SIST EN ISO 26424:2016
(Main)Fine ceramics (advanced ceramics, advanced technical ceramics) - Determination of the abrasion resistance of coatings by a micro-scale abrasion test (ISO 26424:2008)
Fine ceramics (advanced ceramics, advanced technical ceramics) - Determination of the abrasion resistance of coatings by a micro-scale abrasion test (ISO 26424:2008)
This International Standard specifies a method for measuring the abrasive wear rate of ceramic coatings by means of a micro-scale abrasion wear test based on the well-known crater-grinding technique used for coating thickness determination in ISO 26423[11].
The method can provide data on both coating and substrate wear rates, either by performing two separate tests or by careful analysis of the data from a single test series.
The method can be applied to samples with planar or non-planar surfaces, but the results analysis described in Clause 9 applies only to flat samples. For non-planar samples, a more complicated analysis, possibly requiring the use of numerical methods, is required.
Hochleistungskeramik - Bestimmung der Beständigkeit gegen Abrieb von Schichten durch eine Mikroabriebprüfung (ISO 26424:2008)
Diese Internationale Norm legt ein Verfahren zur Messung der Abriebverschleißrate keramischer Schichten mithilfe einer Mikroabriebprüfung fest, die auf dem bekannten Kalottenschleifverfahren zur Bestimmung der Schichtdicke nach ISO 26423 [11] basiert.
Nach diesem Verfahren können Daten zur Bestimmung der Abriebverschleißraten sowohl der Schicht als auch des Grundwerkstoffes ermittelt werden, entweder durch zwei separate Prüfungen oder aber durch eine sorgfältige Analyse der aus einer einzigen Prüfserie gewonnenen Daten.
Das Prüfverfahren kann bei Proben mit ebenen oder nicht ebenen Oberflächen angewendet werden, während die in Abschnitt 9 beschriebene Auswertung nur für ebene Proben gilt. Bei nicht ebenen Proben ist eine komplexere Auswertung erforderlich, möglicherweise mithilfe numerischer Verfahren.
Céramiques techniques - Détermination de la résistance à l'abrasion des revêtements par essai d'abrasion à micro-échelle (ISO 26424:2008)
L'ISO 26424:2008 traite d'une méthode permettant de mesurer le taux d'usure par abrasion des revêtements céramiques au moyen d'un essai de micro-usure par abrasion basé sur la technique bien connue d'abrasion d'une calotte sphérique utilisée pour déterminer l'épaisseur du revêtement dans l'ISO 26423 [11].
Cette méthode permet d'obtenir des données relatives aux taux d'usure du revêtement et du substrat, que ce soit en réalisant deux types d'essai différents ou en analysant minutieusement les données issues d'une série d'essais d'un seul type.
Cette méthode peut s'appliquer aux échantillons disposant de surfaces planes ou non planes, mais l'analyse des résultats décrite à l'Article 9 ne peut être utilisée que pour les échantillons plats. En ce qui concerne les échantillons non plats, il y a lieu de procéder à une analyse plus complexe, nécessitant éventuellement l'application de méthodes numériques.
Fina keramika (sodobna keramika, sodobna tehnična keramika) - Ugotavljanje odpornosti prevlek proti obrabi z mikroabrazivnim preskusom (ISO 26424:2008)
Ta mednarodni standard določa metodo za merjenje stopnje abrazivne obrabe keramičnih prevlek z mikroabrazivnim preskusom na podlagi uveljavljene tehnike čelnega brušenja, ki se uporablja za ugotavljanje debeline prevleke v standardu ISO 26423[11]. Metoda lahko zagotovi podatke o stopnji obrabe prevleke in substrata, tako da se izvedeta dva ločena preskusa, ali s skrbno analizo podatkov iz enega preskusnega niza. Metodo je mogoče uporabiti za vzorce z ravnimi ali neravnimi površinami, vendar pa se rezultati analize, opisani v točki 9, uporabljajo samo za ploske vzorce. Pri neravnih vzorcih je potrebna bolj zapletena analiza, ki morda zahteva uporabo številskih metod.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN ISO 26424:2016
01-junij-2016
1DGRPHãþD
SIST EN 1071-6:2009
)LQDNHUDPLND VRGREQDNHUDPLNDVRGREQDWHKQLþQDNHUDPLND 8JRWDYOMDQMH
RGSRUQRVWLSUHYOHNSURWLREUDEL]PLNURDEUD]LYQLPSUHVNXVRP ,62
Fine ceramics (advanced ceramics, advanced technical ceramics) - Determination of the
abrasion resistance of coatings by a micro-scale abrasion test (ISO 26424:2008)
Hochleistungskeramik - Bestimmung der Beständigkeit gegen Abrieb von Schichten
durch eine Mikroabriebprüfung (ISO 26424:2008)
Céramiques techniques - Détermination de la résistance à l'abrasion des revêtements
par essai d'abrasion à micro-échelle (ISO 26424:2008)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO 26424:2016
ICS:
25.220.99 Druge obdelave in prevleke Other treatments and
coatings
81.060.30 Sodobna keramika Advanced ceramics
SIST EN ISO 26424:2016 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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SIST EN ISO 26424:2016
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SIST EN ISO 26424:2016
EN ISO 26424
EUROPEAN STANDARD
NORME EUROPÉENNE
April 2016
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 81.060.30 Supersedes EN 1071-6:2007
English Version
Fine ceramics (advanced ceramics, advanced technical
ceramics) - Determination of the abrasion resistance of
coatings by a micro-scale abrasion test (ISO 26424:2008)
Céramiques techniques - Détermination de la Hochleistungskeramik - Bestimmung der Beständigkeit
résistance à l'abrasion des revêtements par essai gegen Abrieb von Schichten durch eine
d'abrasion à micro-échelle (ISO 26424:2008) Mikroabriebprüfung (ISO 26424:2008)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 18 March 2016.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and
United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2016 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 26424:2016 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
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SIST EN ISO 26424:2016
EN ISO 26424:2016 (E)
Contents Page
European foreword . 3
2
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SIST EN ISO 26424:2016
EN ISO 26424:2016 (E)
European foreword
The text of ISO 26424:2008 has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 206 “Fine ceramics” of
the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and has been taken over as EN ISO 26424:2016
by Technical Committee CEN/TC 184 “Advanced technical ceramics” the secretariat of which is held by
DIN.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by October 2016, and conflicting national standards shall
be withdrawn at the latest by October 2016.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent
rights.
This document supersedes EN 1071-6:2007.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia,
France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta,
Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
Turkey and the United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO 26424:2008 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO 26424:2016 without any modification.
3
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SIST EN ISO 26424:2016
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SIST EN ISO 26424:2016
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 26424
First edition
2008-11-01
Fine ceramics (advanced ceramics,
advanced technical ceramics) —
Determination of the abrasion resistance
of coatings by a micro-scale abrasion
test
Céramiques techniques — Détermination de la résistance à l'abrasion
des revêtements par essai d'abrasion à micro-échelle
Reference number
ISO 26424:2008(E)
©
ISO 2008
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SIST EN ISO 26424:2016
ISO 26424:2008(E)
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ii © ISO 2008 – All rights reserved
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SIST EN ISO 26424:2016
ISO 26424:2008(E)
Contents Page
Foreword. iv
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions. 1
4 Significance and use . 1
5 Principle. 2
6 Apparatus and materials. 2
6.1 Test system . 2
6.2 Test balls . 2
6.3 Abrasive slurry. 3
6.4 Measurement of crater dimensions . 4
7 Preparation of test pieces. 5
8 Test procedure . 5
8.1 Different types of test. 5
8.1.1 Type A: no perforation of coating. 5
8.1.2 Type B: perforation of coating . 5
8.2 Type A test: no perforation of coating. 5
8.3 Type B test: perforation of coating. 7
9 Analysis of results. 8
9.1 Type A test: no perforation of coating. 8
9.1.1 Basic equations . 8
9.1.2 Calculation of K . 9
c
9.2 Type B test: perforation of coating. 9
9.2.1 Basic equations . 9
9.2.2 Calculation of K and K . 10
c s
10 Test reproducibility, repeatability and limits . 10
10.1 Reproducibility and repeatability. 10
10.2 Limits. 11
11 Test report . 13
Annex A (informative) Measurement of coating thickness . 14
Bibliography . 15
© ISO 2008 – All rights reserved iii
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SIST EN ISO 26424:2016
ISO 26424:2008(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 26424 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 206, Fine ceramics.
iv © ISO 2008 – All rights reserved
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SIST EN ISO 26424:2016
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 26424:2008(E)
Fine ceramics (advanced ceramics, advanced technical
ceramics) — Determination of the abrasion resistance of
coatings by a micro-scale abrasion test
1 Scope
This International Standard specifies a method for measuring the abrasive wear rate of ceramic coatings by
means of a micro-scale abrasion wear test based on the well-known crater-grinding technique used for
[11]
coating thickness determination in ISO 26423 .
The method can provide data on both coating and substrate wear rates, either by performing two separate
tests or by careful analysis of the data from a single test series.
The method can be applied to samples with planar or non-planar surfaces, but the results analysis described
in Clause 9 applies only to flat samples. For non-planar samples, a more complicated analysis, possibly
requiring the use of numerical methods, is required.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 3290-1, Rolling bearings — Balls — Part 1: Steel balls
ISO/IEC 17025, General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
abrasive wear rate
abrasive wear coefficient
K
volume of material removed in unit sliding distance under a normal contact load of 1 N
4 Significance and use
Although few protective coatings are subject to single wear processes, the abrasive wear resistance of such
coatings can play a decisive role in their performance. Hence, knowledge of the abrasive wear resistance of
ceramic coatings can help in the proper selection of coatings for applications where abrasion plays a major
role in their degradation. Although techniques exist to measure the abrasive wear behaviour of bulk materials
and thick films (see References [1] to [3]), these techniques are not easily applied to thin films and the results
are difficult to interpret when the methods are used on curved surfaces.
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SIST EN ISO 26424:2016
ISO 26424:2008(E)
The purpose of this International Standard is to provide a method for measuring the abrasion resistance of
both thin and thick coatings and of bulk materials. The test can be carried out on flat surfaces or surfaces with
a known radius of curvature and requires test pieces measuring only a few square millimetres. However, the
calculations described in Clause 9 apply only to flat test pieces and are applicable only to homogeneous
single-layer coatings. Errors may occur if the test is used on inhomogeneous coatings. References [4] and [5]
give details of analytical treatments for determining the wear rate of coatings on curved surfaces.
By proper treatment of the results as indicated in 9.2, where the test produces penetration of the coating, it
can provide abrasive wear coefficients for both the coating and the substrate from a single test series.
Although the test is designed to allow quantitative measurement of abrasive wear coefficients, it can be
adapted as a quality control test for use on real components.
5 Principle
In the test, a ball is rotated whilst being pressed against the test piece, and an abrasive slurry is fed into the
contact zone. A spherical depression is produced, and the size of this depression is measured. Where
perforation of the coating does not occur, the wear rate of the coating can be obtained from a single crater.
When perforation of the coating occurs, the wear rate of both the coating and the substrate can be calculated
by making a series of such craters and measuring their dimensions.
6 Apparatus and materials
6.1 Test system
A ball which can be rotated and pressed against the coated test piece shall be used. Two variants of the ball
system are shown in Figure 1, where either the test piece, mounted on a deadweight-loaded lever, is pressed
against a directly driven ball or the ball’s own weight presses it against the test piece.
[6]
NOTE It has been found that the results obtained with free-ball systems [see Figure 1 a)] can vary depending on
the precise system geometry. In particular, it has been found that the tilt angle of the test piece holder and the width of the
groove in the drive shaft that supports the ball can have an important influence on the results. A tilt angle of 60° to 75° and
a shaft groove width of 10 mm have been found to result in the smallest variability under typical conditions.
The test system shall be constructed so that the rotational speed of the ball remains constant throughout any
test and is reproducible to better than ± 10 % of the nominal value between tests. The drive shaft shall have a
total run-out of less than 20 µm at the points of contact with the ball.
6.2 Test balls
The balls used are typically 25-mm-diameter hardened steel, e.g. UNS G52986 (SAE 52100) and shall, prior
to any conditioning, conform to the requirements of ISO 3290-1.
[7]
NOTE 1 Balls can be used in a polished condition, but it has been found that the test behaviour is erratic and poor
results are obtained if balls are used without conditioning.
The recommended conditioning treatment consists of running the new test ball for at least 300 revolutions on
a non-critical part of the test piece, or another suitable surface, under normal test conditions and repeating this
for at least five different orientations of the ball before starting the test programme.
NOTE 2 A flat, ground steel coupon with a hardness of between 200 HV30 and 800 HV30 has been found to be
suitable for conditioning the ball.
NOTE 3 Following conditioning, balls have been found to be usable for around 50 individual craters, depending on the
precise conditions used.
2 © ISO 2008 – All rights reserved
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SIST EN ISO 26424:2016
ISO 26424:2008(E)
Balls shall be subjected to regular performance checks to ensure that they continue to produce acceptable
craters. Balls shall be replaced if such a check indicates any abnormal cratering behaviour.
NOTE 4 Performance checks can be carried out using any suitable test piece, such as hardened and tempered high-
speed steel, or a well-characterized titanium nitride or other coating deposited on a stable substrate material.
a) Free-ball system
b) Fixed-ball system
Key
1 ball 5 load cell
2 test piece 6 weight
3 drive shaft 7 pivot point
4 test piece support 8 lever
Figure 1 — Two different types of ball cratering system
6.3 Abrasive slurry
In all cases, a slurry of silicon carbide (SiC) or another suitable abrasive in a suitable liquid, normally water,
shall be used.
The abrasive is normally F1200 SiC, but F1200 alumina or another fine abrasive can be used. The average
size of the abrasive should preferably not exceed 5 µm.
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SIST EN ISO 26424:2016
ISO 26424:2008(E)
The use of different abrasive media will produce different wear rates, and results shall not be compared
unless they are obtained from craters produced under identical conditions.
The slurry used shall be kept homogeneous throughout the test. This can be done by stirring the slurry
continuously or by adding stabilizers.
If testing is to be undertaken on coatings deposited onto steel substrates that are susceptible to corrosion, it is
3
recommended that sodium nitrite (NaNO ) be added to the slurry at the rate of 1 g for each 100 cm of water
2
to prevent corrosion of craters before they can be measured.
The abrasive slurry shall be made from the abrasive powder and the chosen liquid in the required proportions.
As the mode of wear that is observed can depend critically on the concentration of the abrasive slurry, two
concentrations are recommended. These are:
a) Dilute (promotes grooving wear)
Concentration 2 % by volume.
−3 3
For SiC, for example, with a density of 3,2 g⋅cm , this is achieved by mixing 6,4 g of SiC into 98 cm of
distilled or deionized water.
b) Concentrated (promotes rolling wear)
Concentration 20 % by volume.
−3 3
For SiC, for example, with a density of 3,2 g⋅cm , this is achieved by mixing 80 g of SiC into 100 cm of
distilled or deionized water.
NOTE The type of wear promoted depends both on the concentration of the slurry and on the type of abrasive, as
well as on the material being tested. For example, it has been found that micro-grain (submicron) rutile can promote rolling
wear even at concentrations as low as 3 % by volume.
As an alternative to mixing slurries, ready-mixed abrasive slurries can be used. If this is done, all details of the
supplier and makeup of the slurry shall be reported.
It is recommended that preliminary testing be undertaken to ensure that the slurry concentration chosen
produces the wear mode(s) of interest during the test.
6.4 Measurement of crater dimensions
Measurement of crater dimensions may be carried out with any suitable equipment, e.g. a microscope with
calibrated graticule, provided that the calibration used is traceable to national standards. Where
measurements are made from photographically captured images, it is essential that fiducial (reference) marks
of known dimensions are incorporated in the images to ensure that any shrinkage of the photographic film
after development or during storage can be eliminated. Alternatively, automatic measurement using an
electronically captured image may be used provided that the measurement system is fully calibrated, the
procedure used being traceable to national standards.
NOTE In some cases, e.g. rolling wear with relatively large abrasive particles, it has been found difficult to identify the
edges of craters, particularly at the outer surface of the coating. In such cases, the use of profilometry, a change in
illumination angle, or substrate etching (for craters that penetrate the coating) can help.
Profilometry may lead to results which are different from those obtained by optical-microscopy evaluation of
the crater size, due to rounded crater edges. Results of tests evaluated by different measurement methods
shall not be compared to each other.
4 © ISO 2008 – All rights reserved
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SIST EN ISO 26424:2016
ISO 26424:2008(E)
7 Preparation of test pieces
7.1 Coated test pieces shall have a flat area large enough to perform the necessary series of experiments.
In all cases, the coating thickness shall be larger than 1 µm.
NOTE Test pieces with non-flat surfaces can also be tested, but the analysis required to determine the wear rate of
coating and substrate will be different to that given in this International Standard (see References [4] and [5]).
7.2 The accuracy with which crater diameters can be measured is dependent upon the surface finish of the
test piece and the type of abrasive used. Although it is possible to improve the surface finish of the coating by
polishing prior to testing, this is not the case with the substrate, and the surface finish of the substrate affects
the accuracy with which the interface between coating and substrate can be located. Therefore, wherever
possible, coatings should be deposited onto polished substrates to allow accurate location of the base of the
coating. Where necessary, the surface of the coating may be polished to improve the surface finish.
To avoid damaging the surface of the coating or affecting its wear rate, it is recommended that any polishing
be done with the smallest diamond abrasive and lowest pressure commensurate with achieving the surface
finish required. Polishing should therefore commence with, for example, 1 µm diamond abrasive, and this
should only be increased if the required finish cannot be achieved.
7.3 Prior to the test, clean the test piece to remove all traces of contaminants. A suitable preparation
procedure is as follows:
a) ultrasonically clean in a suitable solvent;
b) rinse;
c) dry in an oven at 110 °C ± 10 °C for 10 min.
8 Test procedure
8.1 Different types of test
8.1.1 Type A: no perforation of coating
In this type of test, control the duration of the test so that perforation of the coating does not occur. Some trials
might be necessary before the required conditions are obtained. Measure the size of the crater and calculate
the abrasive wear rate using the method described in 9.1.
8.1.2 Type B: perforation of coating
In this type of test, perforate the coating. Produce a series of craters for different durations and measure the
size of the crater in each case. Calculate the abrasive wear rates for both the substrate and the coating using
the method described in 9.2.
For type B tests, determine the coating thickness, t, as part of the test procedure (see 8.3.10 and Annex A).
8.2 Type A test: no perforation of coating
8.2.1 Ensure that the ball and drive shaft, where a free-ball system is being used, are free from any
deposits of slurry from previous tests. With the test piece clamped firmly in position on the test system, adjust
the motor speed to the correct value. Control the motor speed at a constant value throughout a series of tests.
−1
A recommended surface speed for the ball is 0,1 m⋅s , which is equivalent to about 80 rpm for a
25-mm-diameter ball.
NOTE For free-ball systems, the ball rotation speed will normally be different from the speed of rotation of the shaft.
© ISO 2008 – All rights reserved 5
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SIST EN ISO 26424:2016
ISO 26424:2008(E)
8.2.2 Adjust the test system to give a suitable normal loading between the ball and test piece at the test
point on the test piece. The recommended load is 0,2 N.
Poorly defined craters can be produced if the load applied to the test piece is too high. To prevent this, it is
recommended that the load applied be not greater than 0,4 N.
In free-ball systems, the friction due to the ball rotation causes the normal force acting on the test piece to be
different from that when the ball is stationary (see Reference [8]). In such test systems, a load cell should
preferably be employed to measure the true normal force.
8.2.3 Start the slurry feed and ball rotation and ensure that the ball is completely coated in the contact zone
during its first complete revolution. The feed rate of the slurry shall be sufficient to ensure that the area of
contact between the ball and test piece is always well wetted by the slurry. The slurry shall not be recirculated.
Report the ball rotation speed used.
8.2.4 Record the ambient temperature during the test series. Also record the humidity if this is likely to
affect the viscosity of the slurry, e.g. where a hygroscopic liquid is being used.
8.2.5 Record the normal load and any variation during the test.
8.2.6 Stop the test (motor and slurry feed) after the predetermined test duration.
NOTE The number of revolutions that is required will depend on the material being tested and the test conditions
employed, and will need to be defined using trials.
8.2.7 When the test has been completed, remove the test piece and clean it using the same procedure as
that used prior to testing (see 7.3).
8.2.8 Measure the diameter, b, of the crater both parallel and perpendicular to the direction of ball rotation
(see Figure 2). If b and b differ by less than 10 %, then take the average of these measurements as the
par perp
diameter of the crater. Craters that do not meet this condition shall not be used for the calculation of wear
rates.
Key
1 direction of ball rotation
b crater diameter perpendicular to the direction of ball rotation
perp
b crater diameter parallel to the direction of ball rotation
par
Figure 2 — Measurement of crater with no perforation of coating
6 © ISO 2008 – All rights reserved
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SIST EN ISO 26424:2016
ISO 26424:
...
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.WDYOMDQMHHochleistungskeramik - Bestimmung der Beständigkeit gegen Abrieb von Schichten durch eine Mikroabriebprüfung (ISO 26424:2008)Céramiques techniques - Détermination de la résistance à l'abrasion des revêtements par essai d'abrasion à micro-échelle (ISO 26424:2008)Fine ceramics (advanced ceramics, advanced technical ceramics) - Determination of the abrasion resistance of coatings by a micro-scale abrasion test (ISO 26424:2008)81.060.30Sodobna keramikaAdvanced ceramics25.220.99Druge obdelave in prevlekeOther treatments and coatingsICS:Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z:FprEN ISO 26424 revkSIST FprEN ISO 26424:2015en01-november-2015kSIST FprEN ISO 26424:2015SLOVENSKI
STANDARD
kSIST FprEN ISO 26424:2015
EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPÉENNE EUROPÄISCHE NORM
FINAL DRAFT
FprEN ISO 26424 rev
September 2015 ICS 81.060.30 Will supersede EN 1071-6:2007English Version
Fine ceramics (advanced ceramics, advanced technical ceramics) - Determination of the abrasion resistance of coatings by a micro-scale abrasion test (ISO 26424:2008)
Céramiques techniques - Détermination de la résistance à l'abrasion des revêtements par essai d'abrasion à micro-échelle (ISO 26424:2008)
Hochleistungskeramik - Bestimmung der Beständigkeit gegen Abrieb von Schichten durch eine Mikroabriebprüfung (ISO 26424:2008) This draft European Standard is submitted to CEN members for unique acceptance procedure. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/TC 184.
If this draft becomes a European Standard, CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration.
This draft European Standard was established by CEN in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom.
Recipients of this draft are invited to submit, with their comments, notification of any relevant patent rights of which they are aware and to provide supporting documentation.
Warning : This document is not a European Standard. It is distributed for review and comments. It is subject to change without notice and shall not be referred to as a European Standard.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
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B-1000 Brussels © 2015 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. FprEN ISO 26424 rev:2015 EkSIST FprEN ISO 26424:2015
FprEN ISO 26424:2015 (E) 2 Contents Page European foreword .3
kSIST FprEN ISO 26424:2015
FprEN ISO 26424:2015 (E) 3 European foreword The text of ISO 26424:2008 has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 206 “Fine ceramics” of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and has been taken over as FprEN ISO 26424:2015 by Technical Committee CEN/TC 184 “Advanced technical ceramics” the secretariat of which is held by DIN. This document is currently submitted to the Unique Acceptance Procedure. This document will supersede EN 1071-6:2007. Endorsement notice The text of ISO 26424:2008 has been approved by CEN as FprEN ISO 26424-1:2015 without any modification. kSIST FprEN ISO 26424:2015
kSIST FprEN ISO 26424:2015
Reference numberISO 26424:2008(E)© ISO 2008
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO26424First edition2008-11-01Fine ceramics (advanced ceramics, advanced technical ceramics) — Determination of the abrasion resistance of coatings by a micro-scale abrasion test Céramiques techniques — Détermination de la résistance à l'abrasion des revêtements par essai d'abrasion à micro-échelle
kSIST FprEN ISO 26424:2015
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© ISO 2008 – All rights reserved
kSIST FprEN ISO 26424:2015
ISO 26424:2008(E) © ISO 2008 – All rights reserved
iiiContents Page Foreword.iv 1 Scope.1 2 Normative references.1 3 Terms and definitions.1 4 Significance and use.1 5 Principle.2 6 Apparatus and materials.2 6.1 Test system.2 6.2 Test balls.2 6.3 Abrasive slurry.3 6.4 Measurement of crater dimensions.4 7 Preparation of test pieces.5 8 Test procedure.5 8.1 Different types of test.5 8.1.1 Type A: no perforation of coating.5 8.1.2 Type B: perforation of coating.5 8.2 Type A test: no perforation of coating.5 8.3 Type B test: perforation of coating.7 9 Analysis of results.8 9.1 Type A test: no perforation of coating.8 9.1.1 Basic equations.8 9.1.2 Calculation of Kc.9 9.2 Type B test: perforation of coating.9 9.2.1 Basic equations.9 9.2.2 Calculation of Kc and Ks.10 10 Test reproducibility, repeatability and limits.10 10.1 Reproducibility and repeatability.10 10.2 Limits.11 11 Test report.13 Annex A (informative)
Measurement of coating thickness.14 Bibliography.15
kSIST FprEN ISO 26424:2015
ISO 26424:2008(E) iv
© ISO 2008 – All rights reserved Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 26424 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 206, Fine ceramics.
kSIST FprEN ISO 26424:2015
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 26424:2008(E) © ISO 2008 – All rights reserved
1Fine ceramics (advanced ceramics, advanced technical ceramics) — Determination of the abrasion resistance of coatings by a micro-scale abrasion test 1 Scope This International Standard specifies a method for measuring the abrasive wear rate of ceramic coatings by means of a micro-scale abrasion wear test based on the well-known crater-grinding technique used for coating thickness determination in ISO 26423 [11]. The method can provide data on both coating and substrate wear rates, either by performing two separate tests or by careful analysis of the data from a single test series. The method can be applied to samples with planar or non-planar surfaces, but the results analysis described in Clause 9 applies only to flat samples. For non-planar samples, a more complicated analysis, possibly requiring the use of numerical methods, is required. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 3290-1, Rolling bearings — Balls — Part 1: Steel balls ISO/IEC 17025, General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 3.1 abrasive wear rate abrasive wear coefficient K volume of material removed in unit sliding distance under a normal contact load of 1 N 4 Significance and use Although few protective coatings are subject to single wear processes, the abrasive wear resistance of such coatings can play a decisive role in their performance. Hence, knowledge of the abrasive wear resistance of ceramic coatings can help in the proper selection of coatings for applications where abrasion plays a major role in their degradation. Although techniques exist to measure the abrasive wear behaviour of bulk materials and thick films (see References [1] to [3]), these techniques are not easily applied to thin films and the results are difficult to interpret when the methods are used on curved surfaces. kSIST FprEN ISO 26424:2015
ISO 26424:2008(E) 2
© ISO 2008 – All rights reserved The purpose of this International Standard is to provide a method for measuring the abrasion resistance of both thin and thick coatings and of bulk materials. The test can be carried out on flat surfaces or surfaces with a known radius of curvature and requires test pieces measuring only a few square millimetres. However, the calculations described in Clause 9 apply only to flat test pieces and are applicable only to homogeneous single-layer coatings. Errors may occur if the test is used on inhomogeneous coatings. References [4] and [5] give details of analytical treatments for determining the wear rate of coatings on curved surfaces. By proper treatment of the results as indicated in 9.2, where the test produces penetration of the coating, it can provide abrasive wear coefficients for both the coating and the substrate from a single test series. Although the test is designed to allow quantitative measurement of abrasive wear coefficients, it can be adapted as a quality control test for use on real components. 5 Principle In the test, a ball is rotated whilst being pressed against the test piece, and an abrasive slurry is fed into the contact zone. A spherical depression is produced, and the size of this depression is measured. Where perforation of the coating does not occur, the wear rate of the coating can be obtained from a single crater. When perforation of the coating occurs, the wear rate of both the coating and the substrate can be calculated by making a series of such craters and measuring their dimensions. 6 Apparatus and materials 6.1 Test system A ball which can be rotated and pressed against the coated test piece shall be used. Two variants of the ball system are shown in Figure 1, where either the test piece, mounted on a deadweight-loaded lever, is pressed against a directly driven ball or the ball’s own weight presses it against the test piece. NOTE It has been found [6] that the results obtained with free-ball systems [see Figure 1 a)] can vary depending on the precise system geometry. In particular, it has been found that the tilt angle of the test piece holder and the width of the groove in the drive shaft that supports the ball can have an important influence on the results. A tilt angle of 60° to 75° and a shaft groove width of 10 mm have been found to result in the smallest variability under typical conditions. The test system shall be constructed so that the rotational speed of the ball remains constant throughout any test and is reproducible to better than ± 10 % of the nominal value between tests. The drive shaft shall have a total run-out of less than 20 µm at the points of contact with the ball. 6.2 Test balls The balls used are typically 25-mm-diameter hardened steel, e.g. UNS G52986 (SAE 52100) and shall, prior to any conditioning, conform to the requirements of ISO 3290-1. NOTE 1 Balls can be used in a polished condition, but it has been found [7] that the test behaviour is erratic and poor results are obtained if balls are used without conditioning. The recommended conditioning treatment consists of running the new test ball for at least 300 revolutions on a non-critical part of the test piece, or another suitable surface, under normal test conditions and repeating this for at least five different orientations of the ball before starting the test programme. NOTE 2 A flat, ground steel coupon with a hardness of between 200 HV30 and 800 HV30 has been found to be suitable for conditioning the ball. NOTE 3 Following conditioning, balls have been found to be usable for around 50 individual craters, depending on the precise conditions used. kSIST FprEN ISO 26424:2015
ISO 26424:2008(E) © ISO 2008 – All rights reserved
3Balls shall be subjected to regular performance checks to ensure that they continue to produce acceptable craters. Balls shall be replaced if such a check indicates any abnormal cratering behaviour. NOTE 4 Performance checks can be carried out using any suitable test piece, such as hardened and tempered high-speed steel, or a well-characterized titanium nitride or other coating deposited on a stable substrate material.
a)
Free-ball system
b)
Fixed-ball system Key 1 ball 5 load cell 2 test piece 6 weight 3 drive shaft 7 pivot point 4 test piece support 8 lever Figure 1 — Two different types of ball cratering system 6.3 Abrasive slurry In all cases, a slurry of silicon carbide (SiC) or another suitable abrasive in a suitable liquid, normally water, shall be used. The abrasive is normally F1200 SiC, but F1200 alumina or another fine abrasive can be used. The average size of the abrasive should preferably not exceed 5 µm. kSIST FprEN ISO 26424:2015
ISO 26424:2008(E) 4
© ISO 2008 – All rights reserved The use of different abrasive media will produce different wear rates, and results shall not be compared unless they are obtained from craters produced under identical conditions. The slurry used shall be kept homogeneous throughout the test. This can be done by stirring the slurry continuously or by adding stabilizers. If testing is to be undertaken on coatings deposited onto steel substrates that are susceptible to corrosion, it is recommended that sodium nitrite (NaNO2) be added to the slurry at the rate of 1 g for each 100 cm3 of water to prevent corrosion of craters before they can be measured. The abrasive slurry shall be made from the abrasive powder and the chosen liquid in the required proportions. As the mode of wear that is observed can depend critically on the concentration of the abrasive slurry, two concentrations are recommended. These are: a) Dilute (promotes grooving wear) Concentration 2 % by volume. For SiC, for example, with a density of 3,2 g⋅cm−3, this is achieved by mixing 6,4 g of SiC into 98 cm3 of distilled or deionized water. b) Concentrated (promotes rolling wear) Concentration 20 % by volume. For SiC, for example, with a density of 3,2 g⋅cm−3, this is achieved by mixing 80 g of SiC into 100 cm3 of distilled or deionized water. NOTE The type of wear promoted depends both on the concentration of the slurry and on the type of abrasive, as well as on the material being tested. For example, it has been found that micro-grain (submicron) rutile can promote rolling wear even at concentrations as low as 3 % by volume. As an alternative to mixing slurries, ready-mixed abrasive slurries can be used. If this is done, all details of the supplier and makeup of the slurry shall be reported. It is recommended that preliminary testing be undertaken to ensure that the slurry concentration chosen produces the wear mode(s) of interest during the test. 6.4 Measurement of crater dimensions Measurement of crater dimensions may be carried out with any suitable equipment, e.g. a microscope with calibrated graticule, provided that the calibration used is traceable to national standards. Where measurements are made from photographically captured images, it is essential that fiducial (reference) marks of known dimensions are incorporated in the images to ensure that any shrinkage of the photographic film after development or during storage can be eliminated. Alternatively, automatic measurement using an electronically captured image may be used provided that the measurement system is fully calibrated, the procedure used being traceable to national standards. NOTE In some cases, e.g. rolling wear with relatively large abrasive particles, it has been found difficult to identify the edges of craters, particularly at the outer surface of the coating. In such cases, the use of profilometry, a change in illumination angle, or substrate etching (for craters that penetrate the coating) can help. Profilometry may lead to results which are different from those obtained by optical-microscopy evaluation of the crater size, due to rounded crater edges. Results of tests evaluated by different measurement methods shall not be compared to each other. kSIST FprEN ISO 26424:2015
ISO 26424:2008(E) © ISO 2008 – All rights reserved
57 Preparation of test pieces 7.1 Coated test pieces shall have a flat area large enough to perform the necessary series of experiments. In all cases, the coating thickness shall be larger than 1 µm. NOTE Test pieces with non-flat surfaces can also be tested, but the analysis required to determine the wear rate of coating and substrate will be different to that given in this International Standard (see References [4] and [5]). 7.2 The accuracy with which crater diameters can be measured is dependent upon the surface finish of the test piece and the type of abrasive used. Although it is possible to improve the surface finish of the coating by polishing prior to testing, this is not the case with the substrate, and the surface finish of the substrate affects the accuracy with which the interface between coating and substrate can be located. Therefore, wherever possible, coatings should be deposited onto polished substrates to allow accurate location of the base of the coating. Where necessary, the surface of the coating may be polished to improve the surface finish. To avoid damaging the surface of the coating or affecting its wear rate, it is recommended that any polishing be done with the smallest diamond abrasive and lowest pressure commensurate with achieving the surface finish required. Polishing should therefore commence with, for example, 1 µm diamond abrasive, and this should only be increased if the required finish cannot be achieved. 7.3 Prior to the test, clean the test piece to remove all traces of contaminants. A suitable preparation procedure is as follows: a) ultrasonically clean in a suitable solvent; b) rinse; c) dry in an oven at 110 °C ± 10 °C for 10 min. 8 Test procedure 8.1 Different types of test 8.1.1 Type A: no perforation of coating In this type of test, control the duration of the test so that perforation of the coating does not occur. Some trials might be necessary before the required conditions are obtained. Measure the size of the crater and calculate the abrasive wear rate using the method described in 9.1. 8.1.2 Type B: perforation of coating In this type of test, perforate the coating. Produce a series of craters for different durations and measure the size of the crater in each case. Calculate the abrasive wear rates for both the substrate and the coating using the method described in 9.2. For type B tests, determine the coating thickness, t, as part of the test procedure (see 8.3.10 and Annex A). 8.2 Type A test: no perforation of coating 8.2.1 Ensure that the ball and drive shaft, where a free-ball system is being used, are free from any deposits of slurry from previous tests. With the test piece clamped firmly in position on the test system, adjust the motor speed to the correct value. Control the motor speed at a constant value throughout a series of tests. A recommended surface speed for the ball is 0,1 m⋅s−1, which is equivalent to about 80 rpm for a 25-mm-diameter ball. NOTE For free-ball systems, the ball rotation speed will normally be different from the speed of rotation of the shaft. kSIST FprEN ISO 26424:2015
ISO 26424:2008(E) 6
© ISO 2008 – All rights reserved 8.2.2 Adjust the test system to give a suitable normal loading between the ball and test piece at the test point on the test piece. The recommended load is 0,2 N. Poorly defined craters can be produced if the load applied to the test piece is too high. To prevent this, it is recommended that the load applied be not greater than 0,4 N. In free-ball systems, the friction due to the ball rotation causes the normal force acting on the test piece to be different from that when the ball is stationary (see Reference [8]). In such test systems, a load cell should preferably be employed to measure the true normal force. 8.2.3 Start the slurry feed and ball rotation and ensure that the ball is completely coated in the contact zone during its first complete revolution. The feed rate of the slurry shall be sufficient to ensure that the area of contact between the ball and test piece is always well wetted by the slurry. The slurry shall not be recirculated. Report the ball rotation speed used. 8.2.4 Record the ambient temperature during the test series. Also record the humidity if this is likely to affect the viscosity of the slurry, e.g. where a hygroscopic liquid is being used. 8.2.5 Record the normal load and any variation during the test. 8.2.6 Stop the test (motor and slurry feed) after the predetermined test duration. NOTE The number of revolutions that is required will depend on the material being tested and the test conditions employed, and will need to be defined using trials. 8.2.7 When the test has been completed, remove the test piece and clean it using the same procedure as that used prior to testing (see 7.3). 8.2.8 Measure the diameter, b, of the crater both parallel and perpendicular to the direction of ball rotation (see Figure 2). If bpar and bperp differ by less than 10 %, then take the average of these measurements as the diameter of the crater. Craters that do not meet this condition shall not be used for the calculation of wear rates.
Key 1 direction of ball rotation bperp crater diameter perpendicular to the direction of ball rotation bpar crater diameter parallel to the direction of ball rotation Figure 2 — Measurement of crater with no perforation of coating kSIST FprEN ISO 26424:2015
ISO 26424:2008(E) © ISO 2008 – All rights reserved
78.2.9 Calculate the abrasive wear rate of the coating using the method described in 9.1. 8.2.10 Perform the test at least three times on each test piece. 8.3 Type B test: perforation of coating 8.3.1 For apparatus that allows exact relocation of the ball in the crater after each measurement of crater diameter, a single crater, which is measured after each test, may be used. Otherwise, use a series of craters produced using increasing test durations. 8.3.2 Ensure that the ball and drive shaft, where a free-ball system is being used, are free from any deposits of slurry from previous tests. With the test piece clamped firmly in position on the test system, adjust the motor speed to the correct value. Control the motor speed at a constant value throughout a series of tests. A recommended surface speed for the ball is 0,1 m⋅s−1, which is equivalent to about 80 rpm for a 25-mm-diameter ball. NOTE For free-ball systems, the ball rotation speed will normally be different from the speed of rotation of the shaft. 8.3.3 Adjust the test system to give a suitable normal loading between the ball and test piece at the test point on the test piece. The recommended load is 0,2 N. Poorly defined craters can be produced if the load applied to the test piece is too high. To prevent this, it is recommended that the load applied be not greater than 0,4 N. In free-ball systems, the friction due to the ball rotation causes the normal force acting on the test piece to be different from that when the ball is stationary (see Reference [8]). In such test systems, a load cell should preferably be employed to measure the true normal force. 8.3.4 Start the slurry feed and ball rotation and ensure that the ball is completely coated in the contact zone during its first complete revolution. The feed rate of the slurry shall be sufficient that the area of contact between the ball and test piece is always well wetted by the slurry. The slurry shall not be recirculated. Report the ball rotation speed used. 8.3.5 Record the ambient temperature during
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