SIST ETS 300 612-2 E1:2003

Digital cellular telecommunications system (Phase 2) (GSM); Network Management (NM); Part 2: Common aspects of GSM/DCS 1800 network management (GSM 12.01)

This European Telecommunication Standard (ETS) provides the survey of the GSM Network Management (NM) interfaces in accordance with the requirements in the GSM standards and with the architectural concept and methodology defined in GSM 12.00 (ETS 300 612-1)[80]. NOTE: The requirements for GSM covers the requirements for a DCS 1800 network as well. The various possibilities for transfer of NM messages between the NM entities and Network Elements (NEs) are outlined in this standard, and the requirements are set up for an OSI protocol stack appropriate for a GSM TMN. This ETS describes the relevant protocol profiles for Q3 and Qx interfaces.

Digitalni celični telekomunikacijski sistem (faza 2) ¬– Upravljanje omrežja (NM) – 2. del: Skupni vidiki upravljanja omrežja GSM/DCS 1800 (GSM 12.01)

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 30-Nov-2003
• ICS: 33.070.50 - Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM)
• Technical Committee: SS EIT - Technical Board for the electrotechnical, information technology and telecommunications fields
• Current Stage: 6060 - National Implementation/Publication (Adopted Project)
• Start Date: 01-Dec-2003
• Due Date: 01-Dec-2003
• Completion Date: 01-Dec-2003
• Ref Project: ETSI ETS 300 612-2 ed.1 (1996-08) - Digital cellular telecommunications system (Phase 2) (GSM); Network Management (NM); Part 2: Common aspects of GSM/DCS 1800 network management (GSM 12.01)

Standards Content (Sample)

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST ETS 300 612-2 E1:2003
01-december-2003
'LJLWDOQLFHOLþQLWHOHNRPXQLNDFLMVNLVLVWHPID]D¤±8SUDYOMDQMHRPUHåMD10±
GHO6NXSQLYLGLNLXSUDYOMDQMDRPUHåMD*60'&6*60
Digital cellular telecommunications system (Phase 2) (GSM); Network Management
(NM); Part 2: Common aspects of GSM/DCS 1800 network management (GSM 12.01)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ETS 300 612-2 Edition 1
ICS:
33.070.50 Globalni sistem za mobilno Global System for Mobile
telekomunikacijo (GSM) Communication (GSM)
SIST ETS 300 612-2 E1:2003 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

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SIST ETS 300 612-2 E1:2003

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SIST ETS 300 612-2 E1:2003
EUROPEAN ETS 300 612-2
TELECOMMUNICATION August 1996
STANDARD
Source: ETSI TC-SMG Reference: DE/SMG-061201P
ICS: 33.060.50
Key words: Digital cellular telecommunications system, Global System for Mobile communications (GSM)
R
GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR
MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS
Digital cellular telecommunications system (Phase 2);
Network Management (NM);
Part 2: Common aspects of GSM/DCS 1800
Network Management
(GSM 12.01)
ETSI
European Telecommunications Standards Institute
ETSI Secretariat
Postal address: F-06921 Sophia Antipolis CEDEX - FRANCE
Office address: 650 Route des Lucioles - Sophia Antipolis - Valbonne - FRANCE
X.400: c=fr, a=atlas, p=etsi, s=secretariat - Internet: [e-mail]
Tel.: [phone] - Fax: [phone]
Copyright Notification: No part may be reproduced except as authorized by written permission. The copyright and the
foregoing restriction extend to reproduction in all media.
© European Telecommunications Standards Institute 1996. All rights reserved.

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ETS 300 612-2: August 1996 (GSM 12.01 version 4.4.1)
Whilst every care has been taken in the preparation and publication of this document, errors in content,
typographical or otherwise, may occur. If you have comments concerning its accuracy, please write to
"ETSI Editing and Committee Support Dept." at the address shown on the title page.

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ETS 300 612-2: August 1996 (GSM 12.01 version 4.4.1)
Contents
Foreword .5
1 Scope .7
2 Normative references.7
3 Abbreviations.12
4 GSM Network Management.14
4.1 General TMN Structural aspects .14
4.1.1 Reference Points versus Interfaces .14
4.1.2 Hierarchical Interworking between Function Blocks.14
4.1.3 Implementation of Interfaces According to M.3010.16
4.2 Implementation requirements .18
4.2.1 GSM Phase 2 implementation requirements for the Q3 Interface .18
4.2.2 GSM Phase 2 implementation requirements for the Qx Interface .20
4.2.3 GSM Phase 2 implementation requirements for interworking between Q3
and Qx Interfaces.20
5 GSM Network Management Interfaces.21
5.1 General .21
5.2 NM Interfaces within a GSM Network.21
5.2.1 Q3 Interface.21
5.2.2 Qx Interface.21
5.3 The Man Machine Interface (MMI).22
6 GSM Network Management protocols and services at the Q3 Interface .23
6.1 General .23
6.2 Communication Model For Management Information Transfer.23
6.2.1 General.23
6.2.2 Common Management Application Services Element (CMISE) .23
6.2.3 Specific Management Application Service Element.25
6.2.4 Description of how CMISE, ACSE, ROSE and OSI Presentation Layer
Interact .25
6.3 Protocol capabilities.27
6.3.1 Naming and addressing capability .27
6.3.1.1 General aspects .27
6.3.1.2 SCCP addressing .27
6.3.1.3 X.25 addressing.27
6.3.1.4 OSI-LAN addressing.27
6.3.1.5 ISDN addressing.27
6.3.1.6 Transport addressing.27
6.3.1.7 Addressing on the application layer.27
6.3.1.8 Implementation example .28
6.3.2 Connection-oriented communication capability.28
6.3.3 Connectionless communication capability.28
6.3.4 File Transfer Capability .28
6.3.5 Remote Operation Handling.28
6.4 Implementation requirements .28
6.4.1 General.28
6.4.2 Layer 1 to 3.28
6.4.2.1 Requirements specific to CCITT Signalling System No.7 .29
6.4.2.2 Requirements specific to the A Interface.29
6.4.2.3 Requirements specific to X.25.29
6.4.2.4 Requirements specific to ISDN.30
6.4.3 Transport layer .30
6.4.4 Session layer.30

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ETS 300 612-2: August 1996 (GSM 12.01 version 4.4.1)
6.4.5 Presentation layer. 30
6.4.6 Application layer. 31
6.5 The use of QOS parameters in OSI layer services and protocols . 32
6.5.1 General . 32
6.5.2 Quality of Session Service. 33
6.5.3 Quality of Transport Service . 33
6.5.4 Quality of Network Service . 33
6.5.5 Quality of Data Link Service . 33
6.5.6 Quality of Physical Service . 33
7 Implementation requirements for the Qx NM Interface . 34
7.1 General. 34
7.2 Layer 1 . 34
7.3 Layer 2 . 34
7.4 Layer 3 . 34
8 Inter-TMN operation. 35
8.1 General. 35
8.2 Interface to other Management Systems . 35
Annex A (informative): GSM Protocol Conformance Statements (PICS). 36
Annex B (informative): Example for Implementation of an Addressing Scheme. 37
B.1 Network Addresses . 37
B.1.1 X.25. 37
B.1.1.1 Transport layer as subsequent protocol . 37
B.1.1.2 PAD as subsequent protocol . 37
B.1.1.3 X.25-SCCP interworking as subsequent protocol . 37
B.1.2 SCCP . 37
B.2 Upper layer addresses. 37
B.3 Application Entity Title (AET) . 38
History. 39

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ETS 300 612-2: August 1996 (GSM 12.01 version 4.4.1)
Foreword
This European Telecommunication Standard (ETS) was produced by the Special Mobile Group (SMG)
Technical Committee of the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI).
This ETS provides a survey of the GSM network management interfaces and describes the relevant
protocol profiles for Q3 and Qx interfaces within the Digital cellular telecommunications system. This ETS
corresponds to GSM technical specification, GSM 12.01, version 4.4.1 and is part 2 of a 2 part ETS as
described below:
GSM 12.00 ETS 300 612-1: "Digital cellular telecommunication system (Phase 2); Network
Management (NM); Part 1: Objectives and structure of Network Management".
GSM 12.01 ETS 300 612-2: "Digital cellular telecommunication system (Phase 2);
Network Management (NM); Part 2: Common aspects of GSM Network
Management".
NOTE: TC-SMG has produced documents which give technical specifications for the
implementation of the Digital cellular telecommunications system. Historically, these
documents have been identified as GSM Technical Specifications (GSM-TSs). These
specifications may subsequently become I-ETSs (Phase 1), or European
Telecommunication Standards (ETSs)(Phase 2), whilst others may become ETSI
Technical Reports (ETRs). These ETSI-GSM Technical Specifications are, for editorial
reasons, still referred to in this ETS.
Transposition dates
Date of adoption of this ETS: 31 August 1996
Date of latest announcement of this ETS (doa): 30 November 1996
Date of latest publication of new National Standard
or endorsement of this ETS (dop/e): 31 May 1997
Date of withdrawal of any conflicting National Standard (dow): 31 May 1997

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ETS 300 612-2: August 1996 (GSM 12.01 version 4.4.1)
1 Scope
This European Telecommunication Standard (ETS) provides the survey of the GSM Network
Management (NM) interfaces in accordance with the requirements in the GSM standards and with the
architectural concept and methodology defined in GSM 12.00 (ETS 300 612-1) [80].
NOTE: The requirements for GSM covers the requirements for a DCS 1800 network as well.
The various possibilities for transfer of NM messages between the NM entities and Network Elements
(NEs) are outlined in this standard, and the requirements are set up for an OSI protocol stack appropriate
for a GSM TMN.
This ETS describes the relevant protocol profiles for Q3 and Qx interfaces.
2 Normative references
This ETS incorporates by dated and undated reference, provisions from other publications. These
normative references are cited at the appropriate places in the text and the publications are listed
hereafter. For dated references, subsequent amendments to or revisions of any of these publications
apply to this ETS only when incorporated in it by amendment or revision. For undated references the latest
edition of the publication referred to applies.
[1] CCITT M.3010 (1988): "Principles for a Telecommunications Management
Network (TMN).
[2] CCITT Draft Q.811 (1992): "Lower Layer Protocol Profiles for the Q3 Interface".
[3] CCITT Draft Q.812 (1992): "Upper Layer Protocol Profiles for the Q3 Interface".
[4] CCITT G.703 (1988): "Physical/Electrical Characteristics of Hierarchical Digital
Interfaces".
[5] ISO DIS 7498-3 (1987): "Information Processing Systems - Open Systems
Interconnection - OSI Reference Model - Part 3: Naming and Addressing".
[6] ISO DIS 7498-4 (1987): "Information Processing Systems - Open Systems
Interconnection - OSI Reference Model - Part 4: Management Framework".(See
also CCITT X.700)
[7] ISO IS 8571-1: "Information Processing Systems - Open Systems
Interconnection - File Transfer, Access and Management - Part 1: General
Introduction".
[8] ISO IS 8571-2: "Information Processing Systems - Open Systems
Interconnection - File Transfer, Access and Management - Part 2: Virtual
Filestore Definition".
[9] ISO IS 8571-3: "Information Processing Systems - Open Systems
Interconnection - File Transfer, Access and Management - Part 3: File Service
Definition".
[10] ISO IS 8571-4: "Information Processing Systems - Open Systems
Interconnection - File Transfer, Access and Management - Part 4: File Protocol
Specification".
[11] ISO/IEC ISP 10607-1: "Information technology - International Standardized
Profiles AFTnn - File Transfer, Access and Management - Part 1: Specification
of ACSE, Presentation and Session Protocols for the use by FTAM".
[12] ISO/IEC ISP 10607-2: "Information technology - International Standardized
Profiles AFTnn - File Transfer, Access and Management - Part 2: Specification
of Document Types, Constraint sets and Syntax's".

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[13] ISO/IEC ISP 10607-3: "Information technology - International Standardized
Profiles AFTnn - File Transfer, Access and Management - Part 2: Specification
of AFT 11 Simple File Transfer Service (Unstructured)".
[14] ISO/IEC DISP 11183-1: "Information technology - International Standardized
Profiles AOMnn.OSI Management - Management communication protocols -
Part 1: Specification of ACSE, presentation and session protocols for the use by
ROSE and CMISE".
[15] ISO DIS 9545 (1988): "Information Processing Systems - Open Systems
Interconnection - Application Layer Structure".
[16] ISO IEC 9595 (1991): "Information technology - Open Systems Interconnection -
Common Management Information Service Definition". (See also X.710)
[17] ISO IEC 9596-1 (1991): "Information technology - Open Systems
Interconnection - Common Management Information Protocol - Part 1
Specification". (See also X.711)
[18] CCITT E.164 (1988): "Numbering Plan for the ISDN Era".
[19] CCITT Q.700 (1988): "Introduction to CCITT Signalling System No.7".
[20] CCITT Q.701 (1988): "Functional Description of the Message Transfer Part
(MTP) of Signalling System No.7".
[21] CCITT Q.702 (1988): "Signalling Data Link".
[22] CCITT Q.703 (1988): "Signalling Link".
[23] CCITT Q.704 (1988): "Signalling Network Functions and Messages".
[24] CCITT Q.705 (1988): "Signalling Network Structure".
[25] CCITT Q.706 (1988): "Message Transfer Part Signalling Performance".
[26] CCITT Q.707 (1988): "Testing and Maintenance".
[27] CCITT Q.708 (1988): "Numbering of International Signalling Point Codes".
[28] CCITT Q.709 (1988): "Hypothetical Signalling Reference Connection".
[29] CCITT Q.711 (1988): "Functional Description of the Signalling Connection
Control Part".
[30] CCITT Q.712 (1988): "Definition and Function of SCCP Messages".
[31] CCITT Q.713 (1988): "SCCP Formats and Codes".
[32] CCITT Q.714 (1988): "Signalling Connection Control Part Procedures".
[33] CCITT Q.775 (1988): "Guidelines for Using Transaction Capabilities".
[34] CCITT Q.795 (1988): "Operations, Maintenance and Administration Part
(OMAP)".
[35] CCITT X.31 (1988): "Support of Packet Mode Terminal Equipment by an
ISDN".
[36] CCITT X.21: "Interface between data terminal equipment and data circuit-
terminating equipment for synchronous operation on public data networks ".

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[37] CCITT X.21 bis (1988): "Use on public data networks of data terminal
equipment (DTE) which is designed for interfacing to synchronous V-Series
modems ".
[38] CCITT X.25 (1988): "Interface between Data Terminal Equipment (DTE) and
Data Circuit Terminating (DCE) for Terminals operating in the Packet Mode and
connected to Public Data Networks by Dedicated Circuit".
[39] CCITT X.121 (1988): "International Numbering Plan for Public Data Networks".
[40] CCITT X.200 (1988): "Reference Model of Open Systems Interconnection for
CCITT Applications". (see also ISO 7498)
[41] CCITT X.208 (1988): "Specification of Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1)".
(see also ISO 8824 and ISO 8824-AD1)
[42] CCITT X.209: "Specification of Basic Encoding Rules for Abstract Syntax
Notation One (ASN.1)". (see also ISO 8825 and ISO 8825-AD1)
[43] CCITT X.210 (1988): "Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Layer Service
Definition Conventions".
[44] CCITT X.211 (1988): "Physical Layer Service Definition for Open System
Interconnection (OSI) for CCITT applications".
[45] CCITT X.212 (1988): "Data Link Service Definition for Open System
Interconnection (OSI) for CCITT applications".
[46] CCITT X.213 (1988): "Network Service Definition for Open System
Interconnection (OSI) for CCITT applications". (see also ISO 8348, ISO
8348/AD2 and ISO 8348/AD3)
[47] CCITT X.223 (1988): "Use of X.25 to provide the OSI Connection-mode network
service for CCITT applications". (see also ISO 8878)
[48] CCITT X.214: "Transport Service Definition for Open System Interconnection
(OSI) for CCITT Applications". (see also ISO 8072)
[49] CCITT X.224: "Transport Protocol Specification for Open System
Interconnection (OSI) for CCITT Applications". (see also ISO 8073)
[50] CCITT X.215 (1988): "Session Service Definition for Open System
Interconnection (OSI) for CCITT Applications". (see also ISO 8326 and ISO
8326-AD2)
[51] CCITT X.225 (1988): "Session Protocol Specification for Open System
Interconnection (OSI) for CCITT Applications". (see also ISO 8327 and ISO
8327-AD2)
[52] CCITT X.216 (1988): "Presentation Service Definition for Open System
Interconnection (ISO) for CCITT Applications". (see also ISO 8822)
[53] CCITT X.226 (1988): "Presentation Protocol Specification for Open System
Interconnection (OSI) for CCITT Applications". (see also ISO 8823)
[54] CCITT X.217 (1988): "Association Control Service Definition for OSI for CCITT
Applications". (see also ISO 8649-2)
[55] CCITT X.227 (1988): "Association Control Protocol Specification for OSI for
CCITT Applications". (see also ISO 8650-2)

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[56] CCITT X.219 (1988): "Remote Operations: Model, Notation and Service
Definition". (see also ISO 9072-1)
[57] CCITT X.229 (1988): "Remote Operations: Protocol Specification". (see also
ISO 9072-2)
[58] CCITT X.290 (1988): "OSI Conformance Testing Methodology and Framework
for Protocol Recommendations for CCITT Applications".
[59] CCITT X.410 (1984): "Message Handling Systems: Remote Operations and
Reliable Transfer Server".
[60] CCITT I.430 (1988): "Basic User-Network Interface - Layer 1 Specification".
[61] CCITT I.431 (1988): "Primary Rate User-Network Interface - Layer 1
Specification".
[62] ISO 7776: "Information processing systems - Data communication - High-level
data link control procedures - Description of the X.25 LAPB-compatible DTE
data link procedures.
[63] CCITT Q.921 (1988): "ISDN User-Network Interface - Data Link Layer
Specification".
[64] CCITT Q.931 (1988): "ISDN User-Network Interface Layer 3 Specification for
Basic Call Control".
[65] ISO 8208: "information processing systems - Data communications - X.25
Packet Level Protocol for Data Terminal Equipment.
[66] ISO 8878: "Information technology - Telecommunications and information
exchange between systems - Use of X.25 to provide the OSI Connection-mode
Network Service.
[67] CCITT I.320 (1988): "ISDN Protocol Reference Model".
[68] CCITT X.612 (1992): "Information Technology - Provision of the OSI
Connection-mode Network Service by Packet-mode Terminal Equipment
Connected to an Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)". (See also
ISO/IEC 9574).
[69] ISO 8473: "Information Processing Systems - Local area networks - Protocol for
providing the connectionless-mode network service.
[70] ISO 8802-2: "Information Processing Systems - Local area networks -Part 2 -
Logical link control.
[71] ISO 8802-3: "Information Processing Systems - Local area networks -Part 3 -
Carrier sense multiple access with collision detection - Access method and
physical layer specifications.
[72] GSM 08.04 (ETS 300 588): "Digital cellular telecommunication system
(Phase 2); Base Station System - Mobile-services Switching Centre (BSS -
MSC) interface Layer 1 specification".
[73] GSM 08.06 (ETS 300 589): "Digital cellular telecommunication system
(Phase 2); Signalling transport mechanism specification for the Base Station
System - Mobile-services Switching Centre (BSS - MSC) interface".
[74] GSM 08.08 (ETS 300 590): "Digital cellular telecommunication system
(Phase 2); Mobile Switching Centre - Base Station System (MSC - BSS)
interface Layer 3 specification".

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[75] GSM 08.52 (ETS 300 593): "Digital cellular telecommunication system
(Phase 2); Base Station Controller - Base Transceiver Station (BSC - BTS)
interface Interface principles".
[76] GSM 08.54 (ETS 300 594): "Digital cellular telecommunication system
(Phase 2); Base Station Controller - Base Transceiver Station (BSC - BTS)
interface Layer 1 structure of physical circuits".
[77] GSM 08.56 (ETS 300 595): "Digital cellular telecommunication system
(Phase 2); Base Station Controller - Base Transceiver Station (BSC - BTS)
interface Layer 2 specification".
[78] GSM 08.58 (ETS 300 596): "Digital cellular telecommunication system
(Phase 2); Base Station Controller - Base Transceiver Station (BSC - BTS)
interface Layer 3 specification".
[79] GSM 08.60 (ETS 300 597): "Digital cellular telecommunication system
(Phase 2); Inband control of remote transcoders and rate adaptors".
[80] GSM 12.00 (ETS 300 612-1): "Digital cellular telecommunication system
(Phase 2); Objectives and structure of Network Management (NM)".
[81] GSM 12.20 (ETS 300 622): "Digital cellular telecommunication system
(Phase 2); Base Station System (BSS) Management Information".
[82] GSM 12.21 (ETS 300 623): "Digital cellular telecommunication system
(Phase 2); Network Management (NM) procedures and message on the A-bis
interface".
[83] GSM 12.22 (ETS 300 624): "Digital cellular telecommunication system
(Phase 2); Interworking of GSM Network Management (NM) procedures and
messages at the Base Station Controller (BSC)".
An overview of the GSM NM ETS is given in GSM 12.00 (ETS 300 612-1)[80], Objectives and Structure of
Network Management (NM).

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3 Abbreviations
For the puposes of this ETS the following abbreviations apply.
A Agent
AARE A-ASSOCIATE-RESPONSE
AARQ A-ASSOCIATE-REQUEST
ACPM Association Control Protocol Machine
ACSE Association Control Service Element
AE Application Entity
AEQ Application Entity Qualifier
AET Application Entity Title
AFI Authority and Format Identifier
APDU Application Protocol Data Unit
API Application Programming Interface
APQ Application Process Qualifier
ASE Application Service Element
ASN.1 (CCITT) Abstract Syntax Notation One
AT Application Title
BA Basic Access
BSC Base Station Controller
BSS Base Station System
BSSOMAP BSS Operation and Maintenance Application Part
BTS Base Transceiver Station
CCITT International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Commitee
CLNS Connectionless-Mode Network Service
CMIP Common Management Information Protocol
CMIP-DU Common Management Information Protocol Data Unit
CMIS Common Management Information Service
CMISE Common Management Information Service Element
CONS Connection-Mode Network Service
CSMA/CD Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection
CUG Closed User Group
DAF Destination Address Field
DCE Data Communication Equipment
DCF Data Communication Function
DCS 1800 Digital Cellular System 1800 MHz
DEAF Destination Extended Address Field
DIS Draft International Standard (of ISO)
DISP Draft International Standardized Profile
DSP Domain Specific Part
DTE Data Terminal Equipment
ETSI European Telecommunications Standards Institute
FTAM File Transfer Access and Management
GT Global Title
GSM Global System for Mobile Communication
ICF Information Conversion Function
ID Identifier
IDI Initial Domain Identifier
IP Internet Protocol
IS International Standard (of ISO)
ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network
ISO International Standards Organization
ISP International Standardized Profile
LAN Local Area Network
LAPB Link Access Procedure - Balanced
LAPD Link Access Procedure on the D-channel
LLC Logical Link Control
M Manager
MAC Media Access Control
MAF Management Application Function
MAPDU Management Application Protocol Data Unit
MCF Message Conversion Function

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MF Mediation Function
MMI Man-machine Interface
MO Managed Object
MSC GSM Mobile-services Switching Centre
MTP Message Transfer Part
MUX Multiplexer
NE Network Element
NEF Network Element Function
NM Network Management
NMC Network Management Centre
NSAP Network Service Access Point
OG Organisation Number
O&M Operations and Maintenance
OMAP (CCITT) Operations, Maintenance and Administration Part
OMC Operations and Maintenance Centre
OS Operation System
OSF Operations System Functions
OSI Open Systems Interconnection
OSINET OSI Network
PAD Packet Assembler and Disassembler
PICS Protocol Implementation Conformance Statement
PRA Pimary Rate Access
PSAP Presentation Service Access Point
PSPDN Packet Switched Public Data Network
QAF Q Adaptor Function
QOS Quality Of Service
ROSE Remote Operation Service Element
SAF Source Address Field
SAPI Service Access Point Indicator
SCCP (CCITT) Signalling Connection Control Part
SEAF Service Extended Address Field
SLP Single Link Procedure
SM ASE Specific Management Application Service Element
SMAE System Management Application Entity
SMAP System Management Application Process
SMG Special Mobile Group
SN Sub Network
SPI Subsequent Protocol Identifier
SS7 (CCITT) Signalling System
...