SIST-TS CEN ISO/TS 22756:2020
(Main)Health Informatics - Requirements for a knowledge base for clinical decision support systems to be used in medication related processes (ISO/TS 22756:2020)
Health Informatics - Requirements for a knowledge base for clinical decision support systems to be used in medication related processes (ISO/TS 22756:2020)
This document specifies the requirements for developing a knowledge base for drug-related problems
that cohere with the intended drug use, to be used in rule-based clinical decision support systems
(CDSS), such as the criteria for selecting a raw data source and the quality criteria for the development
and maintenance for the rules or clinical rules for drug safety. It also describes the process of how to
develop a knowledge base, the topics to be considered by the developers of a knowledge base, and it
gives guidance on how to do this.
This document gives guidelines for the development of a knowledge base:
— with rules to enhance decisions and actions in drug-related problems that cohere with the intended
drug use;
— which can be used by all kinds of healthcare professionals, such as those who prescribe, dispense,
administer or monitor medicines;
— which can be used in every care setting, including chronic and acute care, primary and
specialized care;
— which is a repository of evidence/practice bases rules, assessed by experts;
— which is meant to be used in conjunction with a medicinal product dictionary;
— whose knowledge is structured in rules and therefore to be used in the type of rule-based CDSS.
This document does not:
— describe the exact content of a knowledge base i.e. the outcome of the process of developing rules.
— provide the requirements for a clinical decision support system, the software that uses the
knowledge base combined with the patient’s data, and presents the outcome of the rules to the
healthcare professional. These requirements are described in ISO/DTS 227031).
— give the requirements for non-medication knowledge bases. Some aspects of the requirements in
this document are general in nature and applicable to other kinds of knowledge bases, but this
document does not address all of the requirements of non-medication knowledge bases.
Medizinische Informatik - Anforderungen an eine Wissensbasis für medizinische Entscheidungsunterstützungssysteme von medikationsbezogenen Prozessen (ISO/TS 22756:2020)
Informatique de santé - Exigences relatives aux bases de connaissances pour systèmes d’aide à la décision clinique à utiliser dans le cadre des processus liés aux médicaments (ISO/TS 22756:2020)
Zdravstvena informatika - Zahteve glede zbirk znanja za sisteme v podporo kliničnemu odločanju, ki se uporabljajo v postopkih, povezanih z zdravili (ISO/TS 22756:2020)
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST-TS CEN ISO/TS 22756:2020
01-december-2020
Zdravstvena informatika - Zahteve glede zbirk znanja za sisteme v podporo
kliničnemu odločanju, ki se uporabljajo v postopkih, povezanih z zdravili (ISO/TS
22756:2020)
Health Informatics - Requirements for a knowledge base for clinical decision support
systems to be used in medication related processes (ISO/TS 22756:2020)
Medizinische Informatik - Anforderungen an eine Wissensbasis für medizinische
Entscheidungsunterstützungssysteme von medikationsbezogenen Prozessen (ISO/TS
22756:2020)
Informatique de santé - Exigences relatives aux bases de connaissances pour systèmes
d’aide à la décision clinique à utiliser dans le cadre des processus liés aux médicaments
(ISO/TS 22756:2020)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: CEN ISO/TS 22756:2020
ICS:
35.240.80 Uporabniške rešitve IT v IT applications in health care
zdravstveni tehniki technology
SIST-TS CEN ISO/TS 22756:2020 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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SIST-TS CEN ISO/TS 22756:2020
CEN ISO/TS 22756
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
SPÉCIFICATION TECHNIQUE
September 2020
TECHNISCHE SPEZIFIKATION
ICS 35.240.80
English Version
Health Informatics - Requirements for a knowledge base
for clinical decision support systems to be used in
medication-related processes (ISO/TS 22756:2020)
Informatique de santé - Exigences relatives aux bases Medizinische Informatik - Anforderungen an eine
de connaissances pour systèmes d'aide à la décision Wissensbasis für medizinische
clinique à utiliser dans le cadre des processus liés aux Entscheidungsunterstützungssysteme von
médicaments (ISO/TS 22756:2020) medikationsbezogenen Prozessen (ISO/TS
22756:2020)
This Technical Specification (CEN/TS) was approved by CEN on 4 September 2020 for provisional application.
The period of validity of this CEN/TS is limited initially to three years. After two years the members of CEN will be requested to
submit their comments, particularly on the question whether the CEN/TS can be converted into a European Standard.
CEN members are required to announce the existence of this CEN/TS in the same way as for an EN and to make the CEN/TS
available promptly at national level in an appropriate form. It is permissible to keep conflicting national standards in force (in
parallel to the CEN/TS) until the final decision about the possible conversion of the CEN/TS into an EN is reached.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and
United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2020 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. CEN ISO/TS 22756:2020 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
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CEN ISO/TS 22756:2020 (E)
Contents Page
European foreword . 3
2
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CEN ISO/TS 22756:2020 (E)
European foreword
This document (CEN ISO/TS 22756:2020) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 215
"Health informatics" in collaboration with Technical Committee CEN/TC 251 “Health informatics” the
secretariat of which is held by NEN.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland,
Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of
North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the
United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO/TS 22756:2020 has been approved by CEN as CEN ISO/TS 22756:2020 without any
modification.
3
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SIST-TS CEN ISO/TS 22756:2020
TECHNICAL ISO/TS
SPECIFICATION 22756
First edition
2020-09
Health Informatics — Requirements
for a knowledge base for clinical
decision support systems to be used in
medication-related processes
Informatique de santé — Exigences relatives aux bases de
connaissances pour systèmes d’aide à la décision clinique à utiliser
dans le cadre des processus liés aux médicaments
Reference number
ISO/TS 22756:2020(E)
©
ISO 2020
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ISO/TS 22756:2020(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2020
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
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Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
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Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 2
4 Abbreviations. 4
5 Positioning of a CDS knowledge base . 5
5.1 Knowledge in healthcare . 5
5.2 Knowledge for drug-related problems that cohere with the intended drug use . 5
5.3 The structure of the knowledge . 6
5.4 Knowledge base in relation to the healthcare information system . 7
5.4.1 Introduction . 7
5.4.2 Relation with EHR . . 7
5.4.3 Relation with medicinal product data . 8
5.4.4 Relation with a CDSS . 8
6 Requirements for the development of a knowledge base . 8
6.1 Introduction . 8
6.2 The governance of a knowledge base . 8
6.3 Structure of the rules . 9
6.4 Scoping of the knowledge base content . 9
6.5 Evidence for the rules . 9
6.6 Medicinal product data used in the rules .10
6.6.1 Medicinal product dictionary .10
6.6.2 IDMP .10
6.6.3 Interface with an MPD or with IDMP .11
6.7 Dosage data used in the rules .11
6.8 Patient data variables used in the rules .12
6.8.1 Introduction .12
6.8.2 Interface with the EHR .12
6.9 Right information at the right time .13
6.10 Quality of the rules .13
6.11 Relation with a CDSS .14
6.12 Maintenance .14
Annex A (normative) Identifying IDMP fields in relation to a knowledge base .16
Annex B (informative) Example of a knowledge base rule .25
Bibliography .30
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Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see www .iso .org/
iso/ foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 215, Health Informatics, in collaboration
with the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) Technical Committee CEN/TC 251, Health
informatics, in accordance with the Agreement on technical cooperation between ISO and CEN (Vienna
Agreement).
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/ members .html.
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Introduction
0.1 Safe and effective usage of medicines is important
When a patient gets his/her medicines prescribed and dispensed, it is not only important that the
patient gets the correct medicine and that ordering and reimbursement is supported by using a
Medicinal Product Dictionary (MPD), but it is also important that the medicine is safe and effective with
respect to the specific situation of the patient.
Because an MPD contains just the identification of the medicines, it is important that an MPD is enriched
with clinical decision support (CDS). The aim of CDS is to help prescribe and dispense the medicine
that fits the patient’s personal situation in respect of effectiveness and toxicity of the medicine.
Based on a knowledge base combined with the patient's situation such as comedication, comorbidity,
age, laboratory values, diet, allergy, a healthcare professional can be warned for likely side effects or
ineffectiveness, and change the therapy.
0.2 Need for a standardized knowledge base
To achieve the aim described in Clause 0.1, there are several success factors, in literature, referred to as
[28]
the ‘five rights’ :
— The right information: the information should be evidence based and give concrete guidance for action.
— To the right person: the alerts should be presented to the person who is the most likely one to take
action (e.g. the clinician, the pharmacist, the caretakers).
— In the right CDS intervention format: such as an alert, a request to measure certain laboratory
parameters, or an answer to a clinical question.
— Through the right channel: this can be the clinical information system like the pharmacy information
system, or a web-browser that makes available the data of the knowledge base.
— At the right time in workflow: for example, during prescription or dispensing, or in batch at night to
have certain data available the next morning.
To provide the right information, a knowledge base is necessary; and also providing the knowledge to
the right person, the right format and at the right time in the workflow is part of a knowledge base, as far
as it concerns the ‘knowledge’ of it.
There are clinical decision support systems (CDSSs) that provide this knowledge, but Helmons stated
that there are several barriers for implementing a CDSS, one of them being ‘content issues’ like:
‘Typically installed without any validated decision rules, which have to be developed and/or validated
[26]
in each individual institution (also called ‘having to reinvent the wheel’)' .
Therefore, a (technically) validated, standardized knowledge base is the recommended basis for CDS.
The needs for a standardized knowledge base are as follows:
— There is an overwhelming amount of data in the summary of product characteristics (SPC),
guidelines, literature and handbooks. Prescribers, physicians and pharmacists cannot easily find
what to do for a certain drug combination or drug-disease combination. The most relevant data and
accompanying recommendations are curated from literature and put in rules in a knowledge base.
— Information about the availability, safety and efficacy of medication to be used for the prescription
by physicians is often outdated even when the information is available electronically (e.g. in the drug
interaction management system in a doctor's office). Linking the information from the Medicinal
Product Dictionary to a CDSS that uses a validated, standardized knowledge base makes sure that
during prescribing/dispensing up-to-date information is always used.
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— While the population is still growing, people become older and have more comorbidity and
polypharmacy, the need for smart knowledge base rules that provide the basis for generating alerts
with a high specificity and sensitivity, is increasing.
— Besides assuring that the most precise and current information is to be used in the knowledge base
for the benefits of the patient, this specification will also provide a basis or 'handles' how to map the
information to the MPD, the IDMP vocabulary and their own local data in EHR and pharmaceutical
domains.
0.3 Focus — A knowledge base for drug-related problems that cohere with the intended drug use
This document is about a standardized knowledge base to be used in medication-related processes. In
the context of this document, this means a knowledge base that has its focus to enhance decisions and
actions in drug-related problems that cohere with the intended drug use, namely once a drug has been
chosen, in any domain of prescribing, dispensing, administering of the drug and monitoring the patient.
Aspects like choosing the right drug according to guidelines and patient coaching for the correct usage
are not included in the scope of this document (which does not mean that the requirements that are
described in this document are not useful for knowledge bases with such kind of scopes).
0.4 Why this document: general principles versus medication specific aspects for developing a
knowledge base
Describing how a structured, standardized knowledge base should be developed, what are the criteria
to take into account, is a rather general process. As such it is not specific for medication processes.
Assessing literature and developing rules is also applicable for other domains.
In this respect, this document contains two sorts of requirements. First, there is the overarching
level, not specific for medication processes. This includes, for example, the requirements for selecting
and assessing literature, updating the knowledge base. Secondly, there is a medication-specific level
in this document. This includes the area to which the requirements are applied: if the requirement
is to determine which kind of people will assess the rules, the document mentions the disciplines in
healthcare: such as pharmacists, physicians.
0.5 Use cases
The use cases for a knowledge database for drug-related problems are primarily decision support based
on validated, standardised rules to enhance decisions in the process of:
— prescribing
— dispensing
— administering
— monitoring the therapy of the patient.
Besides that, decision support based on a standardised knowledge base can also be useful for (not
exhaustive):
— travel medicines
— health counselling.
0.6 Target users of this document
The target users of this document for a knowledge base in medication-related processes include:
— Academic organisations in the field of pharmaceutical healthcare, that develop knowledge bases for
medicines;
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— Vendors and other parties developing CDSSs (based on knowledge bases as described in this
document), like (not exhaustive):
— clinical or pharmacy information systems
— hospital ward information system
— doctor‘s office information systems
— decision aids for patients.
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SIST-TS CEN ISO/TS 22756:2020
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION ISO/TS 22756:2020(E)
Health Informatics — Requirements for a knowledge
base for clinical decision support systems to be used in
medication-related processes
1 Scope
This document specifies the requirements for developing a knowledge base for drug-related problems
that cohere with the intended drug use, to be used in rule-based clinical decision support systems
(CDSS), such as the criteria for selecting a raw data source and the quality criteria for the development
and maintenance for the rules or clinical rules for drug safety. It also describes the process of how to
develop a knowledge base, the topics to be considered by the developers of a knowledge base, and it
gives guidance on how to do this.
This document gives guidelines for the development of a knowledge base:
— with rules to enhance decisions and actions in drug-related problems that cohere with the intended
drug use;
— which can be used by all kinds of healthcare professionals, such as those who prescribe, dispense,
administer or monitor medicines;
— which can be used in every care setting, including chronic and acute care, primary and
specialized care;
— which is a repository of evidence/practice bases rules, assessed by experts;
— which is meant to be used in conjunction with a medicinal product dictionary;
— whose knowledge is structured in rules and therefore to be used in the type of rule-based CDSS.
This document does not:
— describe the exact content of a knowledge base i.e. the outcome of the process of developing rules.
— provide the requirements for a clinical decision support system, the software that uses the
knowledge base combined with the patient’s data, and presents the outcome of the rules to the
1)
healthcare professional. These requirements are described in ISO/DTS 22703 .
— give the requirements for non-medication knowledge bases. Some aspects of the requirements in
this document are general in nature and applicable to other kinds of knowledge bases, but this
document does not address all of the requirements of non-medication knowledge bases.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 11615, Health informatics — Identification of medicinal products — Data elements and structures for
the unique identification and exchange of regulated medicinal product information
ISO/TS 19256, Health informatics — Requirements for Medicinal Product Dictionary Systems for Healthcare
1) Under preparation. Stage at the time of publication: ISO/DTS 22703.
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3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
clinical decision support
type of service that assists healthcare providers in making medical decisions, which typically require
input of patient-specific clinical variables and provide patient-specific recommendations
[SOURCE: ISO/TR 14639-2:2014, 2.8, modified — Note 1 to entry has been deleted.]
3.2
clinical decision support system
software designed to be a direct aid to clinical decision-making, in which the characteristics of an
individual patient are matched to a computerized clinical knowledge base, whereafter patient-specific
assessments or recommendations are presented to the clinician or the patient to aid in the process of
making evidence based clinical decisions
[SOURCE: Ida Sim e.a., Clinical decision support systems for the practice of evidence-based medicine, J Am
Med Inform Assoc. 2001 Nov-Dec; 8(6): 527–534, modified]
3.3
dispensing
process by which an individual healthcare provider takes in a prescription, assesses that prescription,
selects the prescribed medicinal product and delivers that medicinal product to the subject of care
or their representative
Note 1 to entry: In most cases, but not necessarily always, the individual healthcare provider concerned will be a
Pharmacist.
[SOURCE: ISO/TS 19256:2016, 3.9]
3.4
dispense record
record of dispensed medicinal product and dispense process
Note 1 to entry: Note 1 to entry: Dispensed medicinal product includes the actual product dispensed identifiers,
brand, type, form, quantity etc. Dispense process record includes details of the delivery method, date and
recipient (where this is not the subject of care) and the dispenser. The ability to record a comment where
assessments of prescriptions are undertaken might also be part of this record.
[SOURCE: ISO/TS 19256:2016, 3.10]
3.5
dose instructions
instructions pertaining to the medication, which describe the amount of medication per dose, method
of administration, the frequency or interval of dose, associated instructions for dosing or skipped doses,
and other associated parameters necessary for appropriate administration of the medication
[SOURCE: ISO/TS 17251:2016, 2.1]
3.6
drug-related problem
occurrence related to the drug therapy of the patient which (can) lead to a suboptimal outcome of the
treatment
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3.7
electronic health record
repository of information regarding the health of a subject of care, in computer processable form
[SOURCE: ISO/TR 20514:2005, 2.11, modified — Note 1 to entry has been deleted.]
3.8
identifier
sequence of characters, capable of uniquely identifying that with which it is associated, within a
specified context
[SOURCE: ISO/TS 19256:2016, 3.15]
3.9
knowledge base
facts, information and skills acquired through research, experience, reasoning or education on a
specific topic as a set of declarative, hierarchical organization of such statements, and relationships
between declarative statements, which serves as the underpinning of decision support systems
[SOURCE: ISO/TS 19256:2016, 3.19 modified]
3.10
medicinal product
substance or combination of substances that may be administered to human beings (or animals) for
treating or preventing disease, with the view to making a medical diagnosis or to restore, correct or
modify physiological functions
Note 1 to entry: A medicinal product may contain one or more manufactured items and one or more
pharmaceutical products.
Note 2 to entry: In certain jurisdictions a medicinal product may also be defined as
...
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