SIST EN 61000-4-10:2017
(Main)Electromagnetic Compatibilty (EMC) - Part 4-10: Testing and measurement techniques -Damped oscillatory magnetic field immunity test
Electromagnetic Compatibilty (EMC) - Part 4-10: Testing and measurement techniques -Damped oscillatory magnetic field immunity test
This part of IEC 61000 specifies the immunity requirements, test methods, and range of
recommended test levels for equipment subjected to damped oscillatory magnetic
disturbances related to medium voltage and high voltage sub-stations.
The test defined in this standard is applied to equipment which is intended to be installed in
locations where the phenomenon as specified in Clause 4 will be encountered.
This standard does not specify disturbances due to capacitive or inductive coupling in cables
or other parts of the field installation. IEC 61000-4-18, which deals with conducted
disturbances, covers these aspects.
The object of this standard is to establish a common and reproducible basis for evaluating the
performance of electrical and electronic equipment for medium voltage and high voltage substations
when subjected to damped oscillatory magnetic fields.
The test is mainly applicable to electronic equipment to be installed in H.V. sub-stations.
Power plants, switchgear installations, smart grid systems may also be applicable to this
standard and may be considered by product committees.
NOTE As described in IEC Guide 107, this is a basic EMC publication for use by product committees of the IEC.
As also stated in Guide 107, the IEC product committees are responsible for determining whether this immunity
test standard is applied or not, and if applied, they are responsible for determining the appropriate test levels and
performance criteria. TC 77 and its sub-committees are prepared to co-operate with product committees in the
evaluation of the value of particular immunity test levels for their products.
This standard defines:
– a range of test levels;
– test equipment;
– test setups;
– test procedures.
Elektromagnetische Verträglichkeit (EMV) - Teil 4-10: Prüf- und Messverfahren - Prüfung der Störfestigkeit gegen gedämpft schwingende Magnetfelder
Compatibilité électromagnétique (CEM) - Partie 4-10: Techniques d'essai et de mesure - Essai d'immunité du champ magnétique oscillatoire amorti
L'IEC 61000-4-10:2016 spécifie les exigences en matière d'immunité, les méthodes d'essai et la plage des niveaux d'essai recommandés des équipements soumis aux perturbations magnétiques oscillatoires amorties dans les postes moyenne et haute tension. Cette deuxième édition annule et remplace la première édition parue en 1993 et l'Amendement 1:2000. Cette édition constitue une révision technique.
Elektromagnetna združljivost (EMC) - 4-10. del: Preskusne in merilne tehnike - Preskus odpornosti proti magnetnemu polju dušenega nihanja
Ta del standarda IEC 61000 določa zahteve glede odpornosti, preskusne metode in obseg priporočenih preskusnih ravni za opremo, izpostavljeno motnjam zaradi magnetnega polja dušenega nihanja v povezavi s srednje- in visokonapetostnimi razdelilnimi transformatorskimi postajami.
V tem standardu opredeljen preskus se uporablja za opremo, ki je namenjena za vgradnjo na lokacijah, izpostavljenih temu pojavu, kot je določeno v točki 4.
Ta standard ne določa motenj zaradi kapacitivnih ali induktivnih spojk v kablih ali drugih delih inštalacije. Te vidike zajema standard IEC 61000-4-18, ki obravnava prevajane motnje.
Namen tega standarda je določiti skupno in ponovljivo osnovo za vrednotenje zmogljivosti električne ter elektronske opreme za srednje- in visokonapetostne razdelilne transformatorske postaje, izpostavljene motnjam zaradi magnetnih polj dušenega nihanja.
Preskus se v glavnem uporablja za elektronsko opremo, predvideno za vgradnjo v visokonapetostne razdelilne transformatorske postaje.
Ta standard se lahko uporablja tudi za elektrarne, stikalne naprave in sisteme v pametnih omrežjih v skladu z odločitvami tehničnih odborov.
OPOMBA: To je osnovna objava o elektromagnetni združljivosti, ki jo uporabljajo tehnični odbori v okviru Mednarodne elektrotehniške komisije (IEC), kot je opisano v vodilu 107 Mednarodne elektrotehniške komisije.
Poleg tega je v vodilu 107 navedeno, da so tehnični odbori v okviru Mednarodne elektrotehniške komisije odgovorni za določitev morebitne uporabe tega standarda s preskusom odpornosti, v primeru uporabe pa so odgovorni za določitev ustreznih preskusnih ravni in meril učinkovitosti. Odbor TC 77 in njegovi pododbori so pripravljeni za sodelovanje s tehničnimi odbori pri vrednotenju posameznih preskusnih ravni odpornosti za ustrezne izdelke.
Ta standard določa:
– obseg preskusnih ravni;
– opremo za preskušanje;
– postavitev za preskušanje;
– preskusne postopke.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN 61000-4-10:2017
01-april-2017
1DGRPHãþD
SIST EN 61000-4-10:1997
SIST EN 61000-4-10:1997/A1:2002
Elektromagnetna združljivost (EMC) - 4-10. del: Preskusne in merilne tehnike -
Preskus odpornosti proti magnetnemu polju dušenega nihanja
Electromagnetic Compatibilty (EMC) - Part 4-10: Testing and measurement techniques -
Damped oscillatory magnetic field immunity test
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN 61000-4-10:2017
ICS:
33.100.20 Imunost Immunity
SIST EN 61000-4-10:2017 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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SIST EN 61000-4-10:2017
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SIST EN 61000-4-10:2017
EUROPEAN STANDARD EN 61000-4-10
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
February 2017
ICS 33.100.20 Supersedes EN 61000-4-10:1993
English Version
Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) -
Part 4-10: Testing and measurement techniques - Damped
oscillatory magnetic field immunity test
(IEC 61000-4-10:2016)
Compatibilité électromagnétique (CEM) - Elektromagnetische Verträglichkeit (EMV) -
Partie 4-10: Techniques d'essai et de mesure - Essai Teil 4-10: Prüf- und Messverfahren - Prüfung der
d'immunité du champ magnétique oscillatoire amorti Störfestigkeit gegen gedämpft schwingende Magnetfelde
(IEC 61000-4-10:2016) (IEC 61000-4-10:2016)
This European Standard was approved by CENELEC on 2016-08-11. CENELEC members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC
Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration.
Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC
Management Centre or to any CENELEC member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CENELEC member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the
same status as the official versions.
CENELEC members are the national electrotechnical committees of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, the Czech Republic,
Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia,
Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden,
Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom.
European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
Comité Européen de Normalisation Electrotechnique
Europäisches Komitee für Elektrotechnische Normung
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2017 CENELEC All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CENELEC Members.
Ref. No. EN 61000-4-10:2017 E
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SIST EN 61000-4-10:2017
EN 61000-4-10:2017
European foreword
The text of document 77B/730/CDV, future edition 2 of IEC 61000-4-10, prepared by SC 77B “High
frequency phenomena” of IEC/TC 77 “Electromagnetic compatibility" was submitted to the
IEC-CENELEC parallel vote and approved by CENELEC as EN 61000-4-10:2017.
The following dates are fixed:
(dop) 2017-08-24
• latest date by which the document has to be
implemented at national level by
publication of an identical national
standard or by endorsement
• latest date by which the national (dow) 2020-02-24
standards conflicting with the
document have to be withdrawn
This document supersedes EN 61000-4-10:1993.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CENELEC [and/or CEN] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such
patent rights.
Endorsement notice
The text of the International Standard IEC 61000-4-10:2016 was approved by CENELEC as a
European Standard without any modification.
In the official version, for Bibliography, the following note has to be added for the standard indicated:
IEC 61000-4-18 NOTE Harmonized as EN 61000-4-18.
2
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SIST EN 61000-4-10:2017
EN 61000-4-10:2017
Annex ZA
(normative)
Normative references to international publications
with their corresponding European publications
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated
references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
NOTE 1 When an International Publication has been modified by common modifications, indicated by (mod), the relevant
EN/HD applies.
NOTE 2 Up-to-date information on the latest versions of the European Standards listed in this annex is available here:
www.cenelec.eu
Publication Year Title EN/HD Year
IEC 60050 Series International Electrotechnical Vocabulary - -
(IEV)
3
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SIST EN 61000-4-10:2017
IEC 61000-4-10
®
Edition 2.0 2016-07
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
colour
inside
BASIC EMC PUBLICATION
PUBLICATION FONDAMENTALE EN CEM
Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) –
Part 4-10: Testing and measurement techniques – Damped oscillatory magnetic
field immunity test
Compatibilité électromagnétique (CEM) –
Partie 4-10: Techniques d'essai et de mesure – Essai d'immunité du champ
magnétique oscillatoire amorti
INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
COMMISSION
ELECTROTECHNIQUE
INTERNATIONALE
ICS 33.100.20 ISBN 978-2-8322-3501-0
Warning! Make sure that you obtained this publication from an authorized distributor.
Attention! Veuillez vous assurer que vous avez obtenu cette publication via un distributeur agréé.
® Registered trademark of the International Electrotechnical Commission
Marque déposée de la Commission Electrotechnique Internationale
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SIST EN 61000-4-10:2017
– 2 – IEC 61000-4-10:2016 IEC 2016
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 5
INTRODUCTION . 7
1 Scope and object . 8
2 Normative references. 8
3 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms . 9
3.1 Terms and definitions . 9
3.2 Abbreviations . 10
4 General . 10
5 Test levels . 10
6 Test instrumentation . 11
6.1 General . 11
6.2 Damped oscillatory wave generator . 11
6.2.1 General . 11
6.2.2 Performance characteristics of the generator connected to the
standard induction coil . 12
6.3 Standard induction coil . 14
6.4 Calibration of the test system . 14
7 Test setup . 15
7.1 Test equipment . 15
7.2 Verification of the test instrumentation . 15
7.3 Test setup for table-top EUT . 16
7.4 Test setup for floor standing EUT . 16
7.5 Test setup for damped oscillatory field applied in-situ . 18
8 Test procedure . 18
8.1 General . 18
8.2 Laboratory reference conditions . 18
8.2.1 Climatic conditions . 18
8.2.2 Electromagnetic conditions . 18
8.3 Execution of the test . 19
9 Evaluation of test results . 19
10 Test report. 20
Annex A (informative) Information on the field distribution of standard induction coils . 21
A.1 General . 21
A.2 Determination of the coil factor . 21
A.2.1 General . 21
A.2.2 Coil factor calculation . 21
A.3 1 m × 1 m standard induction coil . 22
A.4 1 m × 2,6 m standard induction coil with reference ground plane . 23
A.5 1 m × 2,6 m standard induction coil without reference ground plane . 24
Annex B (informative) Selection of the test levels . 26
Annex C (informative) Damped oscillatory magnetic field frequency . 28
Annex D (informative) Measurement uncertainty (MU) considerations . 29
D.1 General . 29
D.2 Legend . 29
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IEC 61000-4-10:2016 IEC 2016 – 3 –
D.3 Uncertainty contributors to the peak current and to the damped oscillatory
magnetic field measurement uncertainty . 29
D.4 Uncertainty of peak current and damped oscillatory magnetic field calibration . 30
D.4.1 General . 30
D.4.2 Peak current . 30
D.4.3 Further MU contributions to amplitude and time measurements . 32
D.4.4 Rise time of the step response and bandwidth of the frequency
response of the measuring system . 32
D.4.5 Impulse peak distortion due to the limited bandwidth of the measuring
system . 33
D.5 Application of uncertainties in the damped oscillatory wave generator
compliance criterion . 34
Annex E (informative) 3D numerical simulations . 35
E.1 General . 35
E.2 Simulations . 35
E.3 Comments . 35
Bibliography . 41
Figure 1 – Simplified schematic circuit of the test generator for damped oscillatory
magnetic field . 12
Figure 2 – Waveform of short-circuit current in the standard coils . 13
Figure 3 – Waveform of short-circuit current showing the repetition time T . 13
rep
Figure 4 – Example of a current measurement of standard induction coils . 14
Figure 5 – Example of test setup for table-top equipment . 16
Figure 6 – Example of test setup for floor standing equipment showing the horizontal
orthogonal plane . 17
Figure 7 – Example of test setup for floor standing equipment showing the vertical
orthogonal plane . 17
Figure 8 – Example of test setup using the proximity method . 18
Figure A.1 – Rectangular induction coil with sides a + b and c . 22
Figure A.2 – +3 dB isoline for the magnetic field strength (magnitude) in the x-y plane
for the 1 m × 1 m induction coil . 22
Figure A.3 – +3 dB and –3 dB isolines for the magnetic field strength (magnitude) in
the x-z plane for the 1 m × 1 m induction coil . 23
Figure A.4 – +3 dB isoline for the magnetic field strength (magnitude) in the x-z plane
for the 1 m × 2,6 m induction coil with reference ground plane . 23
Figure A.5 – +3 dB and –3 dB isolines for the magnetic field strength (magnitude) in
the x-y plane for the 1 m × 2,6 m induction coil with reference ground plane . 24
Figure A.6 – +3 dB isoline for the magnetic field strength (magnitude) in the x-y plane
for the 1 m × 2,6 m induction coil without reference ground plane . 24
Figure A.7 – +3 dB and –3 dB isolines for the magnetic field strength (magnitude) in
the x-z plane for the 1 m × 2,6 m induction coil without reference ground plane . 25
Figure E.1 – Current with period of 1 µs and H-field in the center of the 1 m × 1 m
standard induction coil . 36
Figure E.2 – Hx–field along the side of 1 m × 1 m standard induction coil in A/m . 36
Figure E.3 – Hx–field in direction x perpendicular to the plane of the 1 m × 1 m
standard induction coil . 37
Figure E.4 – Hx–field along the side in dB for 1 m × 1 m standard induction coil . 37
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Figure E.5 – Hx–field along the diagonal in dB for the 1 m × 1 m standard induction coil . 38
Figure E.6 – Hx–field plot on y-z plane for the 1 m × 1 m standard induction coil . 38
Figure E.7 – Hx-field plot on x-y plane for the 1 m × 1 m standard induction coil . 39
Figure E.8 – Hx–field along the vertical middle line in dB for the 1 m × 2,6 m standard
induction coil . 39
Figure E.9 – Hx–field 2D–plot on y-z plane for the 1 m × 2,6 m standard induction coil . 40
Figure E.10 – Hx–field 2D–plot on x-y plane at z = 0,5 m for the 1 m × 2,6 m standard
induction coil . 40
Table 1 – Test levels . 11
Table 2 – Peak current specifications of the test system . 15
Table 3 – Waveform specifications of the test system . 15
Table D.1 – Example of uncertainty budget for the peak of the damped oscillatory
current impulse (I ) . 31
p
Table D.2 – α factor (see equation (D.6)) of different unidirectional impulse responses
corresponding to the same bandwidth of the system B . 33
Table D.3 – β factor (equation (D.12)) of the damped oscillatory waveform . 34
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SIST EN 61000-4-10:2017
IEC 61000-4-10:2016 IEC 2016 – 5 –
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
____________
ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY (EMC) –
Part 4-10: Testing and measurement techniques –
Damped oscillatory magnetic field immunity test
FOREWORD
1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote
international co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To
this end and in addition to other activities, IEC publishes International Standards, Technical Specifications,
Technical Reports, Publicly Available Specifications (PAS) and Guides (hereafter referred to as “IEC
Publication(s)”). Their preparation is entrusted to technical committees; any IEC National Committee interested
in the subject dealt with may participate in this preparatory work. International, governmental and non-
governmental organizations liaising with the IEC also participate in this preparation. IEC collaborates closely
with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by
agreement between the two organizations.
2) The formal decisions or agreements of IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, an international
consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation from all
interested IEC National Committees.
3) IEC Publications have the form of recommendations for international use and are accepted by IEC National
Committees in that sense. While all reasonable efforts are made to ensure that the technical content of IEC
Publications is accurate, IEC cannot be held responsible for the way in which they are used or for any
misinterpretation by any end user.
4) In order to promote international uniformity, IEC National Committees undertake to apply IEC Publications
transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and regional publications. Any divergence
between any IEC Publication and the corresponding national or regional publication shall be clearly indicated in
the latter.
5) IEC itself does not provide any attestation of conformity. Independent certification bodies provide conformity
assessment services and, in some areas, access to IEC marks of conformity. IEC is not responsible for any
services carried out by independent certification bodies.
6) All users should ensure that they have the latest edition of this publication.
7) No liability shall attach to IEC or its directors, employees, servants or agents including individual experts and
members of its technical committees and IEC National Committees for any personal injury, property damage or
other damage of any nature whatsoever, whether direct or indirect, or for costs (including legal fees) and
expenses arising out of the publication, use of, or reliance upon, this IEC Publication or any other IEC
Publications.
8) Attention is drawn to the Normative references cited in this publication. Use of the referenced publications is
indispensable for the correct application of this publication.
9) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this IEC Publication may be the subject of
patent rights. IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
International Standard IEC 61000-4-10 has been prepared by subcommittee 77B: High
frequency phenomena, of IEC technical committee 77: Electromagnetic compatibility.
It forms Part 4-10 of the IEC 61000 series. It has the status of a basic EMC publication in
accordance with IEC Guide 107.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition published in 1993 and Amendment
1:2000. This edition constitutes a technical revision.
This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous
edition:
a) new Annex A on induction coil field distribution;
b) new Annex D on measurement uncertainty;
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– 6 – IEC 61000-4-10:2016 IEC 2016
c) new Annex E for numerical simulations;
d) calibration using current measurement has been addressed in this edition.
The text of this standard is based on the following documents:
CDV Report on voting
77B/730/CDV 77B/746A/RVC
Full information on the voting for the approval of this standard can be found in the report on
voting indicated in the above table.
This publication has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
A list of all parts in the IEC 61000 series, published under the general title Electromagnetic
compatibility (EMC), can be found on the IEC website.
The committee has decided that the contents of this publication will remain unchanged until
the stability date indicated on the IEC website under "http://webstore.iec.ch" in the data
related to the specific publication. At this date, the publication will be
• reconfirmed,
• withdrawn,
• replaced by a revised edition, or
• amended.
IMPORTANT – The 'colour inside' logo on the cover page of this publication indicates
that it contains colours which are considered to be useful for the correct
understanding of its contents. Users should therefore print this document using a
colour printer.
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SIST EN 61000-4-10:2017
IEC 61000-4-10:2016 IEC 2016 – 7 –
INTRODUCTION
IEC 61000 is published in separate parts according to the following structure:
Part 1: General
General considerations (introduction, fundamental principles)
Definitions, terminology
Part 2: Environment
Description of the environment
Classification of the environment
Compatibility levels
Part 3: Limits
Emission limits
Immunity limits (insofar as they do not fall under the responsibility of the product
committees)
Part 4: Testing and measurement techniques
Measurement techniques
Testing techniques
Part 5: Installation and mitigation guidelines
Installation guidelines
Mitigation methods and devices
Part 6: Generic standards
Part 9: Miscellaneous
Each part is further subdivided into several parts, published either as international standards
or as technical specifications or technical reports, some of which have already been published
as sections. Others will be published with the part number followed by a dash and a second
number identifying the subdivision (example: IEC 61000-6-1).
This part is an international standard which gives immunity requirements and test procedures
related to "damped oscillatory magnetic field".
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ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY (EMC) –
Part 4-10: Testing and measurement techniques –
Damped oscillatory magnetic field immunity test
1 Scope and object
This part of IEC 61000 specifies the immunity requirements, test methods, and range of
recommended test levels for equipment subjected to damped oscillatory magnetic
disturbances related to medium voltage and high voltage sub-stations.
The test defined in this standard is applied to equipment which is intended to be installed in
locations where the phenomenon as specified in Clause 4 will be encountered.
This standard does not specify disturbances due to capacitive or inductive coupling in cables
or other parts of the field installation. IEC 61000-4-18, which deals with conducted
disturbances, covers these aspects.
The object of this standard is to establish a common and reproducible basis for evaluating the
performance of electrical and electronic equipment for medium voltage and high voltage sub-
stations when subjected to damped oscillatory magnetic fields.
The test is mainly applicable to electronic equipment to be installed in H.V. sub-stations.
Power plants, switchgear installations, smart grid systems may also be applicable to this
standard and may be considered by product committees.
NOTE As described in IEC Guide 107, this is a basic EMC publication for use by product committees of the IEC.
As also stated in Guide 107, the IEC product committees are responsible for determining whether this immunity
test standard is applied or not, and if applied, they are responsible for determining the appropriate test levels and
performance criteria. TC 77 and its sub-committees are prepared to co-operate with product committees in the
evaluation of the value of particular immunity test levels for their products.
This standard defines:
– a range of test levels;
– test equipment;
– test setups;
– test procedures.
2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and
are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any
amendments) applies.
IEC 60050 (all parts), International Electrotechnical Vocabulary (IEV) (available at
www.electropedia.org)
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IEC 61000-4-10:2016 IEC 2016 – 9 –
3 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms
3.1 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in IEC 60050 as well as
the following apply.
3.1.1
calibration
set of operations which establishes, by reference to standards, the relationship which exists,
under specified conditions, between an indication and a result of a measurement
Note 1 to entry: This term is based on the "uncertainty" approach.
Note 2 to entry: The relationship between the indications and the results of measurement can be expressed, in
principle, by a calibration diagram.
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-311:2001, 311-01-09]
3.1.2
damped oscillatory wave generator
generator delivering a damped oscillation whose frequency can be set to 100 kHz or 1 MHz
and whose damping time constant is five periods
3.1.3
immunity
ability of a device, equipment or system to perform without degradation in the presence of an
electromagnetic disturbance
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-161:1990, 161-01-20]
3.1.4
induction coil
conductor loop of defined shape and dimensions, in which a current flows, generating a
magnetic field of defined uniformity in a defined volume
3.1.5
induction coil factor
ratio between the magnetic field strength generated by an induction coil of given dimensions
and the corresponding current value
Note 1 to entry: The field is that measured at the centre of the coil plane, without the EUT.
3.1.6
proximity method
method of application of the magnetic field to the EUT, where a small induction coil is moved
along the side of the EUT in order to detect particularly sensitive areas
3.1.7
reference ground
part of the Earth considered as conductive, the electrical potential of which is conventionally
taken as zero, being outside the zone
...
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