondaire
conformément à 6.2 et 6.3, puis comparer les données de concentration en particules ainsi obtenues à la distribution
granulométrique de l’échantillon. Si les résultats concordent avec les limites de D maximale admissible du Tableau C.2,
Q
l’aptitude du CAP à dimensionner et compter les particules n’a pas été affectée de manière significative. En cas de non-
concordance des résultats, procéder comme indiqué dans ce tableau.
6 Mode opératoire d’étalonnage dimensionnel
6.1 La Figure 2 donne le diagramme du mode opératoire d’étalonnage dimensionnel. Effectuer
l’étalonnage dimensionnel tous les trois à six mois, à réception d’un nouveau CAP ou à la suite d’une
réparation ou d’un nouveau réglage d’un CAP ou d’un capteur. Pour les étalonnages primaires, utiliser
des suspensions d’étalonnage NIST (voir 4.4). Pour les étalonnages secondaires, utiliser des suspensions
d’étalonnage préparées conformément à l’Annexe F.
Figure 2 — Mode opératoire d’étalonnage dimensionnel
Après avoir établi un historique de l’étalonnage d’un CAP et d’un capteur, il est possible de réduire
progressivement la fréquence d’étalonnage, mais l’intervalle entre des étalonnages successifs ne doit
pas dépasser un an.
8 © ISO 2016 – Tous droits réservés
Toutes les phases de l’étalonnage doivent être réalisées au même débit. L’Annexe C détermine les débits
limites du CAP. Toutes les valeurs obtenues à des débits se situant en dehors de ces limites doivent être
éliminées et la partie correspondante du mode opératoire doit être répétée en utilisant le bon débit.
Effectuer l’étalonnage dimensionnel en utilisant le même volume d’échantillon qu’en 5.2. En cas
d’utilisation d’un volume différent, le mode opératoire de 5.2 doit être répété en utilisant le nouveau
volume d’échantillon afin d’éviter des erreurs de mesurage du volume.
Il est recommandé de déterminer le niveau de bruit de fond du CAP à l’aide de la méthode indiquée en
A.2 avant de passer à 6.2. Une variation éventuelle de plus de 30 % du niveau de bruit de fond depuis la
dernière détermination peut être une indication d’un changement d’étalonnage du CAP et de la nécessité
de le réparer. L’absence de contrôle du niveau de bruit de fond avant de passer à 6.2 peut entraîner une
perte de temps en essayant d’étalonner un CAP défectueux et la nullité des résultats de comptage de
particules.
6.2 Mettre le CAP en mode cumulé et, en utilisant au moins six canaux différents, régler comme suit les
tensions de seuil:
a) le seuil le plus bas du CAP doit être réglé à 1,5 fois son niveau de bruit de fond, ce qui détermine la
taille minimale de particule détectable;
b) le réglage du seuil le plus élevé est limité par la plage de tension d’utilisation du CAP (consulter le
fabricant du CAP pour déterminer cette plage), la distribution granulométrique et le volume de la
suspension d’étalonnage;
c) des valeurs intermédiaires de seuils doivent être choisies afin de couvrir la plage de dimensions
d’intérêt.
Préparer un échantillon de suspension d’étalonnage en vue de l’analyse. Agiter énergiquement
l’échantillon à la main. Disperser l’échantillon aux ultrasons pendant au moins 30 s, puis l’agiter sur un
agitateur mécanique pendant au moins 1 min afin de disperser la poudre dans le liquide. Continuer à
agiter l’échantillon jusqu’à son analyse.
Le mode opératoire décrit de 6.2 à 6.8 suppose un étalonnage manuel d’un CAP avec un petit nombre
de seuils. L’étalonnage peut également être effectué en utilisant un analyseur multicanal (AMC) ou un
logiciel utilisant le même mode opératoire. En cas d’utilisation d’un AMC, il est primordial d’établir
d’abord la relation entre la tension mesurée par l’AMC et les seuils de comptage du CAP. D’une manière
générale, les méthodes utilisant un logiciel ou un AMC tendent à être plus rapides et plus précises que
les méthodes manuelles.
6.3 Dégazer sous vide ou aux ultrasons l’échantillon jusqu’à ce que les bulles atteignent la surface
et retourner doucement le flacon de prélèvement au moins cinq fois, en veillant à ne pas introduire de
bulles d’air dans le liquide. Effectuer successivement au moins cinq comptages de particules d’au moins
10 mL chacun et 10 000 particules pour le réglage du seuil le plus bas.
Calculer le nombre total, N, de particules comptées pour chaque canal à l’aide de la Formule (1):
NX= 5 V (1)
où
X est la concentration moyenne, en particules par millilitre, des cinq comptages pour un
canal donné;
V est le volume d’échantillon, en millilitres, pour un comptage individuel.
La valeur de N doit être supérieure ou égale à 1 000 afin d’obtenir des résultats statistiquement
significatifs pour le canal concerné.
Calculer D , qui est la différence en pourcentage entre les nombres minimal, X , et maximal, X , de
Q min max
particules observés dans chaque canal, à l’aide de la Formule (2):
− X
X
max
min
= ×100 (2)
D
Q
X
Reporter dans le Tableau 2 le réglage de la tension de seuil, la concentration en particules, X , et la
valeur de D pour chaque canal.
Q
À l’aide du Tableau C.2, relever la différence maximale admissible, en pourcentage, correspondant à la
valeur de X pour chaque canal. Si la valeur de D est inférieure à ce maximum, la valeur de X pour ce
Q
canal peut être utilisée. Si les valeurs d’au moins six canaux sont acceptables, passer à 6.4. Dans le cas
contraire, examiner les résultats de tous les canaux inacceptables de la manière suivante:
Calculer D à l’aide de la Formule (3):
XX−
maxmin
D = (3)
XX−
0 N
où
X est le comptage de particules observé pour la valeur aberrante supposée (X ou X );
0 max min
X est le comptage de particules observé dont la valeur est la plus proche de X .
N 0
Si D est inférieure à 1,44 dans un canal donné, éliminer la valeur aberrante, X , recalculer X en
0 0
utilisant les quatre valeurs restantes, et prendre la valeur recalculée de X pour l’étalonnage. Si D est
supérieure à 1,44 dans un canal donné, les valeurs de ce canal ne sont pas acceptables et doivent être
éliminées. Si les valeurs d’au moins six canaux sont acceptables (selon les critères D et D ), passer à
Q 0
6.4. Dans le cas contraire, engager l’action corrective appropriée et répéter 6.1 à 6.3.
Si N est inférieur à 1 000 pour un canal quelconque, les données de ce canal ne doivent pas être utilisées.
Si le seul critère de qualité non respecté est le comptage d’un nombre insuffisant de particules, modifier
les réglages des seuils pour qu’ils correspondent aux tailles de particules donnant des nombres
suffisants, ou répéter 6.1 à 6.3 sur un plus gros volume d’échantillon.
Les suspensions d’étalonnage primaire et secondaire ne doivent pas être recueillies et réutilisées.
NOTE D’autres non-respects des critères de qualité peuvent être dus à un certain nombre de facteurs,
notamment la pollution du fluide de dilution ou de la verrerie, des erreurs volumétriques, des erreurs de calcul,
un fonctionnement trop proche du niveau de bruit de fond du CAP, ou la présence de bulles dans les échantillons.
La variabilité du débit due au comptage pendant la pressurisation de l’enceinte d’échantillonnage ou à d’autres
causes peut également créer des problèmes. Il peut se produire une décantation des particules. Une agitation à
des vitesses excessives peut provoquer la centrifugation des particules ou l’introduction de bulles.
10 © ISO 2016 – Tous droits réservés
Tableau 2 — Feuille de données d’étalonnage dimensionnel du CAP (voir 6.3, 6.8 et A.9)
CAP Modèle Date
Numéro de série Opérateur
Type de capteur Modèle Suspension d’éta-
lonnage
Numéro de série Numéro de lot
Niveau de bruit Débit mL/min Concentration
Première suspension étalon Numéro d’identification de la suspension étalon
Valeur du seuil
Comptage 1
Comptage 2
Comptage 3
Comptage 4
Comptage 5
X (particules/mL)
D
Q
Deuxième suspension étalon Numéro d’identification de la suspension étalon
Valeur du seuil
Comptage 1
Comptage 2
Comptage 3
Comptage 4
Comptage 5
X (particules/mL)
D
Q
Troisième suspension étalon Numéro d’identification de la suspension étalon
Valeur du seuil
Comptage 1
Comptage 2
Comptage 3
Comptage 4
Comptage 5
X (particules/mL)
D
Q
6.4 Porter sur un papier graphique logarithmique les concentrations en particules (particules
supérieures à la taille indiquée par millilitre) en fonction des valeurs de seuil correspondantes,
en millivolts, en utilisant uniquement les valeurs acceptables (déterminées en 6.3). Appliquer des
techniques statistiques de régression appropriées pour définir la relation entre la concentration et le
réglage du seuil.
6.5 Déterminer les concentrations en particules attendues pour au moins six tailles différentes en
utilisant les valeurs appropriées de la distribution granulométrique des suspensions d’étalonnage. En
appliquant la relation mathématique établie en 6.4, déterminer la valeur du seuil supposée donner ces
concentrations. Il n’est pas permis d’extrapoler les tailles se situant en dehors de la plage donnée par
les valeurs de la distribution granulométrique. Si l’une des valeurs de seuil est inférieure à 1,5 fois le
niveau de bruit de fond du CAP, choisir des valeurs de concentration en particules d’une plus grande
taille donnant un réglage du seuil acceptable. Régler le seuil du CAP sur ces valeurs.
NOTE Tout au long de la présente Norme internationale, la référence aux valeurs de la distribution
granulométrique renvoie à des tableaux de tailles de particules, de concentration et d’écart-type accompagnant
les suspensions d’étalonnage NIST, ou aux valeurs de tailles, de concentration et d’écart-type obtenues dans
l’Annexe F pour les suspensions d’étalonnage secondaire.
6.6 Répéter 6.1 à 6.5 en utilisant au moins six réglages différents de la tension de seuil, mais utiliser
toutes les valeurs acceptables (déterminées en 6.3) des deux échantillons pour déterminer la relation
entre la concentration en particules et la valeur du seuil en 6.4 et 6.5.
6.7 Répéter 6.1 à 6.5 une fois de plus en utilisant au moins six réglages différents de la tension de seuil,
mais utiliser toutes les valeurs acceptables (déterminées en 6.3) de l’ensemble des trois échantillons
pour déterminer la relation finale entre la concentration en particules et la valeur du seuil.
6.8 Établir une courbe d’étalonnage en utilisant la relation entre la concentration en particules
et la valeur du seuil déterminée en 6.7. Choisir au moins 18 tailles différentes de particules parmi les
valeurs de distribution granulométrique appropriées. Ne choisir que des tailles entrant dans la plage
dimensionnelle réellement observée de 6.3 à 6.7. Reporter sur le Tableau 3 ces 18 tailles en unités de
µm(c) et µm(b) ainsi que les concentrations et valeurs de seuil correspondantes (déterminées en utilisant
le graphique de concentration en fonction du seuil établi en 6.7), où µm(c) se rapporte aux tailles de
particules obtenues en utilisant des suspensions d’étalonnage primaire ou secondaire raccordées au
NIST SRM 2806 ou au NIST SRM 2806a, et µm(b) se rapporte aux tailles obtenues avec des suspensions
d’étalonnage primaire ou secondaire raccordées au NIST SRM 2806b. Les tailles exprimées en unités de
µm(c) et µm(b) sont mathématiquement liées par la Formule (4):
dd= 0,898 (4)
cb
où d est la taille en unités de µm(c) et d la taille en unités de µm(b).
c b
Pour les tailles inférieures ou égales à 38 µm(b), utiliser cette formule pour convertir les µm(b) en
µm(c) en cas d’utilisation de suspensions d’étalonnage raccordées au NIST SRM 2806b. Pour les tailles
supérieures à 38 µm(b), les tailles de particules en µm(b) et en µm(c) sont numériquement équivalentes.
Porter sur un graphique les tensions de seuil correspondantes en fonction des tailles des particules.
Utiliser la technique statistique de régression pour définir la courbe d’étalonnage et effectuer
l’interpolation. Ne pas extrapoler les tailles se situant en dehors de la plage utilisée pour l’étalonnage.
Certaines applications peuvent nécessiter un étalonnage à des tailles supérieures à celles mentionnées
pour le SRM 2806. Pour étalonner les CAP à des tailles de particules supérieures à 50 µm(c), il convient
d’utiliser l’ISO 21501-3. Dans tous les cas, l’utilisateur est averti que le comptage de particules de
grande taille est source de nombreuses erreurs. Les plus probables sont: a) la sédimentation des
grosses particules au cours de toutes les phases de prélèvement, de manipulation et d’analyse de
l’échantillon et b) une qualité par essence statistiquement médiocre du comptage des particules du
fait de la concentration en général faible des particules de grande taille dans les échantillons de fluide
hydraulique.
L’ISO 21501-3 est une méthode d’étalonnage dimensionnel des particules qui utilise des billes de latex
(polystyrène expansé) monodispersées. En revanche, la méthode d’étalonnage décrite dans la présente
Norme internationale est une méthode de comptage utilisant de la poudre d’essai polydispersée.
Les deux méthodes déterminent le rapport existant entre la tension de seuil du CAP et la taille des
particules. Il est possible d’utiliser une méthode d’étalonnage dimensionnel telle que l’ISO 21501-3
pour des tailles de particules supérieures à 50 µm(c) car la distribution granulométrique NIST utilisée
dans la présente Norme internationale est également fondée sur le diamètre de la surface projetée des
particules. Le signal détecté par le CAP pour des tailles de particules supérieures à 50 µm(c) n’est pas
lié de manière significative à l’indice de réfraction des particules ou du liquide.
12 © ISO 2016 – Tous droits réservés
Si une méthode d’étalonnage à la suspension de billes de latex (polystyrène expansé) est utilisée,
les billes de latex (polystyrène expansé) doivent avoir des tailles qui sont raccordées à des étalons
nationaux ou internationaux et leur coefficient de variation doit être inférieur à 5 %. Les billes de latex
[[11]]
(polystyrène expansé) doivent être mises en suspension dans le fluide hydraulique MIL-PRF-5606
suivant le mode opératoire décrit dans l’Annexe D (si les particules sont fournies en suspension
[[11]]
aqueuse), ou les billes de latex doivent être mélangées directement dans le fluide MIL-PRF-5606
par technique ultrasonore afin de disperser les particules (si les particules sont fournies sèches).
Tableau 3 — Récapitulatif de l’étalonnage du CAP
CAP Modèle Date
Numéro de série Opérateur
Capteur Modèle
Numéro de série
Niveau de bruit Volume d’échantillon mL Débit mL/min
C % Débits limites mL/min
V,vol
Limite d’erreur de coïnci- particules/mL
dence
s µm R %
R R
s µm R %
L L
d µm R %
Étalonnage dimensionnel
Suspension d’étalonnage Numéro de lot
Taille Valeur du seuil Concentration en particules observée
µm(c) µm(b) mV Particules/mL
Vérification de la précision du comptage de particules
Concentration en particules atten-
Taille Concentration en particules observée
due
µm(c) µm(b) Particules/mL Particules/mL
5 5,6
10 11,1
7 Présentation des données
7.1 Noter dans le rapport toutes les tailles de particules obtenues au moyen d’un CAP étalonné
conformément à la présente Norme internationale en exprimant la valeur obtenue soit:
a) en «µm» ou «micromètres», accompagnée de la mention suivante: «Les tailles indiquées dans le
présent document ont été obtenues au moyen d’un CAP étalonné conformément à l’ISO 11171 et de
suspensions d’étalonnage raccordées au NIST SRM 2806x», où «x» est la lettre d’identification du
lot NIST SRM 2806 des suspensions d’étalonnage primaire utilisées pour établir la traçabilité pour
l’étalonnage du CAP;
b) en «µm(c)», où les tailles ont été obtenues en utilisant un CAP étalonné conformément à l’ISO 11171
et des suspensions d’étalonnage raccordées au NIST SRM 2806 ou SRM 2806a, ou ont été obtenues
en utilisant un CAP étalonné avec l’ISO 11171 en utilisant des suspensions raccordées au NIST SRM
2806b et les tailles µm(b) résultantes ont été converties mathématiquement en tailles µm(c) à l’aide
de la Formule 4;
c) en «µm(b)», où les tailles ont été obtenues en utilisant un CAP étalonné conformément à l’ISO 11171
avec des suspensions d’étalonnage raccordées au NIST SRM 2806b.
7.2 Conserver sur fichier les Tableaux 2 et 3 complétés, ainsi que B.1, C.1 et F.1 remplis, afin qu’ils
soient disponibles pour inspection.
8 Phrase d’identification
Utiliser la phrase d’identification suivante dans les rapports d’essai, les catalogues et la documentation
commerciale, en cas de décision de se conformer à la présente Norme internationale:
«Étalonnage des compteurs automatiques de particules en suspension dans les liquides conforme
à l’ISO 11171, Transmissions hydrauliques — Étalonnage des compteurs automatiques de particules en
suspension dans les liquides».
14 © ISO 2016 – Tous droits réservés
Annexe A
(normative)
Contrôle préliminaire du CAP
...
SIST ISO 11171:2021は、液体用自動粒子カウンター(APC)の校正に関する重要な標準であり、その範囲は非常に広範で、強力な基準を提供しています。この標準は、液体のボトルサンプルを分析できるAPCの一次粒子サイズ校正、センサー解像度とカウント性能の手順を明確に規定しています。 この標準の強みは、一次校正と二次校正のプロセスを確立することで、液体中の粒子測定の精度を高めることにあります。特に、一次校正されたAPCを使用して、二次粒子サイズの校正を行う手続きは、信頼性の高い測定を保証します。また、限界値の設定と性能の確認が明確に定義されているため、運用中のAPCの適切な性能を維持することが可能です。 さらに、テスト用の粉塵を用いた粒子センサーの性能確認や、流量制限及び同時発生の検証に関する手順があることで、実際の使用環境における精度を確保できます。これにより、ユーザーは安心してデータを取得し、機械の信頼性を向上させることができます。 SIST ISO 11171:2021は、特に液体中の粒子測定における自動粒子カウンターの正確性を向上させるために不可欠です。この標準は、さまざまな業界において液体の品質管理やプロセスコントロールにおいて、粒子測定の信頼性向上に寄与するための重要なガイドラインを提供しています。
SIST ISO 11171:2021 표준 문서는 액체의 자동 입자 계수기(APC)의 교정을 위한 절차를 명확히 규정하고 있습니다. 이 표준은 다음과 같은 범위를 포함하고 있습니다: 첫째, 병 샘플을 분석할 수 있는 자동 입자 계수기의 주요 입자 크기 교정, 센서 해상도 및 계수 성능을 다룹니다. 둘째, 주요 교정된 APC를 사용하여 검증된 현탁액을 이용한 2차 입자 크기 교정 절차가 포함되어 있습니다. 셋째, 허용 가능한 운영 및 성능 한계를 설정하는 방법을 제시하고 있습니다. 넷째, 절단된 시험 먼지를 사용하여 입자 센서 성능을 검증하는 절차가 상세히 설명되어 있습니다. 마지막으로, 우발적 또는 유동 속도 한계를 결정하는 방법도 포함되어 있어, 복잡한 액체 샘플 분석 시 유용합니다. 이 표준의 강점은 정확성과 신뢰성을 제공합니다. 표준화된 절차를 통해 다양한 환경에서의 입자 분석의 일관성을 보장하며, 이는 특히 산업 응용 분야에서 중요한 요소입니다. 또한, 자동 입자 계수기의 성능을 정확히 평가하고 유지하는 데 필요한 기초적인 기준을 제공합니다. SIST ISO 11171:2021은 수많은 산업 분야에서 필수적인 역할을 수행하며, 가공 공정의 효율성을 향상시키고 제품 품질을 보장하는 데 기여합니다. 이러한 이유로 이 표준은 최신 기술 발전에 발맞추어 계속해서 중요성을 지니고 있습니다.
The SIST ISO 11171:2021 standard provides comprehensive guidelines for the calibration of automatic particle counters (APCs) in hydraulic fluid power applications. This standard is crucial as it ensures that measurements of liquid samples are accurate and reliable, thereby enhancing the performance and maintenance of hydraulic systems. One of the key strengths of this standard is its detailed scope which covers primary and secondary particle-sizing calibration procedures. By allowing for primary calibration using standards that are traceable, the document guarantees a high level of precision in sensor resolution and counting performance, essential for effective quality control in fluid power systems. Additionally, the secondary calibration process utilizing verifiable suspensions adds an extra layer of reliability, ensuring that the particle counters maintain their accuracy over time. Another significant aspect of the SIST ISO 11171:2021 is its explicit focus on establishing acceptable operation and performance limits. This ensures that manufacturers and operators of hydraulic systems can maintain their equipment within defined performance thresholds, contributing to better system reliability and longevity. Furthermore, the verification of particle sensor performance using a truncated test dust also stands out, as it introduces practical testing scenarios that closely mimic real-world operating conditions. The relevance of this standard is underscored by its alignment with industry needs for robust and consistent particle counting methods in hydraulic fluids. In an era where precision in fluid management is critical, the guidelines laid out in SIST ISO 11171:2021 provide much-needed standards that cater to both component manufacturers and maintenance technicians, ensuring their operations remain competitive and effective. Overall, the SIST ISO 11171:2021 standard stands as a vital resource in the hydraulic fluid power sector, emphasizing accuracy, reliability, and operational excellence through rigorous calibration methodologies for automatic particle counters.


















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