SIST EN IEC 60404-8-1:2023
(Main)Magnetic materials - Part 8-1: Specifications for individual materials - Permanent magnet (magnetically hard) materials (IEC 60404-8-1:2023)
Magnetic materials - Part 8-1: Specifications for individual materials - Permanent magnet (magnetically hard) materials (IEC 60404-8-1:2023)
IEC 60404-8-1:2023 specifies minimum values for the principal magnetic properties of, and dimensional tolerances for, technically important permanent magnet (magnetically hard) materials.
For information purposes only, this document provides values for the densities of the materials and the ranges of their chemical compositions.
This fourth edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition:
a) recently developed anisotropic REFeB hot deformed magnets and anisotropic HDDR REFeB bonded magnets are included;
b) high energy Ca-La-Co ferrites stabilized by La and Co substitution are included;
c) new and high-performance grades of REFeB and RE2Co17 sintered magnets and isotropic REFeN bonded magnets are added.
Magnetische Werkstoffe - Teil 8-1: Anforderungen an einzelne Werkstoffe - Hartmagnetische Werkstoffe (Dauermagnete) (IEC 60404-8-1:2023)
Matériaux magnétiques - Partie 8-1: Spécifications pour matériaux particuliers - Matériaux (magnétiques durs) pour aimants permanents (IEC 60404-8-1:2023)
L'IEC 60404-8-1:2023 spécifie les valeurs minimales des principales propriétés magnétiques et les tolérances sur les dimensions pour les matériaux (magnétiques durs) pour aimants permanents qui présentent un intérêt technique important.
Le présent document fournit uniquement des valeurs indicatives pour les masses volumiques des matériaux et leurs plages de compositions chimiques.
Cette quatrième édition inclut les modifications techniques majeures suivantes par rapport à l'édition précédente:
a) ajout des aimants déformés à chaud REFeB anisotropes et des aimants agglomérés REFeB HDDR anisotropes récemment développés;
b) ajout des ferrites Ca-La-Co à haute énergie stabilisés par substitution de La et de Co;
c) ajout de nouvelles qualités et de qualités hautes performances pour les aimants frittés REFeB et RE2Co17 et les aimants agglomérés REFeN isotropes.
Magnetni materiali - 8-1. del: Specifikacije za posamezne materiale - Materiali za permanentne (trdomagnetne) magnete (IEC 60404-8-1:2023)
Standard IEC 60404-8-1:2023 določa najmanjše vrednosti za osnovne magnetne lastnosti in dimenzijske tolerance za tehnično pomembne permanentne (trdomagnetne) magnete.
Ta dokument informativno podaja vrednosti za gostote materialov in razpone njihovih kemičnih sestavov.
Ta četrta izdaja vključuje naslednje znatne tehnične spremembe glede na prejšnjo izdajo:
a) vključuje nedavno razvite anizotropne vroče deformirane magnete REFeB in anizotropne vezane magnete REFeB po postopku HDDR;
b) vključuje ferite Ca-La-Co, stabilizirane s substitucijo La in Co;
c) dodani so novi in visokozmogljivi razredi sintranih magnetov REFeB in RE2Co17 ter izotropni vezani magneti REFeN.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-december-2023
Magnetni materiali - 8-1. del: Specifikacije za posamezne materiale - Materiali za
permanentne (trdomagnetne) magnete (IEC 60404-8-1:2023)
Magnetic materials - Part 8-1: Specifications for individual materials - Permanent magnet
(magnetically hard) materials (IEC 60404-8-1:2023)
Magnetische Werkstoffe - Teil 8-1: Anforderungen an einzelne Werkstoffe -
Hartmagnetische Werkstoffe (Dauermagnete) (IEC 60404-8-1:2023)
Matériaux magnétiques - Partie 8-1: Spécifications pour matériaux particuliers -
Matériaux (magnétiques durs) pour aimants permanents (IEC 60404-8-1:2023)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN IEC 60404-8-1:2023
ICS:
17.220.20 Merjenje električnih in Measurement of electrical
magnetnih veličin and magnetic quantities
29.030 Magnetni materiali Magnetic materials
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
EUROPEAN STANDARD EN IEC 60404-8-1
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM October 2023
ICS 29.030; 17.220.20 Supersedes EN 60404-8-1:2015
English Version
Magnetic materials - Part 8-1: Specifications for individual
materials - Permanent magnet (magnetically hard) materials
(IEC 60404-8-1:2023)
Matériaux magnétiques - Partie 8-1: Spécifications pour Magnetische Werkstoffe - Teil 8-1: Anforderungen an
matériaux particuliers - Matériaux (magnétiques durs) pour einzelne Werkstoffe - Hartmagnetische Werkstoffe
aimants permanents (Dauermagnete)
(IEC 60404-8-1:2023) (IEC 60404-8-1:2023)
This European Standard was approved by CENELEC on 2023-10-25. CENELEC members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC
Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration.
Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC
Management Centre or to any CENELEC member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CENELEC member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the
same status as the official versions.
CENELEC members are the national electrotechnical committees of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, the Czech Republic,
Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the
Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
Türkiye and the United Kingdom.
European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
Comité Européen de Normalisation Electrotechnique
Europäisches Komitee für Elektrotechnische Normung
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2023 CENELEC All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CENELEC Members.
Ref. No. EN IEC 60404-8-1:2023 E
European foreword
The text of document 68/732/CDV, future edition 4 of IEC 60404-8-1, prepared by IEC/TC 68
"Magnetic alloys and steels" was submitted to the IEC-CENELEC parallel vote and approved by
CENELEC as EN IEC 60404-8-1:2023.
The following dates are fixed:
• latest date by which the document has to be implemented at national (dop) 2024-07-25
level by publication of an identical national standard or by endorsement
• latest date by which the national standards conflicting with the (dow) 2026-10-25
document have to be withdrawn
This document supersedes EN 60404-8-1:2015 and all of its amendments and corrigenda (if any).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
Any feedback and questions on this document should be directed to the users’ national committee. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found on the CENELEC website.
Endorsement notice
The text of the International Standard IEC 60404-8-1:2023 was approved by CENELEC as a
European Standard without any modification.
In the official version, for Bibliography, the following notes have to be added for the standard indicated:
IEC 60404-1:2016 NOTE Approved as EN 60404-1:2017 (not modified)
IEC 60404-7:2019 NOTE Approved as EN IEC 60404-7:2020 (not modified)
Annex ZA
(normative)
Normative references to international publications
with their corresponding European publications
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments)
applies.
NOTE 1 Where an International Publication has been modified by common modifications, indicated by (mod), the
relevant EN/HD applies.
NOTE 2 Up-to-date information on the latest versions of the European Standards listed in this annex is available
here: www.cencenelec.eu.
Publication Year Title EN/HD Year
IEC 60050-121 - International Electrotechnical Vocabulary - - -
Part 121: Electromagnetism
IEC 60050-151 - International Electrotechnical Vocabulary - - -
Part 151: Electrical and magnetic devices
IEC 60050-221 - International Electrotechnical Vocabulary. - -
Chapter 221: Magnetic materials and
components
IEC 60404-5 2015 Magnetic materials - Part 5: Permanent EN 60404-5 2015
magnet (magnetically hard) materials -
Methods of measurement of magnetic
properties
IEC 60404-8-1 ®
Edition 4.0 2023-09
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
Magnetic materials –
Part 8-1: Specifications for individual materials – Permanent magnet
(magnetically hard) materials
Matériaux magnétiques –
Partie 8-1: Spécifications pour matériaux particuliers – Matériaux (magnétiques
durs) pour aimants permanents
INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
COMMISSION
ELECTROTECHNIQUE
INTERNATIONALE
ICS 17.220.20, 29.030 ISBN 978-2-8322-7503-0
– 2 – IEC 60404-8-1:2023 © IEC 2023
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 5
INTRODUCTION . 7
1 Scope . 8
2 Normative references . 8
3 Terms and definitions . 8
4 Types of materials and their applications . 9
5 Classification . 9
5.1 General . 9
5.2 Principal magnetic properties . 10
5.3 Additional magnetic properties . 10
6 Chemical composition . 11
7 Densities . 11
8 Designation . 11
9 Mode of shipment and dimensions . 11
10 Testing . 12
10.1 Extent of testing . 12
10.2 Testing methods . 12
11 Grounds for rejection . 12
12 Description of tables of standard properties . 12
12.1 Magnetically hard alloys . 12
12.1.1 Aluminium-nickel-cobalt-iron-titanium alloys (AINiCo) . 12
12.1.2 Chromium-iron-cobalt alloys (CrFeCo) . 13
12.1.3 Iron-cobalt-vanadium-chromium alloys (FeCoVCr) . 14
12.1.4 Rare earth-cobalt alloys (RECo) . 14
12.1.5 Rare earth-iron-boron sintered and hot deformed magnets (REFeB) . 15
12.2 Magnetically hard ceramics (magnetically hard ferrites) . 16
12.2.1 Chemical composition . 16
12.2.2 Manufacturing method . 17
12.2.3 Sub-classification . 17
12.2.4 Magnetic properties and densities . 17
12.2.5 Dimensional tolerances . 17
12.3 Bonded magnetically hard materials (Bonded magnets) . 17
12.3.1 General . 17
12.3.2 Magnet materials . 17
12.3.3 Manufacturing method . 18
12.3.4 Sub-classification . 18
12.3.5 Magnetic properties and densities . 20
12.3.6 Dimensional tolerances . 20
13 Irreversible demagnetization behaviour . 20
13.1 General . 20
13.2 General definition of demagnetization field strength H . 20
D
13.3 Simplified definition of demagnetization field strength H . 21
D
14 Tables 10 to 25 . 23
IEC 60404-8-1:2023 © IEC 2023 – 3 –
Annex A (informative) Physical data and mechanical reference values of AINiCo,
CrFeCo, FeCoVCr, SmCo, NdFeB, hard ferrite and SmFeN bonded magnets . 43
Annex B (informative) Grain boundary diffusion (GBD) process for REFeB sintered
magnets . 45
Annex C (informative) Cerium-iron-boron sintered magnets (CeFeB) . 46
Bibliography . 47
Figure 1 – Graphic representation of B(H) and J(H) demagnetization and recoil curves . 21
Figure 2 – Simplified evaluation of B(H) and J(H) demagnetization and recoil curves . 23
Figure B.1 – Example of coercivity gain of GBD processed sintered REFeB magnets in
dependence of the distance to the magnet surface . 45
Figure C.1 – Manufacturing flow chart of CeFeB sintered magnets . 46
Table 1 – Classification of permanent magnet (magnetically hard) materials . 9
and units
Table 2 – Magnetic properties – Symbols . 10
Table 3 – Additional magnetic properties – Symbols and units . 10
Table 4 – Chemical compositions of AlNiCo alloys (% mass fraction) – for information
purposes only . 12
Table 5 – Chemical compositions of CrFeCo alloys (% mass fraction) – for information
purposes only . 13
Table 6 – Chemical compositions of FeCoVCr alloys (% mass fraction) – for
information purposes only . 14
Table 7 – Chemical compositions of RECo alloys (% mass fraction) – for information
purposes only . 15
Table 8 – Chemical compositions of REFeB sintered and hot deformed magnets (%
mass fraction) – for information purposes only . 16
Table 9 – Chemical compositions of REFeN alloys for bonded magnet (% mass
fraction) – for information purposes only . 18
Table 10 – Magnetic properties and densities of AlNiCo magnets . 24
Table 11 – Magnetic properties and densities of CrFeCo and FeCoVCr magnets . 25
Table 12 – Magnetic properties and densities of RECo sintered magnets. 26
Table 13 – Magnetic properties and densities of REFeB sintered magnets . 28
Table 14 – Magnetic properties and densities of REFeB hot deformed magnets . 30
Table 15 – Magnetic properties and densities of hard ferrites. 31
Table 16 – Magnetic properties and densities of isotropic AlNiCo bonded magnets . 33
Table 17 – Magnetic properties and densities of isotropic and anisotropic RECo
bonded magnets . 34
Table 18 – Magnetic properties and densities of isotropic REFeB bonded magnets. 35
Table 19 – Magnetic properties and densities of anisotropic REFeB bonded magnets . 37
Table 20 – Magnetic properties and densities of isotropic and anisotropic hard ferrite
bonded magnets . 38
Table 21 – Magnetic properties and densities of isotropic and anisotropic REFeN
bonded magnets . 39
Table 22 – Dimensional tolerances (as cast or as sintered) of AlNiCo magnets . 40
Table 23 – Dimensional tolerances of cold rolled strips of FeCoVCr and CrFeCo
magnets with a maximum thickness of 6 mm and maximum width of 125 mm . 40
– 4 – IEC 60404-8-1:2023 © IEC 2023
Table 24 – Dimensional tolerances of the diameter of cold drawn wires and bars of
FeCoVCr and CrFeCo magnets . 41
Table 25 – Dimensional tolerances on hard ferrites . 42
Table A.1 – Physical data and mechanical reference values of AlNiCo, CrFeCo,
FeCoVCr, SmCo, NdFeB, hard ferrite and SmFeN bonded magnets . 44
Table C.1 – Chemical compositions of CeFeB sintered magnets (% mass fraction) . 46
IEC 60404-8-1:2023 © IEC 2023 – 5 –
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
____________
MAGNETIC MATERIALS –
Part 8-1: Specifications for individual materials –
Permanent magnet (magnetically hard) materials
FOREWORD
1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote international
co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To this end and
in addition to other activities, IEC publishes International Standards, Technical Specifications, Technical Reports,
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preparation is entrusted to technical committees; any IEC National Committee interested in the subject dealt with
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with the IEC also participate in this preparation. IEC collaborates closely with the International Organization for
Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by agreement between the two organizations.
2) The formal decisions or agreements of IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, an international
consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation from all
interested IEC National Committees.
3) IEC Publications have the form of recommendations for international use and are accepted by IEC National
Committees in that sense. While all reasonable efforts are made to ensure that the technical content of IEC
Publications is accurate, IEC cannot be held responsible for the way in which they are used or for any
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4) In order to promote international uniformity, IEC National Committees undertake to apply IEC Publications
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6) All users should ensure that they have the latest edition of this publication.
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members of its technical committees and IEC National Committees for any personal injury, property damage or
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Publications.
8) Attention is drawn to the Normative references cited in this publication. Use of the referenced publications is
indispensable for the correct application of this publication.
9) IEC draws attention to the possibility that the implementation of this document may involve the use of (a)
patent(s). IEC takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of any claimed patent rights in
respect thereof. As of the date of publication of this document, IEC had not received notice of (a) patent(s), which
may be required to implement this document. However, implementers are cautioned that this may not represent
the latest information, which may be obtained from the patent database available at https://patents.iec.ch. IEC
shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
IEC 60404-8-1 has been prepared by IEC technical committee 68: Magnetic alloys and steels.
It is an International Standard.
This fourth edition cancels and replaces the third edition published in 2015. This edition
constitutes a technical revision.
This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous
edition:
a) recently developed anisotropic REFeB hot deformed magnets and anisotropic HDDR REFeB
bonded magnets are included;
b) high energy Ca-La-Co ferrites stabilized by La and Co substitution are included;
c) new and high-performance grades of REFeB and RE Co sintered magnets and isotropic
2 17
REFeN bonded magnets are added.
– 6 – IEC 60404-8-1:2023 © IEC 2023
The text of this International Standard is based on the following documents:
Draft Report on voting
68/732/CDV 68/742/RVC
Full information on the voting for its approval can be found in the report on voting indicated in
the above table.
The language used for the development of this International Standard is English.
This document was drafted in accordance with ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2, and developed in
accordance with ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1 and ISO/IEC Directives, IEC Supplement, available
at www.iec.ch/members_experts/refdocs. The main document types developed by IEC are
described in greater detail at www.iec.ch/publications.
A list of all parts in the IEC 60404 series, published under the general title Magnetic materials,
can be found on the IEC website.
The committee has decided that the contents of this document will remain unchanged until the
stability date indicated on the IEC website under webstore.iec.ch in the data related to the
specific document. At this date, the document will be
• reconfirmed,
• withdrawn, or
• revised.
IEC 60404-8-1:2023 © IEC 2023 – 7 –
INTRODUCTION
This document includes the recently developed REFeB hot deformed magnets, anisotropic
HDDR REFeB bonded magnets and high energy Ca-La-Co ferrites which have become
established in permanent magnet applications. New and high-performance materials of REFeB
and RE Co sintered magnets and isotropic and anisotropic REFeN bonded magnets are
2 17
added to each table with new codes. Almost all materials added to this document have been
used for various motors to save energy and contribute to the prevention of global warming.
– 8 – IEC 60404-8-1:2023 © IEC 2023
MAGNETIC MATERIALS –
Part 8-1: Specifications for individual materials –
Permanent magnet (magnetically hard) materials
1 Scope
This part of IEC 60404 specifies minimum values for the principal magnetic properties of, and
dimensional tolerances for, technically important permanent magnet (magnetically hard)
materials.
For information purposes only, this document provides values for the densities of the materials
and the ranges of their chemical compositions.
NOTE Some additional physical data and mechanical reference values concerning the magnetic materials are given
in Table A.1 for information and comparison purposes.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies.
For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any
amendments) applies.
IEC 60050-121, International Electrotechnical Vocabulary (IEV) - Part 121: Electromagnetism
IEC 60050-151, International Electrotechnical Vocabulary (IEV) - Part 151: Electrical and
magnetic devices
IEC 60050-221, International Electrotechnical Vocabulary (IEV) - Part 221: Magnetic materials
and components
IEC 60404-5:2015, Magnetic materials - Part 5: Permanent magnet (magnetically hard)
materials - Methods of measurement of magnetic properties
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in IEC 60050-121,
IEC 60050-151 and IEC 60050-221 apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following
addresses:
• IEC Electropedia: available at https://www.electropedia.org/
• ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://www.iso.org/obp
IEC 60404-8-1:2023 © IEC 2023 – 9 –
4 Types of materials and their applications
Permanent magnet materials, also designated as magnetically hard materials, are classified in
IEC 60404-1:2016 [1] as Class R (magnetically hard alloys), Class S (magnetically hard
ceramics) and Class U (bonded magnetically hard materials).
Permanent magnet materials have a coercivity relating to the magnetic polarization greater than
1 kA/m. After being magnetized to saturation they provide a material-dependent specific
magnetic energy, which can be used in static or dynamic magnetic circuit applications.
Permanent magnet materials are used in nearly every area of daily life. They perform coupling,
modulating, or regulating functions in equipment and devices based on electromagnetic
principles, for example in measuring instruments, motors, generators and loudspeakers.
Permanent magnet materials are indispensable in office equipment and computer hardware,
automobiles including traction motors for Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV) and Electric Vehicles
(EV), entertainment electronics, telecommunications, household appliances and medical
instruments, as well as in mechanical engineering as holding devices, clamping plates, etc.
Further possible and typical applications for the commercially available permanent magnet
materials are described in more detail in 5.2 (Class R), 5.3 (Class S) and in 5.5 (Class U) of
IEC 60404-1 [1].
5 Classification
5.1 General
The classification of permanent magnet materials for technical applications is given in Table 1.
The materials are grouped according to their metallurgical relationships and their processes.
Table 1 – Classification of permanent magnet (magnetically hard) materials
Group Principal constituents Class
Magnetically hard Aluminium-nickel-cobalt-iron-titanium (AlNiCo) alloys R1
alloys
Chromium-iron-cobalt (CrFeCo) alloys R6
(R)
Iron-cobalt-vanadium-chromium (FeCoVCr) alloys R3
Rare earth-cobalt (RECo) alloys R5
Rare earth-iron-boron (REFeB) sintered magnets R7
Rare earth-iron-boron (REFeB) hot deformed magnets R8
Magnetically hard Hard ferrites
S1
ceramics
(MO･nFe O ; M = Ba, Sr and Ca, and n = 4,5 to 6,5)
2 3
(S)
Bonded magnetically Bonded aluminium-nickel-cobalt-iron-titanium (AlNiCo) magnets U1
hard materials
Bonded rare earth-cobalt (RECo) magnets U2
(U)
Bonded rare earth-iron-boron (REFeB) magnets U3
Bonded hard ferrite magnets U4
Bonded rare earth-iron-nitrogen (REFeN) magnets U5
The permanent magnet materials are identified by the principal magnetic properties given in
5.2.
_______________
Numbers in square brackets refer to the bibliography.
– 10 – IEC 60404-8-1:2023 © IEC 2023
5.2 Principal magnetic properties
Symbols and units of magnetic properties of permanent magnet materials are given in Table 2.
and units
Table 2 – Magnetic properties – Symbols
Magnetic properties Symbol Unit
Maximum value of (BH) product (BH)
kJ/m
max
Remanent flux density B mT
r
Coercivity relating to the magnetic flux density H kA/m
cB
Coercivity relating to the magnetic polarization H kA/m
cJ
Minimum values of magnetic properties at ambient temperature of (23 ± 5) °C, determined after
magnetization to saturation, are given in Table 10, Table 11, Table 12, Table 13, Table 14,
Table 15, Table 16, Table 17, Table 18, Table 19, Table 20 and Table 21.
The specified values of magnetic properties are valid only for magnets having a cross section
invariable along the axis of magnetization, with a volume of at least 0,125 cm and with
dimensions in the three directions of the coordinate axes of at least 5 mm.
For anisotropic materials, they are valid only along the one preferred direction.
For more details on size limits for measurements, see IEC 60404-5.
For reasons connected with the manufacturing methods, lower values of the magnetic
properties may be obtained if the dimensional conditions mentioned above are not satisfied.
For the method of measurement of the coercivity up to 160 kA/m of magnetic materials in an
open magnetic circuit. The application of IEC 60404-7 [2] is indispensable.
The measurement of magnetic properties shall be made using the method specified in
IEC 60404-5.
NOTE For measurement of H ≥ 1 600 kA/m, saturation effects in the pole pieces can lead to significant
cJ
measurement errors (see IEC 60404-5). In such case, the measurement can be carried out with open magnetic
circuits using a superconducting magnet [3] or a pulsed field magnet (PFM) [4].
5.3 Additional magnetic properties
Symbols and units of additional magnetic properties of permanent magnet materials are given
in Table 3.
Table 3 – Additional magnetic properties – Symbols and units
Magnetic properties Symbol Unit
µ
Relative recoil permeability —
rec
Temperature coefficient of the remanent flux density [it corresponds to the
α(B )
%/°C
r
temperature coefficient of the magnetic saturation α(J )]
s
Temperature coefficient of the coercivity relating to the magnetic
α(H )
%/°C
cJ
polarization
T
Curie temperature °C
c
IEC 60404-8-1:2023 © IEC 2023 – 11 –
The values given in Table 10, Table 11, Table 12, Table 13, Table 14, Table 15, Table 16,
Table 17, Table 18, Table 19, Table 20 and Table 21 are specified minimum values and some
typical values. The typical values are mean values published in the literature and are given for
information purposes only and are not guaranteed. The temperature range for the temperature
coefficients in the tables is generally from 20 °C to 100 °C, but this does not preclude the use
of these materials outside this temperature range.
The magnetic field strength necessary for magnetizing permanent magnet materials to magnetic
saturation is defined in IEC 60404-5, IEC 60404-7 [2] and IEC TR 62517 [5]. The temperature
stability of rare earth sintered magnets is described in more detail in IEC TR 62518 [6].
6 Chemical composition
The composition ranges for the different material groups are given for information purposes
only under 12.1.1.1, 12.1.2.1, 12.1.3.1, 12.1.4.1, 12.1.5.1, 12.2.1 and 12.3.2.
7 Densities
Density values are given in Table 10, Table 11, Table 12, Table 13, Table 14, Table 15,
Table 16, Table 17, Table 18, Table 19, Table 20 and Table 21 for information purposes only.
The density values can be used for mass and volume calculations.
8 Designation
Permanent magnet materials can be identified by brief designations and by alpha-numeric
symbols (code numbers, see Table 10, Table 11, Table 12, Table 13, Table 14, Table 15,
Table 16, Table 17, Table 18, Table 19, Table 20 and Table 21). In so far as chemical symbols
are used in the brief designation, they indicate main constituents. The number before the
oblique stroke in the brief designation denotes the specified minimum value of the (BH)
max
expressed in kilojoules per cubic metre (kJ/m ) and the number after the oblique stroke denotes
one tenth of the specified minimum value of the H expressed in kiloamperes per metre (kA/m).
cJ
Permanent magnet materials with a binder (mostly organic, see 12.3.1) are denoted by a
suffixed "p" to the brief designation.
EXAMPLE For the grade AlNiCo 12/6 of Table 10, the integer 12 is obtained from its minimum value (BH) of
max
11,6 kJ/m , and the integer 6 from one-tenth of its minimum value of H i.e. one-tenth of 55 kA/m = 5,5 kA/m on
cJ
rounding up or down to the nearest integer. If rounding down would give the integer zero, the number containing the
first rounded non-zero decimal is maintained.
The code numbers are derived from the classification system used in IEC 60404-1 [1]. The letter
in the code number means the class of the permanent magnet material. The first number
designates the kind of material in the respective class, see Table 10. A ‘0’ in the second position
means that the material is magnetically isotropic, a "1", that the material is magnetically
anisotropic. The number in the third position denotes the different grades.
9 Mode of shipment and dimensions
The materials described in this document may be delivered either magnetized or unmagnetized
and may be mounted in magnetic circuits.
The dimensions of the magnets have to be agreed upon between the supplier and the purchaser
when ordering.
– 12 – IEC 60404-8-1:2023 © IEC 2023
10 Testing
10.1 Extent of testing
The extent of testing shall be agreed upon between the supplier and the purchaser.
10.2 Testing methods
The minimum values of the magnetic properties of permanent magnet materials having suitable
shape and appropriate dimensions shall be tested according to IEC 60404-5.
If the shape and dimensions do not correspond to the requirement of 5.2, the details of the test
should be agreed upon between the supplier and the purchaser.
The other testing methods may be agreed upon between the supplier and the purchaser.
11 Grounds for rejection
Grounds for rejection include inferior magnetic quality (Table 10, Table 11, Table 12, Table 13,
Table 14, Table 15, Table 16, Table 17, Table 18, Table 19, Table 20 and Table 21 give
specified minimum values of some magnetic properties), non-compliant physical dimensions
and dimensional tolerances (Table 22, Table 23, Table 24 and Table 25).
External and internal mechanical imperfections may be considered a cause for rejection, if these
are deleterious to handling and application.
The purchaser’s notification of rejection to the supplier shall be accompanied by samples of the
rejected consignment.
12 Description of tables of standard properties
12.1 Magnetically hard alloys
Aluminium-nickel-cobalt-iron-titanium alloys (AINiCo)
12.1.1
12.1.1.1 Chemical composition
Permanent magnet materials based on aluminium-nickel-cobalt-iron-titanium alloys, referred to
as AINiCo, form a broad spectrum of component-rich alloys in the composition ranges given in
Table 4 (values in percentage mass fraction).
Table 4 – Chemical compositions of AlNiCo alloys (% mass fraction) –
for information purposes only
Al Ni Co Cu Ti Nb Si Fe
AlNiCo 8 to 13 13 to 28 5 to 42 2 to 6 0 to 9 0 to 3 0 to 0,8 balance
12.1.1.2 Manufacturing methods
AINiCo magnets are formed by casting or by a powder metallurgical process. The magnetic
performance of alloys with a Co content higher than 20 % mass fraction can be increased in a
preferred direction by applying a magnetic field during heat treatment. By this procedure a
magnetic anisotropy is generated in the material.
IEC 60404-8-1:2023 © IEC 2023 – 13 –
The best performances of AlNiCo magnets are achieved with columnar or single crystal
structure materials. The magnetic field applied during the heat treatment has to be parallel to
the columnar axis.
12.1.1.3 Sub-classification
Isotropic AlNiCo cast or sintered magnets (R1-0-x)
where x = 1, 2, 3
Anisotropic AlNiCo cast magnets (R1-1-x)
where x = 1, …, 7
Anisotropic AlNiCo sintered magnets (R1-1-x)
where x = 10, …,13
12.1.1.4 Magnetic properties and densities
The magnetic properties and densities are given in Table 10 (see also 5.2, 5.3 and Clause 7).
12.1.1.5 Dimensional tolerances
Values of the dimensional tolerances (as cast or as sintered) of AINiCo magnets are given in
Table 22.
12.1.2 Chromium-iron-cobalt alloys (CrFeCo)
12.1.2.1 Chemical composition
Permanent magnet materials based on chromium-iron-cobalt alloys, referred to as CrFeCo,
have compositions within the ranges given in Table 5 (values in percentage mass fraction).
Table 5 – Chemical compositions of CrFeCo alloys (% mass fraction) –
for information purposes only
Cr Co Other elements Fe
e.g. Si, Ti, Mo, Al, V
CrFeCo 25 to 35 7 to 25 0,1 to 3 balance
12.1.2.2 Manufacturing method
The CrFeCo alloys can be manufactured by casting, followed by hot and cold rolling or drawing
to produce strips or wires, respectively. Parts are made from this material by stamping, turning
or drilling. Subsequent to the shaping, a heat treatment has to be provided to obtain the
permanent magnet properties. The magnets can also be formed by a powder metallurgical
process. The magnetic performance of the cast as well as sintered material can be increased
in a preferred direction by applying a magnetic field during heat treatment.
12.1.2.3 Sub-classification
Isotropic CrFeCo cast or sintered magnets (R6-0-x)
where x = 1, 2
Anisotropic CrFeCo cast or sintered magnets (R6-1-x)
where x = 1, …, 4
– 14 – IEC 60404-8-1:2023 © IEC 2023
12.1.2.4 Magnetic properties and densities
Magnetic properties and densities of isotropic and anisotropic CrFeCo magnets are given in
Table 11 (see also 5.2, 5.3 and Clause 7.)
12.1.2.5 Dimensional tolerances
Values of dimensional tolerances of cold rolled strips and cold drawn wires and bars are given
in Tables 23 and 24, respectively. For sintered magnets, the tolerances shall be agreed upon
between the supplier and the purchaser.
12.1.3 Iron-cobalt-vanadium-chromium alloys (FeCoVCr)
12.1.3.1 Chemical composition
Permanent magnet materials based on iron-cobalt-vanadium-chromium alloys, referred as
FeCoVCr, have compositions of within the range given in Table 6 (values in percentage mass
fraction).
Table 6 – Chemical compositions of FeCoVCr alloys (% mass fraction) –
for information purposes only
Co V + Cr Fe
FeCoVCr 49 to 54 4 to 13 balance
12.1.3.2 Manufacturing method
The FeCoVCr alloys are manufactured by casting, followed by hot and cold rolling or drawing
to produce strips or wires, respectively. The cold deformation (80 % to 95 %), followed by a
heat treatment in the range from 500 °C to 650 °C, is essential for the production of the
permanent magnet properties.
12.1.3.3 Sub-classification
The recommended sub-classification is based on the coercivity relating to the magnetic
polarization H . At the present time there is only one classification of FeCoVCr: R3-1-1.
cJ
12.1.3.4 Magnetic properties and densities
Magnetic properties and densities are given in Table 11. (See also 5.2, 5.3 and Clause 7.)
12.1.3.5 Dimensional tolerances
Values of the dimensional tolerances of cold rolled strips and cold drawn wires are given in
Tables 23 and 24, respectively.
12.1.4 Rare earth-cobalt alloys (RECo)
12.1.4.1 Chemical composition
Permanent magnet materials based on rare earth-cobalt alloys are referred as RECo. Of
technical importance are the two types of alloys: RECo and RE Co . The composition
5 2 17
RE Co is used as the generic name for a series of multi-phase alloys with a number of
2 17
transition elements partially replacing cobalt. The alloys have a strong uniaxial magnetic
anisotropy and a high magnetic saturation, resulting in a high coercivity H and a high remanent
cJ
flux density B of the magnets. Their main constituents are given in Table 7 (values in
r
percentage mass fraction).
IEC 60404-8-1:2023 © IEC 2023 – 15 –
Table 7 – Chemical compositions of RECo alloys (% mass fraction) –
for information purposes only
Sm Fe Cu Other elements Co
e.g. Zr, Hf, Ti
RECo 33 to 36 — — — balance
RE Co 24 to 26 10 to 30 4 to 12 0 to 3 balance
2 17
Samarium (Sm) is the main rare earth element in these alloys and leads to the best magnetic
properties.
However, cerium (Ce), praseodymium (Pr) or gadolinium (Gd) may also be used as the rare
earth element.
12.1.4.2 Manufacturing method
Compacting of the monocrystalline RECo powder is carried out in a magnetic field, thus
obtaining particle-oriented green compacts. The pressed bodies are sintered under vacuum or
under a protective atmosphere followed by heat treatments.
12.1.4.3 Sub-classification
Anisotropic RECo5 sintered magnets (R5-1-x)
where x = 1, …, 5
Anisotropic RE Co sintered magnets (R5-1-x)
2 17
where x = 10, …, 22
12.1.4.4 Magnetic properties and densities
The magnetic properties and densities are given in Table 12. (See also 5.2, 5.3 and Clause 7.)
12.1.4.5 Dimensional tolerances
Dimensional tolerances shall be in accordance with those for AlNiCo sintered magnets having
less than 1 % Ti as specified in Table 22.
12.1.5 Rare earth-iron-boron sintered and hot deformed magnets (REFeB)
12.1.5.1 Chemical composition
Permanent magnet materials based on rare earth-iron-boron alloys are referred as REFeB. The
REFeB sintered and hot deformed magnets are based on the compound RE Fe B.The rare
2 14
earth element is mainly neodymium (Nd), which may be partially substituted by dysprosium (Dy),
praseodymium (Pr), cerium (Ce) or other rare earth elements. Iron may be partially substituted
by cobalt (Co). The alloy forms a tetragonal crystal structure and shows both a high
Nd Fe B
2 14
saturation magnetization and a high uniaxial magnetocrystalline anisotropy.
The REFeB sintered magnets substituted by Ce may sometimes have high magnetic properties
close to the non-Ce substituted REFeB sintered magnets.
NOTE For permanent magnet materials based on cerium-iron-boron sintered magnets (CeFeB), see Annex C
(informative).
The composition ranges of the REFeB sintered and hot deformed magnets are given in Table 8
(values in percentage mass fraction).
– 16 – IEC 60404-8-1:2023 © IEC 2023
Table 8 – Chemical compositions of REFeB sintered and hot deformed magnets
(% mass fraction) – for information purposes only
Total RE
Other elements
containing Nd Pr, Ce
Co B Dy, Tb e.g. V, Nb, Al, Ga, Fe
as main etc.
Cu
element
REFeB 28 to 35 0 to 15 0,85 to 1,2 0 to 11 0 to 15 0 to 1 balance
12.1.5.2 Manufacturing methods
There are two kinds of REFeB magnets.
The sintered magnets are produced by compacting the monocrystalline REFeB powders in a
magnetic field, thus obtaining particle-oriented green compacts. The pressed bodies
...
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