SIST EN 14879-5:2009
Organic coating systems and linings for protection of industrial apparatus and plants against corrosion caused by aggressive media - Part 5: Linings on concrete components
Organic coating systems and linings for protection of industrial apparatus and plants against corrosion caused by aggressive media - Part 5: Linings on concrete components
This document describes the requirements for and methods of testing of organic linings which are applied to concrete process engineering equipment that will come in contact with aggressive chemical substances (liquids, solids and gases). The requirements specified here may be used for the purposes of quality control (e.g. as agreed between the contract partners).
The standard applies to linings which serve one or more of the following purposes:
- to protect the component from damaging effects of aggressive substances;
- to protect waters (e.g. ground water) from harmful substances;
- to achieve a particular surface quality.
The different lining systems are:
a) bonded linings;
b) mechanically fixed linings;
c) loose linings of sheeting material;
d) loose linings of pre-formed pieces or lining units.
Handling of aggressive or water pollutant materials is understood to include
a) storage;
b) filling;
c) loading and unloading;
d) manufacture;
e) treatment;
f) use.
Beschichtungen und Auskleidungen aus organischen Werkstoffen zum Schutz von industriellen Anlagen gegen Korrosion durch aggressive Medien - Teil 5: Auskleidungen für Bauteile aus Beton
Dieses Dokument beschreibt die Anforderungen und Prüfverfahren für Auskleidungen aus organischen Werkstoffen für Bauteile aus Beton in verfahrenstechnischen Anlagen, die mit aggressiven chemischen Substanzen (Flüssigkeiten, Feststoffen und Gasen) in Berührung kommen. Die in dieser Norm festgelegten Anforderungen können für die Qualitätslenkung zugrunde gelegt werden (z. B. nach Vereinbarung zwischen den Vertragspartnern).
Diese Norm gilt für Auskleidungen für eine oder mehrere der folgenden Verwendungszwecke:
Schutz des Bauteils vor schädlichen Einwirkungen durch aggressive Stoffe;
Schutz der Gewässer (z. B. Grundwasser) vor schädlichen Stoffen;
Schutz des Füllgutes vor Verunreinigung durch lösliche Bestandteile im Trägerwerkstoff;
Erzielung besonderer Oberflächengüte.
Die verschiedenen Auskleidungssysteme sind:
a) fest mit dem Untergrund verbundene Auskleidungen;
b) mechanisch befestigte Auskleidungen;
c) lose Auskleidungsbahnen;
d) lose Auskleidungen aus vorgeformten Teilen oder Auskleidungselementen.
Der Umgang mit aggressiven oder wassergefährdenden Stoffen umfasst das
e) Lagern
f) Abfüllen
g) Umschlagen
h) Herstellen
i) Behandeln
j) Verwenden.
Systemes de revetements organiques de peinture et autres revetements rapportés pour la protection des appareils et installations industriels contre la corrosion par des milieux agressifs - Partie 5: Revetements rapportés pour béton
Le présent document décrit les exigences et méthodes en matière d’essai des revêtements rapportés organiques appliqués aux équipements d'ingénierie en béton, entrant au contact de substances chimiques (liquides, solides et gazeuses). Les exigences spécifiées dans la présente norme pourront être utilisées à des fins de contrôle qualité (comme convenu entre des contractants, par exemple).
La présente norme est applicable aux revêtements rapportés destinés à l’un au moins des usages suivants :
protéger le composant des effets néfastes des substances agressives ;
protéger les eaux (les nappes phréatiques, par exemple) des substances nocives ;
protéger le contenu de l’appareil contre la contamination par des composants provenant des matériaux du subjectile ;
obtenir une qualité de surface spécifique.
Les différents systèmes de revêtements rapportés sont les suivants :
a) revêtements collés ;
b) revêtements à fixation mécanique ;
c) revêtements rapportés non adhérents au moyen de plaques ;
d) revêtements rapportés non adhérents de pièces préfabriquées ou unités de revêtements rapportés.
Le traitement des matériaux corrosifs ou polluants pour l’eau implique les opérations suivantes :
e) stockage ;
f) remplissage ;
g) chargement et déchargement ;
h) production ;
i) traitement ;
j) utilisation.
Sistemi organskih premazov in prevlek za protikorozijsko zaščito industrijskih naprav in obratov v kemijsko agresivnih pogojih - 5. del: Prevleke na betonskih delih
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.LQGXVWULMVNLKGHOLKBeschichtungen und Auskleidungen aus organischen Werkstoffen zum Schutz von industriellen Anlagen gegen Korrosion durch aggressive Medien - Teil 5: Auskleidungen für Bauteile aus BetonSystemes de revetements organiques de peinture et autres revetements rapportés pour la protection des appareils et installations industriels contre la corrosion par des milieux agressifs - Partie 5: Revetements rapportés pour bétonOrganic coating systems and linings for protection of industrial apparatus and plants against corrosion caused by aggressive media -
Part 5: Linings on concrete components25.220.60Organske prevlekeOrganic coatingsICS:Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z:EN 14879-5:2007SIST EN 14879-5:2009en,fr,de01-januar-2009SIST EN 14879-5:2009SLOVENSKI
STANDARD
SIST EN 14879-5:2009
EUROPEAN STANDARDNORME EUROPÉENNEEUROPÄISCHE NORMEN 14879-5August 2007ICS 25.220.60 English VersionOrganic coating systems and linings for protection of industrialapparatus and plants against corrosion caused by aggressivemedia -
Part 5: Linings on concrete componentsSystèmes de revêtements organiques de peinture et autresrevêtements rapportés pour la protection des appareils etinstallations industriels contre la corrosion par des milieuxagressifs - Partie 5: Revêtements rapportés pour bétonBeschichtungen und Auskleidungen aus organischenWerkstoffen zum Schutz von industriellen Anlagen gegenKorrosion durch aggressive Medien - Teil 5: Auskleidungenfür Bauteile aus BetonThis European Standard was approved by CEN on 24 June 2007.CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this EuropeanStandard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such nationalstandards may be obtained on application to the CEN Management Centre or to any CEN member.This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translationunder the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN Management Centre has the same status as theofficial versions.CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland,France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal,Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATIONCOMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATIONEUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNGManagement Centre: rue de Stassart, 36
B-1050 Brussels© 2007 CENAll rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reservedworldwide for CEN national Members.Ref. No. EN 14879-5:2007: ESIST EN 14879-5:2009
EN 14879-5:2007 (E) 2
Contents Page Foreword.4 1 Scope.5 2 Normative references.5 3 Terms and definitions.7 4 Concepts and selection criteria.8 4.1 Surface protection types and systems.8 4.2 Selection criteria.9 4.3 Load profile.13 5 Concepts.13 5.1 Lining materials.13 5.2 Lining materials manufacturer.13 5.3 Applicator.13 6 Materials.13 6.1 Materials for bonded linings.13 6.2 Materials for mechanically fixed linings.15 6.3 Materials for loose linings.16 7 Application.17 7.1 Bonded linings.17 7.2 Mechanically fixed linings.18 7.3 Loose linings.20 8 Designations.21 9 Testing.21 9.1 General.21 9.2 Suitability testing.22 9.3 Checking the substrate.22 9.4 Receiving of lining materials.22 9.5 In-process testing of lining.22 9.6 Checking the completed lining.22 9.7 Tests during the application works.23 9.8 Inspection report.23 10 Suitability verification and tests.23 10.1 Requirements.23 10.2 Tests.26 Annex A (informative).41 Annex B (informative)
Selection criteria for surface protection systems.42 B.1 Load profiles and suitable surface protection systems for floors and walls.42 B.2 Load profiles and suitable surface protection systems for secondary containments.43 B.3 Load profiles and suitable protection for production plant floors.44 SIST EN 14879-5:2009
EN 14879-5:2007 (E) 3 B.4 Load profiles and suitable protection for collecting basins, gutters, channels, pipes etc.45 B.5 Load profiles and suitable protection for containers.46 Annex C (informative)
Sample form for acceptance inspection report.47 Annex D (normative)
Overview of verification of suitability for linings.48 Annex E (normative)
Test fluid groups for verification of suitability for material/media combinations.49 Annex F (normative)
Media lists for elastomer linings.52 Annex G (normative)
Testing the dissipation capability.54 G.1 General.54 G.1.1 Dissipation resistance.54 G.1.2 Ground dissipating resistance.54 G.2 Testing the dissipation resistance of test samples.54 G.2.1 Instruments.54 G.2.2 Test procedure.54 G.2.3 Test report.54 G.3 Measuring the ground dissipation resistance on the laid surface protection system.55 G.3.1 Instruments.55 G.3.2 Preparation.55 G.3.3 Test procedure.55 G.3.4 Test report.56 Annex H (informative)
Check list and sample form for inspection schedule.57 Annex I (informative)
A–deviations.60 Bibliography.61
SIST EN 14879-5:2009
EN 14879-5:2007 (E) 4
Foreword This document (EN 14879-5:2007) has been prepared by Working Group CEN/BT/Task Force 130 “Organic coating systems and linings for protection of industrial apparatus and plants against corrosion caused by aggressive media”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by February 2008, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by February 2008. EN 14879 "Organic coating systems and linings for protection of industrial apparatus and plants against corrosion caused by aggressive media" consists of the following parts: Part 1: Terminology, design and preparation of substrate Part 2: Coatings on metallic components Part 3: Coatings on concrete components Part 4: Linings on metallic components Part 5: Linings on concrete components Part 6: Combined linings with tile and brick layers According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. SIST EN 14879-5:2009
EN 14879-5:2007 (E) 5 1 Scope This document describes the requirements for and methods of testing of organic linings which are applied to concrete process engineering equipment that will come in contact with aggressive chemical substances (liquids, solids and gases). The requirements specified here may be used for the purposes of quality control (e.g. as agreed between the contract partners). The standard applies to linings which serve one or more of the following purposes: to protect the component from damaging effects of aggressive substances; to protect waters (e.g. ground water) from harmful substances; to protect the charge from becoming contaminated by components released from the substrate material; to achieve a particular surface quality. The different lining systems are: a) bonded linings; b) mechanically fixed linings; c) loose linings of sheeting material; d) loose linings of pre-formed pieces or lining units. Handling of aggressive or water pollutant materials is understood to include e) storage; f) filling; g) loading and unloading; h) manufacture; i) treatment; j) use. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN 228, Automotive fuels — Unleaded petrol — Requirements and test methods EN 590, Automotive fuels — Diesel — Requirements and test methods EN 1766, Products and systems for the protection and repair of concrete structures — Test methods — Reference concretes for testing EN 10204, Metallic products — Types of inspection documents SIST EN 14879-5:2009
EN 14879-5:2007 (E) 6
EN 13067, Plastics welding personnel — Qualification testing of welders — Thermoplastic welded assemblies EN 13501-1, Fire classification of construction products and building elements — Part 1: Classification using data from reaction to fire tests EN 13813, Screed material and floor screeds — Screed material — Properties and requirements EN 14879-1:2005, Organic coating systems and linings for protection of industrial apparatus and plants against corrosion caused by aggressive media — Part 1: Terminology, design and preparation of substrate EN 14879-4, Organic coating systems and linings for protection of industrial apparatus and plants against corrosion caused by aggressive media — Part 4: Linings on metallic components EN ISO 75-1, Plastics — Determination of temperature of deflection under load — Part 1: General test method (ISO 75-1:2004) EN ISO 175, Plastics — Methods of test for the determination of the effects of immersion in liquid chemicals (ISO 175:1999) EN ISO 178, Plastics — Determination of flexural properties (ISO 178:2001) EN ISO 179 (all parts), Plastics — Determination of Charpy impact properties EN ISO 527-3, Plastics — Determination of tensile properties — Part 3: Test conditions for films and sheets (ISO 527-3:1995) EN ISO 846:1997, Plastics — Evaluation of the action of microorganisms (ISO 846:1997) EN ISO 868, Plastics and ebonite — Determination of indentation hardness by means of a durometer (Shore hardness) (ISO 868:2003) EN ISO 1133, Plastics - Determination of the melt mass-flow rate (MFR) and the melt volume-flow rate (MVR) of thermoplastics (ISO 1133:2005) EN ISO 1183-1, Plastics — Methods for determining the density of non-cellular plastics — Part 1: Immersion method, liquid pyknometer method and titration method (ISO 1183- 1:2004) EN ISO 2286 (all parts), Rubber- or plastics-coated fabrics — Determination of roll characteristics EN ISO 6721-2, Plastics — Determination of dynamic mechanical properties — Part 2: Torsion-pendulum method (ISO 6721-2:1994, including Technical Corrigendum 1:1995) EN ISO 14632, Extruded sheets of polyethylene (PE-HD) — Requirements and test methods (ISO 14632:1998) EN ISO 15013, Extruded sheets of polypropylene (PP) — Requirements and test methods (ISO 15013:1998) EN ISO 22088-4, Plastics — Determination of resistance to environmental stress cracking (ESC) - Part 4: Ball or pin impression method (ISO 22088-4:2006) IEC 60093:1980, Methods of test for volume resistivity and surface resistivity of solid electrical insulating materials IEC 60167, Methods of test for the determination of the insulation resistance of solid insulating materials ISO 37, Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic — Determination of tensile stress-strain properties ISO 554, Standard atmospheres for conditioning and/or testing — Specifications SIST EN 14879-5:2009
EN 14879-5:2007 (E) 7 ISO 813, Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic — Determination of adhesion to a rigid substrate — 90 degree peel method 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in EN 14879-1:2005 and the following apply. NOTE The terms used to designate structural elements requiring surface protection are usually based on the function of the elements in the process plant. For the sake of consistency, the most common of these elements are referred to here on the basis of their function within the structure. 3.1 floor (bottom) flat or inclined surface, such as the floor of a production or storage area, and the bottom of a vessel 3.2 wall vertical or almost vertical limiting surface, such as the wall of a production and storage area, and the wall of a vessel 3.3 ceiling (top) upper limiting surface, such as the ceiling of a production and storage area, and the top of a vessel 3.4 gutter open indentation, moulded in the floor, through which fluids may drain away 3.5 trench open or covered element in the floor of any shape or size, whose invert is considerably lower than the floor, and through which fluids may drain away 3.6 pipe hollow cylinder of any shape or size, through which fluids, gases and vapours may pass 3.7 sump depression in the floor, designed as the lowest point from which collected substances can be drained off SIST EN 14879-5:2009
EN 14879-5:2007 (E) 8
3.8 collecting basin tight basin or area designed to collect any water pollutants leaking in an emergency 3.9 tank open or closed facility of any shape or size designed to contain permanently fluids, solids, gases and vapours NOTE Typical designations for containers are basin, cistern, vessel and tank 4 Concepts and selection criteria 4.1 Surface protection types and systems 4.1.1 General Surface protection is usually applied as a lining as in 4.1.2 and Clause 5, as a coating as in EN 14879-3 or as a composite coating or lining system as in prEN 14879-6. The last of these combines a chemically resistant sealing coat with a wearing layer. 4.1.2 Protective linings Linings based on organic binders, such as a) Bonded linings Bonded linings comprise pre-fabricated sheets that are fixed to the substrate by means of an adhesive applied over the entire surface area. The sheets are then jointed using an adhesive or by welding. b) Mechanically fixed linings Linings made of thermoplastic units (e.g. sheets, slabs or pre-formed pieces) that are fixed to the concrete substrate by means of fasteners systematically arranged on the units' underside. The lining units are then jointed by welding. These linings may be applied either during the construction of the concrete member or after construction has been completed, in which case the lining is attached to a layer of facing concrete. c) Loose linings of sheeting material Pre-fabricated linings that are laid loosely on the substrate, jointed and then fixed to the walls by means of metal beads, for example. The sheets are usually surfaced with gravel or screed, or protected against exposure to sunlight, warping and mechanical damage by means of a masonry facing. d) Loose linings of pre-formed pieces or linings units Linings made of pre-formed pieces laid in the concrete member and then fixed or welded at the top edge, if necessary. SIST EN 14879-5:2009
EN 14879-5:2007 (E) 9 4.2 Selection criteria 4.2.1 General The stress to be encountered by a protective lining shall be known before the requirements for it can be specified. For the scope or this standard, the stress types detailed in 4.2.2 to 4.2.8 are the most relevant. Where necessary, grades have been used to describe different levels of stress. 4.2.2 Aggressive substances Aggressive substances or water pollutants may occur as solids or fluids. Their aggressive action on concrete usually occurs when they are in a liquid state (e.g. aqueous solutions or condensates). The substances may occur in their pure state or as mixtures and may attack the concrete at varying intervals. These substances shall be designated using the Geneva nomenclature, IUPAC1) nomenclature or CAS2) number. They may also be designated by trivial names which have become established in the literature. Concentrations and any changes to these shall be given as a percentage by mass or volume, or as g/l, g/kg, mol/l etc. The pH value shall also be given for aqueous solutions. All constituents, including traces and impurities, shall be named, even if they do not attack concrete. Successive exposure shall be represented accordingly. Table 1 lists chemicals which are commonly used, having the properties mentioned above.
1) International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. 2) Chemical Abstract Service. SIST EN 14879-5:2009
EN 14879-5:2007 (E) 10
Table 1 — Classification of frequently (commonly) used chemicals Type of chemical Examples I. Inorganic chemicals Inorganic, non-oxidizing acids HCl H2SO4 H3PO4 Hydrochloric acid Sulphuric acid, up to 70 %
Phosphoric acid Inorganic, oxidizing acids HNO3 H2SO4 CrO3, H2CrO4 HClO3 Nitric acid Sulphuric acid, over 70 %
Chromic acid Chloric acid Inorganic acids, dissolving SiO2 HF H2SiF6 HBF4 Hydrofluoric acid Hexafluorosilicic acid (containing HF) Tetrafluoroboric acid (containing HF) Salts NaCl FeSO4 Na2CO3 Sodium chloride Iron (II) sulphate Sodium carbonate Bases NaOH KOH CaO, Ca(OH)2 NH4OH Sodium hydroxide Potassium hydroxide Calcium oxide Calcium hydroxide
Ammonia solution (Ammonium hydroxide solution) Oxidizing bases NaOCl Sodium hypochlorite II. Organic chemicals Organic acids HCOOH CH3COOH CH2ClCOOH (COOH)2 CH3CHOHCOOH Formic acid Acetic acid Chloroacetic acid Oxalic acid Lactic acid Aliphatic hydrocarbons C6H14 C8H18 Hexane Octane Aromatic hydrocarbons C6H6 C6H5CH3 C6H4(CH3)2 Benzene Toluene Xylene Alcohols CH3OH C2H5OH C4H9OH CH2OHCH2OH Methanol Ethanol Butanol Ethanediol Aldehydes, Ketones, esters CH2O CH3COCH3 C2H5COCH3 CH3COOC2H5 Formaldehyde Acetone Methyl ethyl ketone (2.butanone) Ethyl acetate Aliphatic halogenated hydrocarbons CH2Cl2 C2HCl3 C2Cl3F3 Dichloromethane Trichloroethylene Trichlorotrifluoroethane Aromatic Halogenated hydrocarbons C6H5Cl ClC6H4CF3 Chlorobenzene Chlorobenzotrifluoride Aliphatic amines CH3NH2 (C2H5)3N NH2C2H4NH2 Methylamine Triethylamine Ethylene diamine Aromatic amines C6H5NH2
C6H5N Aniline
Pyridine Phenols C6H5OH CH3C6H4OH Phenol Cresol Fats, oils
Vegetable and animal fats and oils NOTE The grades 0 to 2 and 4 are normally not applicable for linings according to this standard. SIST EN 14879-5:2009
EN 14879-5:2007 (E) 11 4.2.3 Type and frequency of fluid loading The requirements for the protective or sealing function of a surface protection system are linked to the type and frequency of the fluid loads to which it will be exposed. Exposure shall be graded as follows. Grade 0:
no exposure to fluids. Grade 1:
sporadic exposure to droplets of fluid (e.g. laboratory floors, floors in small units, walls). Grade 2: frequent, short-term exposure to splashes of fluid, where the surfaces are regularly flushed (e.g. floors of closed production plants). Grade 3: exceptional and limited exposure to fluids during operations (e.g. due to plant failure) in, for example, collecting basins. Grade 4: constant or frequent exposure to a film of fluid, due to wetness, condensation, puddles, trickles and the like (e.g. floors in production plants, electroplating plants or pumping stations). Grade 5: operational exposure to a constant flow of fluid involving no significant hydrostatic pressure (e.g. open gutters, trenches and their pump sumps, closed trenches and pipes). Grade 6: constant exposure of containers to fluid contents for unlimited periods (e.g. vessels, pits). 4.2.4 Thermal loading Temperature influences the effectiveness of a surface protection system in the following ways. a) Aggressiveness of medium Elevated temperatures increase the aggressiveness of the medium by raising the levels of its chemical reactions and diffusion, and also through the accumulation of volatile substances in the headspace. b) Thermal stress Temperatures which deviate from the installation temperature cause thermal stress between the substrate and the surface protection system and may cause peeling, cracks, etc. This may result from the direct action of hot or cold media, or from radiant heat and extreme ambient temperature. The maximum thermal load shall be stated in °C. 4.2.5 Changes in temperature Changes in temperature include a) temperature changes at the protective surface during exposure to fluid loads of grades 3 to 5 as in 4.2.3 involving changed medium temperatures; b) temperature changes as otherwise constantly heated or cooled surfaces, resulting from operational contingencies, such as start-up and shutdown; c) temperature changes, possibly involving thermal shock, which occur during cleaning operations; d) process-related changes in the temperature of the medium under loading conditions corresponding to grade 6 (as in 4.2.3). Temperature changes due to climatic influences are dealt with in 4.2.7. SIST EN 14879-5:2009
EN 14879-5:2007 (E) 12
The source, degree, speed and frequency of temperature changes shall be taken into consideration when assessing their effect. The following grades serve in assessing the effects of temperature changes, whereby details of the frequency and the duration of temperature changes are to be given for grades 1 to 4. Grade 0:
no temperature changes; Grade 1:
infrequent temperature changes of not more than 50 K; Grade 2:
infrequent temperature changes of more than 50 K; Grade 3:
frequent temperature changes of not more than 50 K; Grade 4:
frequent temperature changes of more than 50 K; Grade 5:
temperature changes involving thermal shock (assessment not possible with this standard). 4.2.6 Mechanical loading The effectiveness of a surface protection system may be impaired through exposure to mechanical loads or hydrostatic pressure during operation or assembly. The following grades shall be used to assess such loads. Grade 0:
no loads, or hydrostatic pressure up to 0,05 bar; Grade 1:
loads up to 0,2 N/mm2 (e.g. pedestrian traffic, light transport, static loading); Grade 2:
loads up to 1 N/mm2 (e.g. vehicles with pneumatic tires, static loading); Grade 3:
loads over 1 N/mm2, for example
a) loads of 1 N/mm2 to 7 N/mm2 (e.g. vehicles with Vulkollan wheels, static loading) and
b) loads over 7 N/mm2 (e.g. vehicles with polyamide wheels, static loading); Grade 4:
impact loads, such as those resulting from setting down sharp-edged objects (e.g. barrels), and from scraping (e.g. shovel loaders); Grade 5:
hydrostatic pressure from 0,05 bar to 0,5 bar; Grade 6:
hydrostatic pressure greater than 0,5 bar. NOTE The grades 2 to 4 are normally not applicable for linings without additional protection according to this standard. 4.2.7 Climate Influences Climatic influences may affect the durability of a surface protection system, and shall be graded as follows. Grade 0:
no climatic influences: the component is located inside a building and is not exposed to climatic
influences. Grade 1:
limited climatic influences: a roof protects the component, which is exposed to limited climatic
influences. Grade 2:
full climatic influences: the component is located outside, and is fully exposed to climatic
influences. SIST EN 14879-5:2009
EN 14879-5:2007 (E) 13 4.2.8 Additional requirements Additional requirements may derive from special applications, and are not fully covered by this standard. They may refer to water protection, explosion protection, fire behaviour, decontamination, health and safety (particularly in the case of foodstuffs and drinking water), non-slip surfaces and smoothness. 4.3 Load profile The loads described in 4.2.2 to 4.2.8 shall be recorded, together with the grades selected, using the form reproduced in Annex A. Tables B.1 to B.5 list frequently occurring load profiles and suitable surface protection systems. 5 Concepts 5.1 Lining materials
...
SLOVENSKI oSIST prEN 14879-5:2005
PREDSTANDARD
november 2005
Organic coating systems and linings for protection of industrial apparatus and
plants against corrosion caused by aggressive media – Part 5: Linings on concrete
components
ICS 25.220.60 Referenčna številka
oSIST prEN 14879-5:2005(en)
© Standard je založil in izdal Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje ali kopiranje celote ali delov tega dokumenta ni dovoljeno
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
EUROPEAN STANDARD
DRAFT
prEN 14879-5
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
September 2005
ICS
English Version
Organic coating systems and linings for protection of industrial
apparatus and plants against corrosion caused by aggressive
media - Part 5: Linings on concrete components
Organische Beschichtungs- und Auskleidungssysteme zum
Schutz von industriellen Anlagen gegen Korrosion durch
aggressive Medien - Teil 5: Auskleidungen auf
Untergründen aus Beton
This draft European Standard is submitted to CEN members for enquiry. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/SS C02.
If this draft becomes a European Standard, CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which
stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration.
This draft European Standard was established by CEN in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language
made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Management Centre has the same
status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France,
Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia,
Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
Recipients of this draft are invited to submit, with their comments, notification of any relevant patent rights of which they are aware and to
provide supporting documentation.
Warning : This document is not a European Standard. It is distributed for review and comments. It is subject to change without notice and
shall not be referred to as a European Standard.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels
© 2005 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. prEN 14879-5:2005: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
prEN 14879-5:2005 (E)
Contents Page
Foreword.3
1 Scope.4
2 Normative references.4
3 Terms and definitions .6
4 Concepts and selection criteria .7
4.1 Surface protection types and systems.7
4.2 Selection criteria.8
4.3 Load profile.12
5 Concepts.12
5.1 Lining materials.12
5.2 Lining materials manufacturer .12
5.3 Applicator.12
6 Materials.12
6.1 Materials for bonded linings.12
6.2 Materials for mechanically fixed linings.14
6.3 Materials for loose linings .15
7 Application.16
7.1 Bonded linings.16
7.2 Mechanically fixed linings .17
7.3 Loose linings.19
8 Designations.20
9 Testing.20
9.1 Suitability testing.21
9.2 Checking the substrate.21
9.3 Receiving of lining materials .21
9.4 In-process testing of lining.21
9.5 Checking the completed lining.21
9.6 Tests during the application works .22
9.7 Inspection report.22
10 Suitability verification and tests.22
10.1 Requirements.22
10.2 Tests.25
Annex A (informative) .40
Annex B (informative) Selection criteria for surface protection systems .41
Annex C (informative) Sample form for acceptance inspection report .46
Annex D (normative) Overview of verification of suitability for linings .47
Annex E (normative) Test fluid groups for verification of suitability for material/media
combinations.48
Annex F (normative) Media lists for elastomer linings .51
Annex G (normative) Testing the dissipation capability.53
Annex H (informative) Check list and sample form for inspection schedule.56
Bibliography .59
2
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
prEN 14879-5:2005 (E)
Foreword
This document (prEN 14879-5:2005) has been prepared by Working Group CEN/BT/Task Force 130 “Organic
coating systems and linings for protection of industrial apparatus and plants against corrosion caused by
aggressive media”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN.
This document is currently submitted to the CEN enquiry.
EN 14879 "Organic coating systems and linings for protection of industrial apparatus and plants against
corrosion caused by aggressive media" consists of the following parts:
Part 1: Terminology, design and preparation of substrate
Part 2: Coatings on metallic components
Part 3: Coatings on concrete components
Part 4: Linings on metallic components
Part 5: Linings on concrete components
Part 6: Combined lining with tile and brick layers
The Annexes D, E, F and G are normative, the Annexes A, B, C and H are informative.
3
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
prEN 14879-5:2005 (E)
1 Scope
This document describes the requirements for and methods of testing of organic linings which are applied to
concrete process engineering equipment that will come in contact with aggressive chemical substances
(liquids, solids and gases). The requirements specified here may be used for the purposes of quality control
(e.g. as agreed between the contract partners).
The standard applies to linings which serve one or more of the following purposes:
to protect the component from damaging effects of aggressive substances;
to protect waters (e.g. ground water) from harmful substances;
to protect the charge from becoming contaminated by components released from the substrate material;
to achieve a particular surface quality.
The different lining systems are:
a) bonded linings;
b) mechanically fixed linings;
c) loose linings of sheeting material;
d) loose linings of pre-formed pieces or lining units.
This standard establishes recommendations which may be used as guidelines for quality control procedures
by the contracting parties (the manufacturer of the lining materials, the manufacturer of the precast concrete
parts to be coated, the lining manufacturer and the purchaser of the finished product.
Handling of aggressive or water pollutant materials is understood to include
a) storage
b) filling
c) loading and unloading
d) manufacture
e) treatment
f) use.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
EN 59, Glass Reinforced Plastics — Measurement of Hardness by Means of a Barcol Impressor
EN 228, Automotive fuels — Unleaded petrol — Requirements and test methods
4
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
prEN 14879-5:2005 (E)
EN 977:1997, Underground tanks of glass-reinforced plastics (GRP) — Method for one side exposure to fluids
EN 1081, Resilient floor coverings — Determination of the electrical resistance
EN 1339, Precast concrete paving flags
EN 1766, Products and systems for the protection and repair of concrete structures — Test methods —
Reference concretes for testing
EN 1767, Products and systems for the protection and repair of concrete structures — Test methods —
Infrared analysis
EN 10204, Inspection documents for metallic products (included Amendment A1:1995)
EN 12350-1, Testing fresh concrete — Part 1: Sampling
EN 13067, Plastics welding personnel — Qualification testing of welders — Thermoplastic welded assemblies
EN 13238, Reaction to fire tests for building products — Conditioning procedures and general rules for
selection of substrates
EN 13318, Screed material and floor screeds — Definitions
EN 13813, Screed material and floor screeds — Screed material — Properties and requirements
EN 14879-1, Organic coating systems and linings for protection of industrial apparatus and plants against
corrosion caused by aggressive media — Part 1: Terminology, design and preparation of substrate
EN 22286, Rubber- or plastics-coated fabrics — Determination of roll characteristics (ISO 2286:1986)
EN 24624, Paints and varnishes — Pull-off test for adhesion (ISO 4624:1978)
EN ISO 75-1, Plastics — Determination of temperature of deflection under load — Part 1: General test method
(ISO 75-1:1993)
EN ISO 175, Methods of test for determination of the effects of immersion in liquid chemicals (ISO 175:1999)
EN ISO 178, Plastics — Determination of flexural properties (ISO 178:2001)
EN ISO 179:1993, Plastics — Determination of Charpy impact strength
EN ISO 527-3, Plastics — Determination of tensile properties — Part 3: Test conditions for films and sheet
(ISO 527-3:1995)
EN ISO 1183-1, Plastics — Methods for determining the density of non-cellular plastics — Part 1: Immersion
method, liquid pyknometer method and titration method (ISO 1183- 1:2004)
EN ISO 4600, Plastics — Determination of environmental stress cracking (ESC) — Ball or pin impression
method (ISO 4600:1992)
EN ISO 6272, Paints and varnishes — Falling-weight test (ISO 6272:1993)
EN ISO 6721-2, Plastics — Determination of dynamic mechanical properties — Part 2: Torsion-pendulum
method (ISO 6721-2:1994, including Technical Corrigendum 1:1995)
EN ISO 14632, Extruded sheets of polyethylene (PE-HD) — Requirements and test methods
(ISO 14632:1998)
5
---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
prEN 14879-5:2005 (E)
EN ISO 15013, Extruded sheets of polypropylene (PP) — Requirements and test methods (ISO 15013:1998)
ISO 37, Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic — Determination of tensile stress-strain properties / Note: To be
replaced by ISO/DIS 37 (2004-03)
ISO 554, Standard atmospheres for conditioning and/or testing — Specifications
ISO 868, Plastics and ebonite — Determination of indentation hardness by means of a durometer (Shore
hardness)
ISO 1133:1997, Plastics — Determination of the melt mass-flow rate (MFR) and the melt volume-flow rate
(MVR) of thermoplastics
IEC 60093:1993, Methods of test for insulating materials for electrical purposes — Volume resistivity and
surface resistivity of solid electrical insulating materials (IEC 60093:1980)
IEC 60167, Methods of test for insulating materials for electrical purposes — Insulation resistance of solid
materials (IEC 60167:1964)
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this European Standard, the following terms and definitions in addition of those of
EN 14879-1 apply.
NOTE The terms used to designate structural elements requiring surface protection are usually based on the function
of the elements in the process plant. For the sake of consistency, the most common of these elements are referred to here
on the basis of their function within the structure.
3.1
floor (bottom)
flat or inclined surface, such as the floor of a production or storage area, and the bottom of a vessel
3.2
wall
vertical or almost vertical limiting surface, such as the wall of a production and storage area, and the wall of a
vessel
3.3
ceiling (top)
upper limiting surface, such as the ceiling of a production and storage area, and the top of a vessel
3.4
gutter
open indentation, moulded in the floor, through which fluids may drain away
3.5
trench
open or covered element in the floor of any shape or size, whose invert is considerably lower than the floor,
and through which fluids may drain away
3.6
pipe
hollow cylinder of any shape or size, through which fluids, gases and vapours may pass
3.7
sump
depression in the floor, designed as the lowest point from which collected substances can be drained off
6
---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------
prEN 14879-5:2005 (E)
3.8
collecting basin
tight basin or area designed to collect any water pollutants leaking in an emergency
3.9
tank
open or closed facility of any shape or size designed to contain permanently fluids, solids, gases and vapours.
Typical designations for containers are basin, cistern, vessel, tank
4 Concepts and selection criteria
4.1 Surface protection types and systems
4.1.1 General
Surface protection is usually applied as a lining as in 4.1.2 and clause 5, as a coating as in EN 14879-4 or as
a composite coating or lining system as in EN 14879-6. The last of these combines a chemically resistant
sealing coat with a wearing layer.
4.1.2 Protective linings
Linings based on organic binders, such as
a) Bonded linings
Bonded linings comprise pre-fabricated sheets that are fixed to the substrate by means of an adhesive applied
over the entire surface area. The sheets are then jointed using an adhesive or by welding.
b) Mechanically fixed linings
Linings made of thermoplastic units (e.g. sheets, slabs or pre-formed pieces) that are fixed to the concrete
substrate by means of fasteners systematically arranged on the units' underside. The lining units are then
jointed by welding.
These linings may be applied either during the construction of the concrete member or after construction has
been completed, in which case the lining is attached to a layer of facing concrete.
c) Loose linings of sheeting material
Pre-fabricated linings that are laid loosely on the substrate, jointed and then fixed to the walls by means of
metal beads, for example.
The sheets are usually surfaced with gravel or screed, or protected against exposure to sunlight, warping and
mechanical damage by means of a masonry facing.
d) Loose linings of pre-formed pieces or linings units
Linings made of pre-formed pieces laid in the concrete member (e.g. tanking of containers) and then fixed or
welded at the top edge, if necessary.
7
---------------------- Page: 8 ----------------------
prEN 14879-5:2005 (E)
4.2 Selection criteria
4.2.1 General
The stress to be encountered by a protective lining must be known before the requirements for it can be
specified. For the scope or this standard, the stress types detailed in sub clauses 4.2.2 to 4.2.8 are the most
relevant. Where necessary, grades have been used to describe different levels of stress.
4.2.2 Aggressive substances
Aggressive substances or water pollutants may occur as solids or fluids. Their aggressive action on concrete
usually occurs when they are in a liquid state (e.g. aqueous solutions or condensates). The substances may
occur in their pure state, or as mixtures and may attack the concrete at varying intervals.
1) 2)
These substances shall be designated using the Geneva nomenclature, IUPAC nomenclature or CAS
number. They may also be designated by trivial names which have become established in the literature.
Concentrations and any changes to these shall be given as a percentage by mass or volume, or as g/l, g/kg,
mol/l etc. The pH value shall also be given for aqueous solutions.
All constituents, including traces and impurities, shall be named, even if they do not attack concrete.
Successive exposure shall be represented accordingly.
Table 1 lists chemicals which are commonly used, having the properties mentioned above.
1) International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
2) Chemical Abstract Service.
8
---------------------- Page: 9 ----------------------
prEN 14879-5:2005 (E)
Table 1 — Classification of frequently (commonly) used chemicals
Type of chemical Examples
I. Inorganic chemicals
Inorganic, non-oxidizing acids HCl Hydrochloric acid
H SO Sulphuric acid, up to 70 %
2 4
H PO Phosphoric acid
3 4
Inorganic, oxidizing acids HNO Nitric acid
3
H SO Sulphuric acid, over 70 %
2 4
CrO , H CrO Chromic acid
3 2 4
HClO Chloric acid
3
Inorganic acids, dissolving SiO HF Hydrofluoric acid
2
H SiF Hexafluorosilicic acid (containing HF)
2 6
HBF Tetrafluoroboric acid (containing HF)
4
Salts NaCl Sodium chloride
FeSO Iron (II) sulphate
4
Na CO Sodium carbonate
2 3
Bases NaOH Sodium hydroxide
KOH Potassium hydroxide
CaO, Ca(OH) Calcium oxide Calcium hydroxide
2
NH OH Ammonia solution (Ammonium hydroxide
4
solution)
Oxidizing bases NaOCl Sodium hypochlorite
II. Organic chemicals
Organic acids HCOOH Formic acid
CH COOH Acetic acid
3
CH ClCOOH Chloroacetic acid
2
(COOH) Oxalic acid
2
CH CHOHCOOH Lactic acid
3
Aliphatic hydrocarbons C H Hexane
6 14
C H Octane
6 18
Aromatic hydrocarbons C H Benzene
6 6
C H CH Toluene
6 5 3
C H (CH ) Xylene
6 4 3 2
Alcohols CH OH Methanol
3
C H OH Ethanol
2 5
C H OH Butanol
4 9
CH OHCH OH Ethanediol
2 2
Aldehydes, Ketones, esters CH O Formaldehyde
2
CH COCH Acetone
3 3
C H COCH Methyl ethyl ketone (2.butanone)
2 5 3
CH COOC H Ethyl acetate
3 2 5
Aliphatic halogenated hydrocarbons CH Cl Dichloromethane
2 2
C HCl Trichloroethylene
2 3
C Cl F Trichlorotrifluoroethane
2 3 3
Aromatic Halogenated hydrocarbons C H Cl Chlorobenzene
6 5
ClC H CF Chlorobenzotrifluoride
6 4 3
Aldehydes CHO Formaldehyde
2
Aliphatic amines CH NH Methylamine
3 2
(C H ) N Triethylamine
2 5 3
NH C H NH Ethylene diamine
2 2 4 2
Aromatic amines C H NH Aniline
6 5 2
C H N Pyridine
6 5
Phenols C H OH Phenol
6 5
CH C H OH Cresol
3 6 4
Fats, oils Vegetable and animal fats and oils
9
---------------------- Page: 10 ----------------------
prEN 14879-5:2005 (E)
4.2.3 Type and frequency of fluid loading
The requirements for the protective or sealing function of a surface protection system are linked to the type
and frequency of the fluid loads to which it will be exposed. Exposure shall be graded as follows.
Grade 0: no exposure to fluids.
Grade 1: sporadic exposure to droplets of fluid (e.g. laboratory floors, floors in small units, walls).
Grade 2: frequent, short-term exposure to splashes of fluid, where the surfaces are regularly flushed (e.g.
floors of closed production plants).
Grade 3: exceptional and limited exposure to fluids during operations (e.g. due to plant failure) in, for
example, collecting basins.
Grade 4: constant or frequent exposure to a film of fluid, due to wetness, condensation, puddles, trickles
and the like (e.g. floors in production plants, electroplating plants or pumping stations).
Grade 5: operational exposure to a constant flow of fluid involving no significant hydrostatic pressure (e.g.
open gutters, trenches and their pump sumps, closed trenches and pipes).
Grade 6: constant exposure of containers to fluid contents for unlimited periods (e.g. vessels, pits).
4.2.4 Thermal loading
Temperature influences the effectiveness of a surface protection system in the following ways.
a) Aggressiveness of medium
Elevated temperatures increase the aggressiveness of the medium by raising the levels of its chemical
reactions and diffusion, and also through the accumulation of volatile substances in the headspace.
b) Thermal stress
Temperatures which deviate from the installation temperature cause thermal stress between the substrate and
the surface protection system and may cause peeling, cracks, etc. This may result from the direct action of hot
or cold media, or from radiant heat and extreme ambient temperature.
The maximum thermal load shall be stated in °C.
4.2.5 Changes in temperature
Changes in temperature include
a) temperature changes at the protective surface during exposure to fluid loads of grades 3 to 5 as in 4.2.3
involving changed medium temperatures;
b) temperature changes as otherwise constantly heated or cooled surfaces, resulting from operational
contingencies, such as start-up and shutdown.
c) temperature changes, possibly involving thermal shock, which occur during cleaning operations;
d) process-related changes in the temperature of the medium under loading conditions corresponding to
grade 6 (as in 4.2.3).
Temperature changes due to climatic influences are dealt with in 4.2.7.
10
---------------------- Page: 11 ----------------------
prEN 14879-5:2005 (E)
The source, degree, speed and frequency of temperature changes shall be taken into consideration when
assessing their effect.
The following grades serve in assessing the effects of temperature changes, whereby details of the frequency
and the duration of temperature changes are to be given for grades 1 to 4.
Grade 0: no temperature changes.
Grade 1: infrequent temperature changes of not more than 50 K.
Grade 2: infrequent temperature changes of more than 50 K.
Grade 3: frequent temperature changes of not more than 50 K.
Grade 4: frequent temperature changes of more than 50 K.
Grade 5: temperature changes involving thermal shock.
4.2.6 Mechanical loading
The effectiveness of a surface protection system may be impaired through exposure to mechanical loads or
hydrostatic pressure during operation or assembly. The following grades shall be used to assess such loads.
Grade 0: no loads, or hydrostatic pressure up to 0,05 bar.
2
Grade 1: loads up to 0,2 N/mm (e.g. pedestrian traffic, light transport, static loading).
2
Grade 2: loads up to 1 N/mm (e.g. vehicles with pneumatic tires, static loading).
2
Grade 3: loads over 1 N/mm , for example
2 2
a) loads of 1 N/mm to 7 N/mm (e.g. vehicles with Vulkollan wheels, static loading).
2
b) loads over 7 N/mm (e.g. vehicles with polyamide wheels, static loading).
Grade 4: impact loads, such as those resulting from setting down sharp-edged objects (e.g. barrels), and
from scraping (e.g. shovel loaders).
Grade 5: hydrostatic pressure from 0,05 bar to 0,5 bar.
Grade 6: hydrostatic pressure greater than 0,5 bar.
4.2.7 Weather factors
Climatic influences may affect the durability of a surface protection system, and shall be graded as follows.
Grade 0: no climatic influences: the component is located inside a building and is not exposed to climatic
influences.
Grade 1: limited climatic influences: a roof protects the component, which is exposed to limited climatic
influences.
Grade 2: full climatic influences: the component is located outside, and is fully exposed to climatic
influences.
11
---------------------- Page: 12 ----------------------
prEN 14879-5:2005 (E)
4.2.8 Additional requirements
Additional requirements may derive from special applications, and are not fully covered by this standard. They
may refer to water protection, explosion protection, fire behaviour, decontamination, health and safety
(particularly in the case of foodstuffs and drinking water), non-slip surfaces and smoothness.
4.3 Load profile
The loads described in 4.2.2 to 4.2.8 shall be recorded, together with the grades selected, using the form
reproduced in Annex A.
Tables B.1 to B.5 in Annex B list frequently occurring load profiles and suitable surface protection systems.
5 Concepts
5.1 Lining materials
Lining materials, including materials used for attaching the lining to the substrate and for jointing, shall be
capable of withstanding the chemical, mechanical and thermal loads included in the 'load profile' drawn up as
specified in sub-clauses 4.2.3 to 4.2.8 and in Annex B.
Specific properties (e.g. compatibility between chemicals and the lining, resistance to mould and bacterial
growth, resistance to ultraviolet or radioactive radiation, or electrostatic dissipation) may be required for
special applications.
5.2 Lining materials manufacturer
Manufacturers of lining materials shall have suitable, functional manufacturing equipment and qualified
personnel.
Lining materials shall be accompanied upon delivery by a type 3.1 inspection document, or 'inspection
certificate', as in EN 10204.
5.3 Applicator
The applicator shall have suitable equipment and qualified personnel; this will ensure that the lining is properly
applied in accordance with this standard.
6 Materials
6.1 Materials for bonded linings
6.1.1 Soft rubber
Soft rubber linings shall consist of single- or double-ply sheets of self-vulcanising, or partially or completely
vulcanised soft rubber. Lining systems of soft rubber may be applied in multiple layers.
Table 2 lists commonly used rubbers and the maximum temperatures for which they are suitable.
12
---------------------- Page: 13 ----------------------
prEN 14879-5:2005 (E)
Table 2 — Recommended maximum operating temperatures
for soft rubbers
Maximum
Symbol Rubber type temperature
in °C
NR Isoprene rubber (Natural rubber) + 80
CR Polychloroprene rubber + 80
IIR Isobutene-isoprene rubber (Butyl rubber) + 100
Bromo-isobutene-isoprene rubber
BIIR + 100
(Bromobutyl rubber)
Chloro-isobutene-isoprene rubber
CIIR + 100
(Chlorobutyl rubber)
CSM Chlorosulfonated polyethylene + 80
NBR Acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber (nitrile rubber) + 80
The operating temperatures for which the rubbers are suitable will depend on the type and duration of loading.
Table 3 specifies requirements for soft rubber sheeting.
Table 3 — Requirements for soft rubber sh
...
Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.