SIST EN 13001-2:2014
(Main)Crane safety - General design - Part 2: Load actions
Crane safety - General design - Part 2: Load actions
EN 13001-2 specifies load actions to be used together with the standard EN 13001-1 and EN 13001-3, and as such they specify conditions and requirements on design to prevent mechanical hazards of cranes, and provides a method of verification of those requirements. NOTE Specific requirements for particular types of crane are given in the appropriate European Standard for the particular crane type. The following is a list of significant hazardous situations and hazardous events that could result in risks to persons during normal use and foreseeable misuse. Clause 4 of this standard is necessary to reduce or eliminate the risks associated with the following hazards: a) Instability of the crane or its parts (tilting). b) Exceeding the limits of strength (yield, ultimate, fatigue). c) Elastic instability of the crane or its parts (buckling, bulging). d) Exceeding temperature limits of material or components. e) Exceeding the deformation limits. This document is not applicable to cranes that are manufactured before the date of its publication as EN.
Kransicherheit - Konstruktion allgemein - Teil 2: Lasteinwirkungen
Diese Europäische Norm legt die Lasteinwirkungen fest, sie ist zusammen mit EN 13001 1 und EN 13001 3 anzuwenden und spezifiziert die Bedingungen und Anforderungen zur Vermeidung von mechanischen Gefährdungen bei Kranen sowie eine Methode der Überprüfung dieser Anforderungen.
ANMERKUNG Besondere Anforderungen für spezielle Krantypen sind in der zutreffenden Europäischen Norm für den speziellen Krantyp angegeben.
Im Folgenden ist eine Auflistung von signifikanten Gefährdungssituationen und Gefährdungsereignissen gegeben, die Risiken für Personen während des normalen Gebrauchs und vorhersehbarem Missbrauch (des Krans) zur Folge haben könnten. Abschnitt 4 dieser Norm wird zur Reduzierung oder Eliminierung der mit den folgenden Gefährdungen verbundenen Risiken benötigt:
a) Instabilität des Krans oder seiner Teile (Kippen);
b) Überschreitung der Festigkeitsgrenzwerte (Fließgrenze, Bruch-, Ermüdungsfestigkeit);
c) elastische Instabilität des Krans oder seiner Teile (Knicken, Ausbeulen);
d) Überschreitung von Temperaturgrenzwerten des Werkstoffs oder der Komponenten;
e) Überschreitung der Verformungsgrenzwerte.
Diese Europäische Norm gilt für Krane, die nach dem Datum der Veröffentlichung dieser Norm als Europäische Norm hergestellt werden.
Sécurité des appareils de levage à charge suspendue - Conception générale - Partie 2: Effets de charge
La présente Norme européenne spécifie les actions de charge devant être utilisées conjointement avec l'EN 13001 1 et l'EN 13001 3, et dans ce cadre, elles spécifient les conditions et prescriptions de conception visant à prévenir les dangers mécaniques liés aux appareils de levage à charge suspendue, et elle fournit une méthode de vérification de ces prescriptions.
NOTE Des prescriptions spécifiques pour des types particuliers d’appareil de levage à charge suspendue sont données dans la Norme européenne appropriée au type particulier d’appareil de levage à charge suspendue.
La liste suivante spécifie les situations et les événements dangereux significatifs susceptibles d’entraîner des risques pour les personnes lors d’une utilisation normale et d’une mauvaise utilisation prévisible. L’Article 4 de la présente norme est nécessaire pour réduire ou éliminer les risques associés aux phénomènes dangereux suivants :
a) Instabilité de l’appareil de levage à charge suspendue ou de ses éléments (basculement).
b) Dépassement des limites de résistance (élasticité, rupture, fatigue).
c) Instabilité élastique de l’appareil de levage ou de ses éléments (flambage, voilement).
d) Dépassement des limites de température du matériau ou des composants.
e) Dépassement des limites de déformation.
Le présent document n'est pas applicable aux appareils de levage à charge suspendue qui ont été fabriqués avant sa date de publication comme EN.
Varnost žerjava - Konstrukcija, splošno - 2. del: Učinki obremenitev
Standard EN 13001-2 določa ukrepe za obremenitve, ki jih je treba uporabiti skupaj s standardoma EN 13001-1 in EN 13001-3. Ti standardi določajo pogoje in zahteve za načrtovanje žerjavov z namenom preprečevanja mehanskih nevarnosti žerjavov ter podajajo metodo za preverjanje izpolnjevanja teh zahtev. OPOMBA Posebne zahteve za posamezne vrste žerjavov so navedene v ustreznem evropskem standardu za posamezne vrste žerjavov. Spodaj je naveden seznam pomembnih nevarnih razmer in dogodkov, zaradi katerih bi lahko prišlo do ogroženosti oseb med običajno uporabo in predvideno nepravilno uporabo. Točka 4 v tem standardu je potrebna za omejitev ali odpravo tveganj, povezanih z naslednjimi nevarnostmi: a) Nestabilnost žerjava ali njegovih delov (naklon). b) Prekoračitev mej trdnosti (meja prožnosti, končna meja, meja utrujanja). c) Elastična nestabilnost žerjava ali njegovih delov (uklon, izbočenost). d) Prekoračitev temperaturnih omejitev materiala ali sestavnih delov. e) Prekoračitev mej deformacije. Ta dokument se ne uporablja za žerjave, ki so bili izdelani, preden je bil objavljen kot standard EN.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN 13001-2:2014
01-oktober-2014
Nadomešča:
SIST EN 13001-2:2011
SIST EN 13001-2:2011/AC:2012
Varnost žerjava - Konstrukcija, splošno - 2. del: Učinki obremenitev
Crane safety - General design - Part 2: Load actions
Kransicherheit - Konstruktion allgemein - Teil 2: Lasteinwirkungen
Sécurité des appareils de levage à charge suspendue - Conception générale - Partie 2:
Effets de charge
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN 13001-2:2014
ICS:
53.020.20 Dvigala Cranes
SIST EN 13001-2:2014 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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SIST EN 13001-2:2014
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SIST EN 13001-2:2014
EUROPEAN STANDARD
EN 13001-2
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
August 2014
ICS 53.020.20 Supersedes EN 13001-2:2011
English Version
Crane safety - General design - Part 2: Load actions
Sécurité des appareils de levage à charge suspendue - Kransicherheit - Konstruktion allgemein - Teil 2:
Conception générale - Partie 2: Charges Lasteinwirkungen
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 14 June 2014.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European
Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national
standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same
status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United
Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2014 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN 13001-2:2014 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
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SIST EN 13001-2:2014
EN 13001-2:2014 (E)
Contents Page
Foreword .3
Introduction .4
1 Scope .5
2 Normative references .5
3 Terms, definitions, symbols and abbreviations .5
3.1 Terms and definitions .5
3.2 Symbols and abbreviations .6
4 Safety requirements and/or measures . 10
4.1 General . 10
4.2 Loads . 10
4.2.1 General . 10
4.2.2 Regular loads . 11
4.2.3 Occasional loads . 18
4.2.4 Exceptional loads . 25
4.3 Load combinations . 33
4.3.1 General . 33
4.3.2 High risk situations. 34
4.3.3 Favourable and unfavourable masses . 34
4.3.4 Partial safety factors for the mass of the crane . 35
4.3.5 Partial safety factors to be applied to loads determined by displacements . 36
4.3.6 Load combinations for the proof of competence . 37
4.3.7 The proof of crane stability . 40
Annex A (informative) Aerodynamic coefficients . 42
A.1 General . 42
A.2 Individual members . 45
A.3 Plane and spatial lattice structure members . 51
A.4 Structural members in multiple arrangement . 53
Annex B (informative) Illustration of the types of hoist drives . 55
Annex C (informative) Calculation of load factor for indirect lifting force limiter . 58
Annex D (informative) Guidance on selection of the risk coefficient . 60
Annex E (informative) Selection of a suitable set of crane standards for a given application . 62
Annex ZA (informative) Relationship between this European Standard and the Essential
Requirements of EU Directive 2006/42/EC . 63
Bibliography . 64
2
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SIST EN 13001-2:2014
EN 13001-2:2014 (E)
Foreword
This document (EN 13001-2:2014) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 147 “Crane —
Safety”, the secretariat of which is held by BSI.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical
text or by endorsement, at the latest by February 2015 and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn
at the latest by February 2015.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document supersedes EN 13001-2:2011.
The major changes in this revision are in 4.2.2.2, 4.2.3.4, 4.2.4.10, 4.3.2, 4.3.4 and 4.3.7. There are new
issues in 4.2.4.7, 4.2.4.8, Annex B, Annex C and Annex D.
This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the
European Free Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of EU Directive(s).
For relationship with EU Directive(s), see informative Annex ZA, which is an integral part of this document.
This European Standard is one Part of EN 13001. The other parts are as follows:
— Part 1: General principles and requirements
— Part 2: Load actions
— Part 3-1: Limit states and proof of competence of steel structures
— Part 3-2: Limit states and proof of competence of wire ropes in reeving systems
— Part 3-3: Limit states and proof of competence of wheel/rail contacts
— Part 3-4: Limit states and proof of competence of machinery
— Part 3-5: Limit states and proof of competence of forged hooks
For the relationship with other European Standards for cranes, see Annex E.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following
countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech
Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece,
Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal,
Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom.
3
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SIST EN 13001-2:2014
EN 13001-2:2014 (E)
Introduction
This European Standard has been prepared to be a harmonized standard to provide one means for the
mechanical design and theoretical verification of cranes to conform to the essential health and safety
requirements of the Machinery Directive, as amended. This standard also establishes interfaces between the
user (purchaser) of the crane and the designer, as well as between the designer and the component
manufacturer, in order to form a basis for selecting cranes and components.
This European Standard is a type C standard as stated in the EN ISO 12100.
The machinery concerned and the extent to which hazards are covered are indicated in the scope of this
standard.
When provisions of this type C standard are different from those, which are stated in type A or B standards,
the provisions of this type C standard take precedence over the provisions of the other standards, for
machines that have been designed and built according to the provisions of this type C standard.
4
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SIST EN 13001-2:2014
EN 13001-2:2014 (E)
1 Scope
This European Standard specifies load actions to be used together with the standard EN 13001-1 and
EN 13001-3, and as such they specify conditions and requirements on design to prevent mechanical hazards
of cranes, and provides a method of verification of those requirements.
NOTE Specific requirements for particular types of crane are given in the appropriate European Standard for the
particular crane type.
The following is a list of significant hazardous situations and hazardous events that could result in risks to
persons during normal use and foreseeable misuse. Clause 4 of this standard is necessary to reduce or
eliminate the risks associated with the following hazards:
a) Instability of the crane or its parts (tilting).
b) Exceeding the limits of strength (yield, ultimate, fatigue).
c) Elastic instability of the crane or its parts (buckling, bulging).
d) Exceeding temperature limits of material or components.
e) Exceeding the deformation limits.
This document is not applicable to cranes that are manufactured before the date of its publication as EN.
2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references,
the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
EN 1990, Eurocode - Basis of structural design
EN 13001-1, Cranes — General Design — Part 1: General principles and requirements
ISO 4306-1:2007, Cranes — Vocabulary — Part 1: General
3 Terms, definitions, symbols and abbreviations
3.1 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in EN 1990, Clause 6 of ISO 4306-1:2007
and the following apply.
3.1.1
hoist load
sum of the masses lifted by the crane, taken as the maximum that the crane is designed to lift in the
configuration and operational conditions being considered
3.1.2
single failure proof system
force carrying arrangement of several components, arranged so that in case of a failure of any single
component in the arrangement, the capability to carry the force is not lost
5
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SIST EN 13001-2:2014
EN 13001-2:2014 (E)
3.2 Symbols and abbreviations
For the purposes of this document, the symbols and abbreviations given in Table 1 apply.
Table 1 — Symbols and abbreviations
Symbols,
Description
abbreviations
A1 to A4 Load combinations including regular loads
A
Characteristic area of a crane member
A Projection of the hoist load on a plane normal to the direction of the wind velocity
g
Area enclosed by the boundary of a lattice work member in the plane of its
A
c
characteristic height d
A Area of an individual crane member projected to the plane of the characteristic
j
height d
b Width of the rail head
h
b Characteristic width of a crane member
B1 to B5 Load combinations including regular and occasional loads
c
Spring constant
c , c , c , c Aerodynamic coefficients
o a oy oz
C1 to C11 Load combinations including regular, occasional and exceptional loads
CFF, CFM Coupled wheel pairs of system F/F or F/M
d
Characteristic dimension of a crane member
d , d
Distance between wheel pair i or n and the guide means
i n
e
Width of the gap of a rail
G
f Friction coefficient
f
Loads
i
f
natural frequency
q
f
Term used in calculating v(z)
rec
F Force in general
F, F , F
Wind loads
y z
ˆ
Maximum buffer force
F
F F
, Initial and final drive force
i f
ΔF Change of drive force
F , F , F , F
Tangential wheel forces
x1i x2i y1i y2i
F
Guide force
y
F , F
Vertical wheel forces
z1i z2i
6
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SIST EN 13001-2:2014
EN 13001-2:2014 (E)
Symbols,
Description
abbreviations
Abbreviations for Fixed/Fixed and Fixed/Moveable, characterizing the possibility of
F/F, F/M
lateral movements of the crane wheels
g Acceleration due to gravity
h Distance between instantaneous slide pole and guide means of a skewing crane
h(t) Time dependent unevenness function
h
Height of the step of a rail
s
Lateral wheel forces induced by drive forces acting on a crane or trolley with
H , H
1 2
asymmetrical mass distribution
HC1 to HC4 Stiffness classes
HD1 to HD5 Classes of the type of hoist drive and its operation method
i Serial number
IFF, IFM Independent wheel pairs of system F/F or F/M
j Serial number
k
Serial number
K Drag coefficient of terrain
K , K
Roughness factors
1 2
l Span of a crane
l
Aerodynamic length of a crane member
a
l
Geometric length of a crane member
o
m
Mass of the hoist load
H
m Mass of the crane and the hoist load
Δm
Released or dropped part of the hoist load
H
n Number of wheels at each side of the crane runway
n
Exponent used in calculating the shielding factor η
m
p Number of pairs of coupled wheels
q
Equivalent static wind pressure
q
Mean wind pressure
q(z) Equivalent static storm wind pressure
q(3) Wind pressure at v(3)
r Wheel radius
R Out-of-service wind recurrence interval
Re Reynold number
s
Slack of the guide
g
s
Lateral slip at the guide means
y
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SIST EN 13001-2:2014
EN 13001-2:2014 (E)
Symbols,
Description
abbreviations
s
Lateral slip at wheel pair i
yi
S Load effect
ˆ
Maximum load effect
S
S , S
Initial and final load effects
i f
ΔS Change of load effect
t
Time
u Buffer stroke
û Maximum buffer stroke
v Travelling speed of the crane
v Constant mean wind velocity
Constant mean wind velocity if the wind direction is not normal to the longitudinal
v *
axis of the crane member under consideration
v(z) Equivalent static storm wind velocity
Equivalent static storm wind velocity if the wind direction is not normal to the
v(z)*
longitudinal axis of the crane member under consideration
v(3) Gust wind velocity averaged of a period of 3 seconds
v
Three seconds gust amplitude
g
v
Hoisting speed
h
v
Maximum steady hoisting speed
h,max
v
Steady hoisting creep speed
h,CS
v (z)
Ten minutes mean storm wind velocity in the height z
m
v
Reference storm wind velocity
ref
w
Distance between the guide means
b
z Height above ground level
z(t) Time-dependent coordinate of the mass centre
α
Relative aerodynamic length
r
Angle between the direction of the wind velocity v or v(z) and the longitudinal axis
α
w
of the crane member under consideration
α Skewing angle
α
Part of the skewing angle α due to the slack of the guide
g
α , α Terms used in calculating ϕ
G s 4
α
Part of the skewing angle α due to tolerances
t
α
Part of the skewing angle α due to wear
w
β Angle between horizontal plane and non-horizontal wind direction
8
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SIST EN 13001-2:2014
EN 13001-2:2014 (E)
Symbols,
Description
abbreviations
β Term used in calculating ϕ
2 2
β Term used in calculating ϕ
3 3
γ
Overall safety factor
f
γ
Resistance coefficient
m
γ
Risk coefficient
n
γ
Partial safety factor
p
γ
Additional safety factor for stability
s
Term used in calculating ϕ
δ
1
ε
Conventional start force factor
S
ε
Conventional mean drive force factor
M
η Shielding factor
η
Factor for remaining hoist load in out of service condition
W
λ
Aerodynamic slenderness ratio
μ, μ′ Parts of the span l
Term used in calculating the guide force F
F
y
F , F Terms used in calculating F and F
1i 2i y1i y2i
Term used in calculating ϕ
ξ
7
ξ , ξ Term used in calculating F and F
1i 2i x1i x2i
ξ (α ), ξ (α )
Curve factors
G G s s
ρ Density of the air
φ
Solidity ratio
ϕ
Dynamic factors
i
ϕ
Dynamic factor acting on the mass of the crane
1
Dynamic factor on hoist load when hoisting an unrestrained grounded load in
ϕ
2
regular operation
Dynamic factor on hoist load when hoisting an unrestrained grounded load under
ϕ
2C
exceptional conditions
ϕ Term used in calculating ϕ
2,min 2
Dynamic factor for inertial and gravity effects by sudden release of a part of the
ϕ
3
hoist load
ϕ
Dynamic factor for loads caused by travelling on uneven surface
4
ϕ
Dynamic factor for loads caused by acceleration of all crane drives
5
ϕ
Dynamic factor for test loads
6
9
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SIST EN 13001-2:2014
EN 13001-2:2014 (E)
Symbols,
Description
abbreviations
ϕ
Dynamic factor for loads due to buffer forces
7
ϕ
Gust response factor
8
ϕ , ϕ
Factors for calculation of force in case the load or moment limiter is activated
L ML
ψ
Reduction factor used in calculating aerodynamic coefficients
4 Safety requirements and/or measures
4.1 General
Loads and load combinations, as given in 4.2 and 4.3, shall only be applied as relevant for specified
configurations and operational conditions of the crane.
The load actions shall be taken into account in proofs against failure by uncontrolled movement, yielding,
elastic instability and, where applicable, against fatigue.
4.2 Loads
4.2.1 General
4.2.1.1 Introduction
The loads acting on a crane are divided into the categories of regular, occasional and exceptional as given in
4.2.1.2, 4.2.1.3 and 4.2.1.4. For the proof calculation of means of access, loads only acting locally are given in
4.2.4.13. Combinations of regular, occasional and exceptional loads into load combinations A, B and C are
given in 4.3.
4.2.1.2 Regular loads
Regular loads are those loads that occur frequently under normal operation.
a) Hoisting and gravity effects acting on the mass of the crane;
b) inertial and gravity effects acting vertically on the hoist load;
c) loads caused by travelling on uneven surface;
d) loads caused by acceleration of all crane drives;
e) loads induced by displacements.
4.2.1.3 Occasional loads
a) Loads due to in-service wind;
b) snow and ice loads;
c) loads due to temperature variation;
d) loads caused by skewing.
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SIST EN 13001-2:2014
EN 13001-2:2014 (E)
Occasional loads occur infrequently. They are usually neglected in fatigue assessment.
4.2.1.4 Exceptional loads
a) Loads caused by hoisting a grounded load under exceptional circumstances;
b) loads due to out-of-service wind;
c) test loads;
d) loads due to buffer forces;
e) loads due to tilting forces;
f) loads caused by emergency cut-out;
g) loads due to dynamic cut-off by lifting force limiting device;
h) loads due to dynamic cut-off by lifting moment limiting device;
i) loads due to unintentional loss of hoist load;
j) loads caused by failure of mechanism or components;
k) loads due to external excitation of crane support;
l) loads caused by erection and dismantling.
Exceptional loads are also infrequent and are likewise usually excluded from fatigue assessment.
4.2.2 Regular loads
4.2.2.1 Hoisting and gravity effects acting on the mass of the crane
When lifting the load off the ground or when releasing the load or parts of the load, the crane structure is
under effect of vibration excitation, which shall be taken into account as a load effect. The gravitational force
induced by the mass of the crane or crane part shall be multiplied by the factor ϕ . Dependent upon the
1
gravitational load effect of the mass and load combination in question, the factor ϕ is calculated in
1
accordance with either Formula (1) or (2). For definitions of unfavourable and favourable load effects see
4.3.3.
The gravitational load effect of the mass is unfavourable, Formula (1) applies:
(1)
φδ1+ with 0≤≤δ 0,1
1
The gravitational load effect of the mass is favourable, Formula (2) applies:
φδ1− with 0≤≤δ 0,05 (2)
1
The maximum values of δ from the Formulae (1) and (2) shall be used unless other values are justified by
measurements, calculations or obtained from the appropriate European Standard for the particular type of
crane.
The mass of the crane includes those components which are always in place during operation except for the
net load itself. For some cranes or applications, it may be necessary to add mass to account for accumulation
of debris.
11
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SIST EN 13001-2:2014
EN 13001-2:2014 (E)
4.2.2.2 Hoisting an unrestrained grounded load
When hoisting an unrestrained grounded load, the crane is subject to dynamic effects of transferring the load
off the ground onto the crane. These dynamic effects shall be taken into account by multiplying the
gravitational force due to the mass of the hoist load m by a factor ϕ , see Figure 1.
H 2
The mass of the hoist load includes the masses of the payload, lifting attachments and a portion of the
suspended hoist ropes or chains.
Figure 1 — Dynamic effects when hoisting a grounded load
The values of ϕ and ϕ shall be either calculated from the Formula (3) or be determined experimentally or by
2 2C
dynamic analysis. Where the Formula (3) is not used, the true characteristics of the drive system and the
elastic properties of the overall load supporting system shall be taken into account.
The dynamic factor ϕ (and respectively ϕ for Load combination C1, see 4.2.4.1) is calculated with the
2 2C
Formula (3):
(3)
φφ +×βv
2 2,min 2 h
where
β is the factor dependent upon the stiffness class of the crane in accordance with the Table 2,
2
v is the characteristic hoisting speed of the load in [m/s] in accordance with the Table 3,
h
different for calculations of ϕ and ϕ ,
2 2C
ϕ is the minimum value of ϕ and ϕ in accordance with Table 4.
2,min 2 2C
For the purposes of this standard, cranes may be assigned to stiffness classes ranging from HC1 to HC4 in
accordance with the elastic properties of the crane and its support. The stiffness classes given in the Table 2
shall be selected on the basis of the characteristic vertical load displacement δ.
Table 2 — Stiffness classes
Factor
Stiffness Characteristic vertical load
class displacement δ
β [s/m]
2
HC1 0,17
0,8 m ≤ δ
HC2 0,34
0,3 m ≤ δ < 0,8 m
HC3 0,15 m ≤ δ < 0,3 m 0,51
HC4 δ < 0,15 m 0,68
The stiffness classes were called hoisting classes in the
earlier versions of this standard.
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SIST EN 13001-2:2014
EN 13001-2:2014 (E)
The characteristic vertical load displacement δ shall be obtained by measurement or calculated from the
elasticity of the crane structure, the rope system and the crane support, using the maximum hoist load value
and setting the partial safety factors and dynamic factors to 1,0. Product type crane standards may give
specific guidance on selection of stiffness classes.
Where the characteristic vertical load displacement δ varies for differing crane configurations, the maximum
value of δ may be used for the selection of the stiffness class.
For the purposes of this standard, hoist drives shall be assigned to classes HD1 to HD5 depending on the
control characteristics as the weight of the load is transferred from the ground onto the crane. The hoist drive
classes are specified as follows:
HD1: Creep speed is not available or the start of the drive without creep speed is possible;
HD2: Hoist drive can only start at creep speed of at least a preset duration;
HD3: Hoist drive control maintains creep speed until the load is lifted off the ground;
HD4: Step-less hoist drive control, which performs with continuously increasing speed;
HD5: Step-less hoist drive control automatically ensures that the dynamic factor ϕ does not exceed
2
ϕ .
2,min
See Annex B for illustration of the types of hoist drives.
The characteristic hoisting speed v to be used in load combinations A, B and C is given in the Table 3.
h
Table 3 — Characteristic hoisting speeds v for calculation of ϕ and ϕ
h 2 2C
Load Factor
Hoist drive class
combination calculated by
HD1 HD2 HD3 HD4 HD5
(see 4.3.6) Formula (3)
A1, B1 v v v 0,5 ⋅ v v = 0 ϕ
h,max h,CS h,CS h,max h 2
C1 – v – v 0,5 ⋅ v ϕ
h,max h,max h,max 2C
Key
v for load combinations A1 and B1: the maximum steady hoisting speed of the load;
h,max
v for load combination C1 (see 4.2.4.1): the maximum hoisting speed resulting from all drives
h,max
(e.g. luffing and hoisting motion) contributing to the hoisting speed of the load;
is the steady hoisting creep speed.
v
h,CS
The minimum value ϕ depends upon the combination of the classes HC and HD and shall be selected in
2,min
accordance with the Table 4.
Table 4 — Selection of ϕ
2,min
Hoist drive class
Stiffness
class
HD1 HD2 HD3 HD4 HD5
HC1 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05
HC2 1.1 1.1 1.05 1.1 1.05
HC3 1.15 1.15 1.05 1.15 1.05
HC4 1.2 1.2 1.05 1.2 1.05
13
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SIST EN 13001-2:2014
EN 13001-2:2014 (E)
4.2.2.3 Sudden release of a part of the hoist load
For cranes that release a part of the hoist load as a normal working procedure, the peak dynamic action on
the crane can be taken into account by multiplying the hoist load by the factor ϕ (see Figure 2). Negative
3
value of ϕ means an uplifting force on the crane.
3
Figure 2 — Factor ϕ
3
The factor ϕ shall be taken as follows:
3
∆m
H
φ=11−+β (4)
( )
33
m
H
where
Δm is the released part of the hoist load;
H
m is the mass of the hoist load;
H
β = 0,5 for cranes equipped with grabs or similar slow-release devices;
3
β = 1,0 for cranes equipped with magnets or similar rapid-release devices.
3
4.2.2.4 Loads caused by travelling on uneven surface
When calculating the dynamic actions on the crane by travelling, with or without load, on or off roadways or on
rail tracks, the induced accelerations shall be taken into account by multiplying the gravitational forces due to
the masses of the crane and hoist load by a factor ϕ .
4
The dynamic actions shall be determined in one of the following methods:
— the factor ϕ is calculated using a simple single mass — spring — model for the crane as shown below.
4
The use of this simplified model is restricted to cranes whose actual dynamic behaviour corresponds to
that of the model. Where more than one natural mode contributes a significant response and/or rotation
occurs, the designer may estimate the dynamic loads using an appropriate model for the circumstances.
14
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SIST EN 13001-2:2014
EN 13001-2:2014 (E)
— dynamic actions are determined by experiments or by calculation using an appropriate model for the
crane or the trolley and the travel surface or the track. Conditions for the travel surface (gaps, steps) shall
be specified.
— a conventional value for the factor ϕ may be taken from a European Standard for the
...
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN 13001-2:2014
01-oktober-2014
1DGRPHãþD
SIST EN 13001-2:2011
SIST EN 13001-2:2011/AC:2012
9DUQRVWåHUMDYD.RQVWUXNFLMDVSORãQRGHO 8þLQNLREUHPHQLWHY
Crane safety - General design - Part 2: Load actions
Kransicherheit - Konstruktion allgemein - Teil 2: Lasteinwirkungen
Sécurité des appareils de levage à charge suspendue - Conception générale - Partie 2:
Effets de charge
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN 13001-2:2014
ICS:
53.020.20 Dvigala Cranes
SIST EN 13001-2:2014 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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SIST EN 13001-2:2014
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SIST EN 13001-2:2014
EUROPEAN STANDARD
EN 13001-2
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
August 2014
ICS 53.020.20 Supersedes EN 13001-2:2011
English Version
Crane safety - General design - Part 2: Load actions
Sécurité des appareils de levage à charge suspendue - Kransicherheit - Konstruktion allgemein - Teil 2:
Conception générale - Partie 2: Charges Lasteinwirkungen
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 14 June 2014.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European
Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national
standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same
status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United
Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2014 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN 13001-2:2014 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
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SIST EN 13001-2:2014
EN 13001-2:2014 (E)
Contents Page
Foreword .3
Introduction .4
1 Scope .5
2 Normative references .5
3 Terms, definitions, symbols and abbreviations .5
3.1 Terms and definitions .5
3.2 Symbols and abbreviations .6
4 Safety requirements and/or measures . 10
4.1 General . 10
4.2 Loads . 10
4.2.1 General . 10
4.2.2 Regular loads . 11
4.2.3 Occasional loads . 18
4.2.4 Exceptional loads . 25
4.3 Load combinations . 33
4.3.1 General . 33
4.3.2 High risk situations. 34
4.3.3 Favourable and unfavourable masses . 34
4.3.4 Partial safety factors for the mass of the crane . 35
4.3.5 Partial safety factors to be applied to loads determined by displacements . 36
4.3.6 Load combinations for the proof of competence . 37
4.3.7 The proof of crane stability . 40
Annex A (informative) Aerodynamic coefficients . 42
A.1 General . 42
A.2 Individual members . 45
A.3 Plane and spatial lattice structure members . 51
A.4 Structural members in multiple arrangement . 53
Annex B (informative) Illustration of the types of hoist drives . 55
Annex C (informative) Calculation of load factor for indirect lifting force limiter . 58
Annex D (informative) Guidance on selection of the risk coefficient . 60
Annex E (informative) Selection of a suitable set of crane standards for a given application . 62
Annex ZA (informative) Relationship between this European Standard and the Essential
Requirements of EU Directive 2006/42/EC . 63
Bibliography . 64
2
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SIST EN 13001-2:2014
EN 13001-2:2014 (E)
Foreword
This document (EN 13001-2:2014) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 147 “Crane —
Safety”, the secretariat of which is held by BSI.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical
text or by endorsement, at the latest by February 2015 and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn
at the latest by February 2015.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document supersedes EN 13001-2:2011.
The major changes in this revision are in 4.2.2.2, 4.2.3.4, 4.2.4.10, 4.3.2, 4.3.4 and 4.3.7. There are new
issues in 4.2.4.7, 4.2.4.8, Annex B, Annex C and Annex D.
This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the
European Free Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of EU Directive(s).
For relationship with EU Directive(s), see informative Annex ZA, which is an integral part of this document.
This European Standard is one Part of EN 13001. The other parts are as follows:
— Part 1: General principles and requirements
— Part 2: Load actions
— Part 3-1: Limit states and proof of competence of steel structures
— Part 3-2: Limit states and proof of competence of wire ropes in reeving systems
— Part 3-3: Limit states and proof of competence of wheel/rail contacts
— Part 3-4: Limit states and proof of competence of machinery
— Part 3-5: Limit states and proof of competence of forged hooks
For the relationship with other European Standards for cranes, see Annex E.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following
countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech
Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece,
Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal,
Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom.
3
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SIST EN 13001-2:2014
EN 13001-2:2014 (E)
Introduction
This European Standard has been prepared to be a harmonized standard to provide one means for the
mechanical design and theoretical verification of cranes to conform to the essential health and safety
requirements of the Machinery Directive, as amended. This standard also establishes interfaces between the
user (purchaser) of the crane and the designer, as well as between the designer and the component
manufacturer, in order to form a basis for selecting cranes and components.
This European Standard is a type C standard as stated in the EN ISO 12100.
The machinery concerned and the extent to which hazards are covered are indicated in the scope of this
standard.
When provisions of this type C standard are different from those, which are stated in type A or B standards,
the provisions of this type C standard take precedence over the provisions of the other standards, for
machines that have been designed and built according to the provisions of this type C standard.
4
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SIST EN 13001-2:2014
EN 13001-2:2014 (E)
1 Scope
This European Standard specifies load actions to be used together with the standard EN 13001-1 and
EN 13001-3, and as such they specify conditions and requirements on design to prevent mechanical hazards
of cranes, and provides a method of verification of those requirements.
NOTE Specific requirements for particular types of crane are given in the appropriate European Standard for the
particular crane type.
The following is a list of significant hazardous situations and hazardous events that could result in risks to
persons during normal use and foreseeable misuse. Clause 4 of this standard is necessary to reduce or
eliminate the risks associated with the following hazards:
a) Instability of the crane or its parts (tilting).
b) Exceeding the limits of strength (yield, ultimate, fatigue).
c) Elastic instability of the crane or its parts (buckling, bulging).
d) Exceeding temperature limits of material or components.
e) Exceeding the deformation limits.
This document is not applicable to cranes that are manufactured before the date of its publication as EN.
2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references,
the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
EN 1990, Eurocode - Basis of structural design
EN 13001-1, Cranes — General Design — Part 1: General principles and requirements
ISO 4306-1:2007, Cranes — Vocabulary — Part 1: General
3 Terms, definitions, symbols and abbreviations
3.1 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in EN 1990, Clause 6 of ISO 4306-1:2007
and the following apply.
3.1.1
hoist load
sum of the masses lifted by the crane, taken as the maximum that the crane is designed to lift in the
configuration and operational conditions being considered
3.1.2
single failure proof system
force carrying arrangement of several components, arranged so that in case of a failure of any single
component in the arrangement, the capability to carry the force is not lost
5
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EN 13001-2:2014 (E)
3.2 Symbols and abbreviations
For the purposes of this document, the symbols and abbreviations given in Table 1 apply.
Table 1 — Symbols and abbreviations
Symbols,
Description
abbreviations
A1 to A4 Load combinations including regular loads
A
Characteristic area of a crane member
A Projection of the hoist load on a plane normal to the direction of the wind velocity
g
Area enclosed by the boundary of a lattice work member in the plane of its
A
c
characteristic height d
A Area of an individual crane member projected to the plane of the characteristic
j
height d
b Width of the rail head
h
b Characteristic width of a crane member
B1 to B5 Load combinations including regular and occasional loads
c
Spring constant
c , c , c , c Aerodynamic coefficients
o a oy oz
C1 to C11 Load combinations including regular, occasional and exceptional loads
CFF, CFM Coupled wheel pairs of system F/F or F/M
d
Characteristic dimension of a crane member
d , d
Distance between wheel pair i or n and the guide means
i n
e
Width of the gap of a rail
G
f Friction coefficient
f
Loads
i
f
natural frequency
q
f
Term used in calculating v(z)
rec
F Force in general
F, F , F
Wind loads
y z
ˆ
Maximum buffer force
F
F F
, Initial and final drive force
i f
ΔF Change of drive force
F , F , F , F
Tangential wheel forces
x1i x2i y1i y2i
F
Guide force
y
F , F
Vertical wheel forces
z1i z2i
6
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SIST EN 13001-2:2014
EN 13001-2:2014 (E)
Symbols,
Description
abbreviations
Abbreviations for Fixed/Fixed and Fixed/Moveable, characterizing the possibility of
F/F, F/M
lateral movements of the crane wheels
g Acceleration due to gravity
h Distance between instantaneous slide pole and guide means of a skewing crane
h(t) Time dependent unevenness function
h
Height of the step of a rail
s
Lateral wheel forces induced by drive forces acting on a crane or trolley with
H , H
1 2
asymmetrical mass distribution
HC1 to HC4 Stiffness classes
HD1 to HD5 Classes of the type of hoist drive and its operation method
i Serial number
IFF, IFM Independent wheel pairs of system F/F or F/M
j Serial number
k
Serial number
K Drag coefficient of terrain
K , K
Roughness factors
1 2
l Span of a crane
l
Aerodynamic length of a crane member
a
l
Geometric length of a crane member
o
m
Mass of the hoist load
H
m Mass of the crane and the hoist load
Δm
Released or dropped part of the hoist load
H
n Number of wheels at each side of the crane runway
n
Exponent used in calculating the shielding factor η
m
p Number of pairs of coupled wheels
q
Equivalent static wind pressure
q
Mean wind pressure
q(z) Equivalent static storm wind pressure
q(3) Wind pressure at v(3)
r Wheel radius
R Out-of-service wind recurrence interval
Re Reynold number
s
Slack of the guide
g
s
Lateral slip at the guide means
y
7
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SIST EN 13001-2:2014
EN 13001-2:2014 (E)
Symbols,
Description
abbreviations
s
Lateral slip at wheel pair i
yi
S Load effect
ˆ
Maximum load effect
S
S , S
Initial and final load effects
i f
ΔS Change of load effect
t
Time
u Buffer stroke
û Maximum buffer stroke
v Travelling speed of the crane
v Constant mean wind velocity
Constant mean wind velocity if the wind direction is not normal to the longitudinal
v *
axis of the crane member under consideration
v(z) Equivalent static storm wind velocity
Equivalent static storm wind velocity if the wind direction is not normal to the
v(z)*
longitudinal axis of the crane member under consideration
v(3) Gust wind velocity averaged of a period of 3 seconds
v
Three seconds gust amplitude
g
v
Hoisting speed
h
v
Maximum steady hoisting speed
h,max
v
Steady hoisting creep speed
h,CS
v (z)
Ten minutes mean storm wind velocity in the height z
m
v
Reference storm wind velocity
ref
w
Distance between the guide means
b
z Height above ground level
z(t) Time-dependent coordinate of the mass centre
α
Relative aerodynamic length
r
Angle between the direction of the wind velocity v or v(z) and the longitudinal axis
α
w
of the crane member under consideration
α Skewing angle
α
Part of the skewing angle α due to the slack of the guide
g
α , α Terms used in calculating ϕ
G s 4
α
Part of the skewing angle α due to tolerances
t
α
Part of the skewing angle α due to wear
w
β Angle between horizontal plane and non-horizontal wind direction
8
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SIST EN 13001-2:2014
EN 13001-2:2014 (E)
Symbols,
Description
abbreviations
β Term used in calculating ϕ
2 2
β Term used in calculating ϕ
3 3
γ
Overall safety factor
f
γ
Resistance coefficient
m
γ
Risk coefficient
n
γ
Partial safety factor
p
γ
Additional safety factor for stability
s
Term used in calculating ϕ
δ
1
ε
Conventional start force factor
S
ε
Conventional mean drive force factor
M
η Shielding factor
η
Factor for remaining hoist load in out of service condition
W
λ
Aerodynamic slenderness ratio
μ, μ′ Parts of the span l
Term used in calculating the guide force F
F
y
F , F Terms used in calculating F and F
1i 2i y1i y2i
Term used in calculating ϕ
ξ
7
ξ , ξ Term used in calculating F and F
1i 2i x1i x2i
ξ (α ), ξ (α )
Curve factors
G G s s
ρ Density of the air
φ
Solidity ratio
ϕ
Dynamic factors
i
ϕ
Dynamic factor acting on the mass of the crane
1
Dynamic factor on hoist load when hoisting an unrestrained grounded load in
ϕ
2
regular operation
Dynamic factor on hoist load when hoisting an unrestrained grounded load under
ϕ
2C
exceptional conditions
ϕ Term used in calculating ϕ
2,min 2
Dynamic factor for inertial and gravity effects by sudden release of a part of the
ϕ
3
hoist load
ϕ
Dynamic factor for loads caused by travelling on uneven surface
4
ϕ
Dynamic factor for loads caused by acceleration of all crane drives
5
ϕ
Dynamic factor for test loads
6
9
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SIST EN 13001-2:2014
EN 13001-2:2014 (E)
Symbols,
Description
abbreviations
ϕ
Dynamic factor for loads due to buffer forces
7
ϕ
Gust response factor
8
ϕ , ϕ
Factors for calculation of force in case the load or moment limiter is activated
L ML
ψ
Reduction factor used in calculating aerodynamic coefficients
4 Safety requirements and/or measures
4.1 General
Loads and load combinations, as given in 4.2 and 4.3, shall only be applied as relevant for specified
configurations and operational conditions of the crane.
The load actions shall be taken into account in proofs against failure by uncontrolled movement, yielding,
elastic instability and, where applicable, against fatigue.
4.2 Loads
4.2.1 General
4.2.1.1 Introduction
The loads acting on a crane are divided into the categories of regular, occasional and exceptional as given in
4.2.1.2, 4.2.1.3 and 4.2.1.4. For the proof calculation of means of access, loads only acting locally are given in
4.2.4.13. Combinations of regular, occasional and exceptional loads into load combinations A, B and C are
given in 4.3.
4.2.1.2 Regular loads
Regular loads are those loads that occur frequently under normal operation.
a) Hoisting and gravity effects acting on the mass of the crane;
b) inertial and gravity effects acting vertically on the hoist load;
c) loads caused by travelling on uneven surface;
d) loads caused by acceleration of all crane drives;
e) loads induced by displacements.
4.2.1.3 Occasional loads
a) Loads due to in-service wind;
b) snow and ice loads;
c) loads due to temperature variation;
d) loads caused by skewing.
10
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SIST EN 13001-2:2014
EN 13001-2:2014 (E)
Occasional loads occur infrequently. They are usually neglected in fatigue assessment.
4.2.1.4 Exceptional loads
a) Loads caused by hoisting a grounded load under exceptional circumstances;
b) loads due to out-of-service wind;
c) test loads;
d) loads due to buffer forces;
e) loads due to tilting forces;
f) loads caused by emergency cut-out;
g) loads due to dynamic cut-off by lifting force limiting device;
h) loads due to dynamic cut-off by lifting moment limiting device;
i) loads due to unintentional loss of hoist load;
j) loads caused by failure of mechanism or components;
k) loads due to external excitation of crane support;
l) loads caused by erection and dismantling.
Exceptional loads are also infrequent and are likewise usually excluded from fatigue assessment.
4.2.2 Regular loads
4.2.2.1 Hoisting and gravity effects acting on the mass of the crane
When lifting the load off the ground or when releasing the load or parts of the load, the crane structure is
under effect of vibration excitation, which shall be taken into account as a load effect. The gravitational force
induced by the mass of the crane or crane part shall be multiplied by the factor ϕ . Dependent upon the
1
gravitational load effect of the mass and load combination in question, the factor ϕ is calculated in
1
accordance with either Formula (1) or (2). For definitions of unfavourable and favourable load effects see
4.3.3.
The gravitational load effect of the mass is unfavourable, Formula (1) applies:
(1)
φδ1+ with 0≤≤δ 0,1
1
The gravitational load effect of the mass is favourable, Formula (2) applies:
φδ1− with 0≤≤δ 0,05 (2)
1
The maximum values of δ from the Formulae (1) and (2) shall be used unless other values are justified by
measurements, calculations or obtained from the appropriate European Standard for the particular type of
crane.
The mass of the crane includes those components which are always in place during operation except for the
net load itself. For some cranes or applications, it may be necessary to add mass to account for accumulation
of debris.
11
=
=
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SIST EN 13001-2:2014
EN 13001-2:2014 (E)
4.2.2.2 Hoisting an unrestrained grounded load
When hoisting an unrestrained grounded load, the crane is subject to dynamic effects of transferring the load
off the ground onto the crane. These dynamic effects shall be taken into account by multiplying the
gravitational force due to the mass of the hoist load m by a factor ϕ , see Figure 1.
H 2
The mass of the hoist load includes the masses of the payload, lifting attachments and a portion of the
suspended hoist ropes or chains.
Figure 1 — Dynamic effects when hoisting a grounded load
The values of ϕ and ϕ shall be either calculated from the Formula (3) or be determined experimentally or by
2 2C
dynamic analysis. Where the Formula (3) is not used, the true characteristics of the drive system and the
elastic properties of the overall load supporting system shall be taken into account.
The dynamic factor ϕ (and respectively ϕ for Load combination C1, see 4.2.4.1) is calculated with the
2 2C
Formula (3):
(3)
φφ +×βv
2 2,min 2 h
where
β is the factor dependent upon the stiffness class of the crane in accordance with the Table 2,
2
v is the characteristic hoisting speed of the load in [m/s] in accordance with the Table 3,
h
different for calculations of ϕ and ϕ ,
2 2C
ϕ is the minimum value of ϕ and ϕ in accordance with Table 4.
2,min 2 2C
For the purposes of this standard, cranes may be assigned to stiffness classes ranging from HC1 to HC4 in
accordance with the elastic properties of the crane and its support. The stiffness classes given in the Table 2
shall be selected on the basis of the characteristic vertical load displacement δ.
Table 2 — Stiffness classes
Factor
Stiffness Characteristic vertical load
class displacement δ
β [s/m]
2
HC1 0,17
0,8 m ≤ δ
HC2 0,34
0,3 m ≤ δ < 0,8 m
HC3 0,15 m ≤ δ < 0,3 m 0,51
HC4 δ < 0,15 m 0,68
The stiffness classes were called hoisting classes in the
earlier versions of this standard.
12
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EN 13001-2:2014 (E)
The characteristic vertical load displacement δ shall be obtained by measurement or calculated from the
elasticity of the crane structure, the rope system and the crane support, using the maximum hoist load value
and setting the partial safety factors and dynamic factors to 1,0. Product type crane standards may give
specific guidance on selection of stiffness classes.
Where the characteristic vertical load displacement δ varies for differing crane configurations, the maximum
value of δ may be used for the selection of the stiffness class.
For the purposes of this standard, hoist drives shall be assigned to classes HD1 to HD5 depending on the
control characteristics as the weight of the load is transferred from the ground onto the crane. The hoist drive
classes are specified as follows:
HD1: Creep speed is not available or the start of the drive without creep speed is possible;
HD2: Hoist drive can only start at creep speed of at least a preset duration;
HD3: Hoist drive control maintains creep speed until the load is lifted off the ground;
HD4: Step-less hoist drive control, which performs with continuously increasing speed;
HD5: Step-less hoist drive control automatically ensures that the dynamic factor ϕ does not exceed
2
ϕ .
2,min
See Annex B for illustration of the types of hoist drives.
The characteristic hoisting speed v to be used in load combinations A, B and C is given in the Table 3.
h
Table 3 — Characteristic hoisting speeds v for calculation of ϕ and ϕ
h 2 2C
Load Factor
Hoist drive class
combination calculated by
HD1 HD2 HD3 HD4 HD5
(see 4.3.6) Formula (3)
A1, B1 v v v 0,5 ⋅ v v = 0 ϕ
h,max h,CS h,CS h,max h 2
C1 – v – v 0,5 ⋅ v ϕ
h,max h,max h,max 2C
Key
v for load combinations A1 and B1: the maximum steady hoisting speed of the load;
h,max
v for load combination C1 (see 4.2.4.1): the maximum hoisting speed resulting from all drives
h,max
(e.g. luffing and hoisting motion) contributing to the hoisting speed of the load;
is the steady hoisting creep speed.
v
h,CS
The minimum value ϕ depends upon the combination of the classes HC and HD and shall be selected in
2,min
accordance with the Table 4.
Table 4 — Selection of ϕ
2,min
Hoist drive class
Stiffness
class
HD1 HD2 HD3 HD4 HD5
HC1 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05
HC2 1.1 1.1 1.05 1.1 1.05
HC3 1.15 1.15 1.05 1.15 1.05
HC4 1.2 1.2 1.05 1.2 1.05
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SIST EN 13001-2:2014
EN 13001-2:2014 (E)
4.2.2.3 Sudden release of a part of the hoist load
For cranes that release a part of the hoist load as a normal working procedure, the peak dynamic action on
the crane can be taken into account by multiplying the hoist load by the factor ϕ (see Figure 2). Negative
3
value of ϕ means an uplifting force on the crane.
3
Figure 2 — Factor ϕ
3
The factor ϕ shall be taken as follows:
3
∆m
H
φ=11−+β (4)
( )
33
m
H
where
Δm is the released part of the hoist load;
H
m is the mass of the hoist load;
H
β = 0,5 for cranes equipped with grabs or similar slow-release devices;
3
β = 1,0 for cranes equipped with magnets or similar rapid-release devices.
3
4.2.2.4 Loads caused by travelling on uneven surface
When calculating the dynamic actions on the crane by travelling, with or without load, on or off roadways or on
rail tracks, the induced accelerations shall be taken into account by multiplying the gravitational forces due to
the masses of the crane and hoist load by a factor ϕ .
4
The dynamic actions shall be determined in one of the following methods:
— the factor ϕ is calculated using a simple single mass — spring — model for the crane as shown below.
4
The use of this simplified model is restricted to cranes whose actual dynamic behaviour corresponds to
that of the model. Where more than one natural mode contributes a significant response and/or rotation
occurs, the designer may estimate the dynamic loads using an appropriate model for the circumstances.
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SIST EN 13001-2:2014
EN 13001-2:2014 (E)
— dynamic actions are determined by experiments or by calculation using an appropriate model for the
crane or the trolley and the travel surface or the track. Conditions for the travel surface (gaps, steps) shall
be specified.
— a conventional value for the factor ϕ may be taken fr
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