SIST-TP CLC/TR 50669:2018

Investigation Results on Electromagnetic Interference in the Frequency Range below 150 kHz

Following to [1, 2, 3] having proceeded with the collection of related information, with this Technical Report, further extended information is provided including:
-   the given EMC problems in the frequency range 2 kHz - 150 kHz, concerning EMC between electrical equipment in general as well as EMC between non-mains communicating equipment / systems (NCE) and mains communicating systems (MCS) as a particular issue
-   the given situation of related emissions in the grid, with other measurement results
-   EMI cases and related investigation results
-   new findings on parameters to be considered when dealing with EMC in this frequency range, in particular related to
-   the impact of the network impedance and its variation over time on the more or less disturbing effect of emissions in this frequency range
-   the behaviour of emissions in this frequency range over time and the increasing need for performing also time domain measurements for comprehensively evaluating emissions and their disturbance potential
-   the actual standardisation situation
-   needs for the future, concerning
-   measurement of related emissions
-   investigation on the impedance of the grid / in installations over time
-   closing gaps in standardisation
-   installation guidelines and possibly regulatory measures related to the ageing effect.
In light of different positions on and in evaluating related EMC problems, with additional measurement results concerning emission levels in the supply network and results from investigations of additional proven EMI cases, the given problems are highlighted in more detail and recommendations for what to do in the future are provided.

Untersuchungsergebnisse zu elektromagnetischen Interferenzen im Frequenzbereich unter 150 kHz

Résultats des études réalisées sur le brouillage électromagnétique dans la plage des fréquences inférieures à 150 kHz

Rezultati študije elektromagnetnih interferenc v frekvenčnem območju pod 150 kHz

V skladu s točkami [1, 2, 3] in na podlagi nadaljnjega zbiranja povezanih informacij so v tem tehničnem poročilu podane naslednje podrobne informacije, ki vključujejo:
– težave z elektromagnetno združljivostjo v frekvenčnem območju od 2 kHz do 150 kHz, ki se nanašajo na elektromagnetno združljivost med električno opremo na splošno ter elektromagnetno združljivost med neomrežno komunikacijsko opremo/sistemi (NCE) in omrežnimi komunikacijskimi sistemi (MCS) kot posebno težavo;
– stanje povezanih emisij v omrežju v danem trenutku, z drugimi rezultati meritev;
– primere elektromagnetnih motenj in povezani rezultati preiskave;
– nove ugotovitve o parametrih, ki jih je treba upoštevati pri obravnavanju elektromagnetne združljivosti v tem frekvenčnem območju, zlasti glede:
a) vpliva omrežne impedance in njene spremembe v časovnem obdobju na bolj ali manj moten učinek emisij v tem frekvenčnem območju,
b) obnašanja emisij v tem frekvenčnem območju v določenem časovnem obdobju in naraščajoče potrebe po opravljanju tudi meritev časovne domene za celovito oceno emisij in njihovih možnosti za povzročanje motenj;
– dejansko stanje standardizacije;
– nadaljnje potrebe glede:
a) meritve povezanih emisij,
b) preverjanja impedance v omrežju/napravah v določenem časovnem obdobju,
c) zapiranja vrzeli pri standardizaciji,
d) smernic za vgradnjo in morebitnih regulativnih ukrepov v zvezi z učinkom staranja.
Glede na različne položaje pri ocenjevanju povezanih težav elektromagnetne združljivosti z dodatnimi rezultati meritev ravni emisij v omrežju oskrbe in rezultati preiskav dodatnih dokazanih primerov elektromagnetnih motenj so omenjene težave podrobneje obravnavane in podana so priporočila glede nadaljnjih ustreznih ukrepov.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 17-Jan-2018
• ICS: 33.100.10 - Emission
• Technical Committee: ELI - Electrical and communication installations
• Current Stage: 6060 - National Implementation/Publication (Adopted Project)
• Start Date: 15-Jan-2018
• Due Date: 22-Mar-2018
• Completion Date: 18-Jan-2018
• Directive: 2004/22/EC - Directive 2004/22/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 31 March 2004 on measuring instruments
• Directive: 2014/30/EU - Directive 2014/30/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 February 2014 on the harmonisation of the laws of the Member States relating to electromagnetic compatibility (recast)
• Mandate: M/441 - Standardisation mandate to CEN, CENELEC and ETSI in the field of measuring instruments for the development of an open architecture for utility meters involving communication protocols enabling interoperability
• Mandate: M/490 - Standardisation mandate to the European Standardisation Organisations (ESOs) to support European Smart Grid deployment
• Ref Project: CLC/TR 50669:2017 - Investigation Results on Electromagnetic Interference in the Frequency Range below 150 kHz

Overview

CLC/TR 50669:2017 is a CENELEC Technical Report that compiles investigation results on electromagnetic interference (EMI) and electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) in the frequency range below 150 kHz (specifically 2 kHz–150 kHz). The report documents emission measurements, real EMI case studies, measurement-method comparisons, and standardization gaps. It highlights how emissions in this band interact with the low-voltage network and with both mains communicating systems (MCS) and non-mains communicating equipment (NCE).

Key topics and requirements

• Frequency focus: Practical coverage of EMI phenomena in the 2 kHz–150 kHz band and why this band matters for modern power-line systems.
• Emissions & measurements: Collected measurement data and test results for a wide range of sources (PV inverters, LED/CFL lamps, EV chargers, power supplies, consumer electronics).
• Network impedance: Detailed discussion on the impact of variable grid/installation impedance and its time variation on emission coupling and disturbance potential.
• Time-domain vs frequency-domain: Comparison of measurement techniques and a recommendation to include time-domain measurements for dynamic evaluation of emissions.
• MCS robustness: Guidance and principles for improving the robustness of power-line communication (PLC) and other MCS operating in the CENELEC A‑Band.
• Long-term effects and ageing: Evidence and concerns about how component ageing and thermal stress can increase emissions over time.
• Measurement methodology: Practical considerations for conducted-emission testing in the 2 kHz–150 kHz band and guidance on choosing analyzers and setups.
• Standardisation needs & recommendations: Identified gaps in existing standards, measurement practice, installation guidelines, and potential regulatory measures.

Applications and users

This Technical Report is useful for:

• EMC engineers and test laboratories assessing conducted emissions and interference risk in low-frequency bands.
• Manufacturers of PV inverters, EV chargers, LED/CFL lighting, power supplies and smart-metering devices needing compliant designs and robust PLC performance.
• Utilities and system integrators evaluating grid interactions, smart-meter rollouts and PLC deployments.
• Regulators and standards bodies seeking evidence to close standardization gaps or develop installation/ageing guidelines.

Practical uses include EMI root-cause analysis, selecting appropriate measurement methods (time vs frequency domain), modelling network impedance effects, and defining mitigation or installation practices.

Related standards

The report references and complements existing EMC standards and measurement methods (examples noted in the report include EN 50065-1, EN 55016-2-1) and aligns with CENELEC/IEC EMC work. For design, testing and regulatory alignment, use CLC/TR 50669 alongside applicable EN/IEC EMC standards.

Keywords: CLC/TR 50669:2017, electromagnetic interference, EMC, 2 kHz–150 kHz, conducted emissions, network impedance, time-domain measurements, power-line communication, PV inverters, EV charging.

Standards Content (Sample)

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-februar-2018
5H]XOWDWLãWXGLMHHOHNWURPDJQHWQLKLQWHUIHUHQFYIUHNYHQþQHPREPRþMXSRG
N+]
Investigation Results on Electromagnetic Interference in the Frequency Range below
150 kHz
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: CLC/TR 50669:2017
ICS:
33.100.10 Emisija Emission
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

TECHNICAL REPORT CLC/TR 50669

RAPPORT TECHNIQUE
TECHNISCHER BERICHT
December 2017
ICS 33.100.10
English Version
Investigation Results on Electromagnetic Interference in the
Frequency Range below 150 kHz
Résultats des études réalisées sur le brouillage Untersuchungsergebnisse zu elektromagnetischen
électromagnétique dans la plage des fréquences inférieures Interferenzen im Frequenzbereich unter 150 kHz
à 150 kHz
This Technical Report was approved by CENELEC on 2017-09-11.

CENELEC members are the national electrotechnical committees of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, the Czech Republic,
Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia,
Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden,
Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom.

European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
Comité Européen de Normalisation Electrotechnique
Europäisches Komitee für Elektrotechnische Normung
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2017 CENELEC All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CENELEC Members.
Ref. No. CLC/TR 50669:2017 E
Contents Page
European foreword . 10
Introduction . 11
1 Scope . 12
2 General . 12
3 Specific situation in the frequency range 2 kHz – 150 kHz . 12
4 Dimension of the EMC problem & Environment . 15
5 Situation of emission levels and EMI. 20
6 Specific EMC issues . 25
6.1 General . 25
6.2 MCS robustness. 25
6.3 The impedance behaviour . 27
6.3.1 General . 27
6.3.2 Variable impedance characteristic and its possible effects . 27
6.3.3 Impedance values, measurement and calculation . 28
6.3.4 Summary . 34
6.4 Long-term effects of EMI . 35
6.4.1 General . 35
6.4.2 Thermal impact on electronic components . 36
6.4.3 Increase of emissions due to ageing . 38
6.4.4 Summary . 38
7 Measurement issues . 38
7.1 General . 38
7.2 Status of standardisation . 39
7.3 Characteristics of measurement quantities and requirements . 41
7.3.1 Classification of higher frequency phenomena . 41
7.3.2 Types of application . 42
7.3.3 General requirements . 42
7.4 Summary . 43
8 Emissions - Measurement and test results . 44
8.1 General . 44
8.2 Measurement and test results . 44
8.2.1 Large photovoltaic inverter installations . 44
8.2.2 Small PV inverter installations . 48
8.2.3 Lamps with electronic ballast . 51
8.2.4 Electric vehicle charging . 57
8.2.5 Frequency-controlled heat pump . 62
8.2.6 Cola spender . 63
8.2.7 DVD player . 64
8.2.8 TV box . 65
8.2.9 Beer cooler . 66
8.2.10 Travelling circuses . 66
8.2.11 Power supply to fibre switches . 67
8.2.12 Power supply to a network router . 68
8.2.13 Plugin charger . 68
8.2.14 Single-phase PSU pretending a 3-phase problem . 69
8.2.15 Power supply to a PLC modem . 70
8.2.16 Microwave oven . 70
Desktop power supply with aPFC . 71
8.2.17
8.3 Summary . 71
9 EMI cases - Measurement and test results . 72
9.1 Introduction . 72
9.2 General . 72
9.3 EMI due to conducted emissions . 73
9.3.1 EMI to NCE . 73
9.3.2 EMI with MCS . 80
9.4 EMI due to radiated field strength from conducted NIE / signals . 98
9.4.1 General . 98
9.4.2 Radiated EMI to telecom equipment . 98
9.4.3 Radiated EMI in higher frequency ranges . 100
9.4.4 Descriptions of EMI cases . 102
9.5 Summary . 106
10 Standardisation, Legislation & Regulation . 109
10.1 General . 109
10.2 Present legislative & regulation situation . 111
10.3 Present standardisation situation . 114
10.4 Summary - Needs for the future . 116
11 Conclusions . 118
12 Recommendations . 120
Annex A MCS robustness A set of basic principles for field proven effective PLC systems

operating in the CENELEC A-Band . 122
Annex B Measurement issues: Frequency-domain vs. Time-domain analysis . 123
B.1 Frequency-domain methods . 123
B.1.1 General . 123
B.1.2 Frequency analyser based on DFT principle . 123
B.1.3 Analyser based on heterodyne principle . 130
B.2 Time-domain analysis . 137
Annex C Comparison of measurement methods for the frequency range 2 kHz – 150 kHz . 141
C.1 General . 141
C.2 Measurement Methods under Test . 141
C.3 Signals for comparison purposes . 141
C.3.1 Synthetic waveform . 141
C.3.2 Battery Electric Vehicle Charger . 142
C.3.3 Photovoltaic inverter and PLC-signal . 142
C.4 Measurement setup . 143
C.5 Summary of results . 143
Annex D Acronyms and abbreviations . 147
Bibliography . 151

List of Figures
Figure 1 — Combinations of groups of equipment / systems to be considered related to EMI in the frequency
range 2 kHz - 150 kHz . 13
Figure 2 — Typical smart metering architecture . 16
Figure 3 — Multi-utility application of PLC technology . 17
Figure 4 — Smart Meter rollout status in Europe [6, 10] (Source: European Commission, DG ENER, 2014) 18
Figure 5 — MCS signal levels vs. NIE levels: Margin requirements for proper MCS function . 21
Figure 6 — Network impedance behaviour in 2 kHz – 150 kHz across one cycle of the 50 Hz-supply voltage
........................................................................................................................................................................... 27
Figure 7 — Example of artificial network 9 kHz - 95 kHz and 95 kHz – 148,5 kHz (EN 50065-1, EN 55016-2-1)
........................................................................................................................................................................... 29
Figure 8 — Impedance values measured in the LV network of TUD . 30
Figure 9 — Impedance values in ERDF LV networks Preliminary measurement results . 31
Figure 10 — Measurement of effects of a PV inverter . 33
Figure 11 — Long-term EMI effects of EMI in 2 kHz - 150 kHz. 36
Figure 12 — Simplified schematic diagram of a CFL (11W) without PFC . 37
Figure 13 — Voltage and current measurement at 230 V (50 Hz) . 37
Figure 14 — Voltage and current measurement at 230 V (50 Hz) + 2,3V (5 kHz) . 37
Figure 15 — Different types of graphical presentation in time- and frequency domain (Example: EV charger) 39
Figure 16 — Time variation of emissions and signal attenuation in a Solar Campus, measured at the busbar 45
Figure 17 — Spectrogram of emissions from a set of inverters switched off step by step . 46
Figure 18 — Time variation of emissions and signal attenuation in the external LV grid, measured at the
busbar . 47
Figure 19 — Time variation of emissions and signal attenuation in the external LV grid . 47
Figure 20 — Spectra of three PV inverters for home use . 48
Figure 21 — Impedance characteristic of inverters . 49
Figure 22 — Voltage and current values at switching frequency, if reactance of the network impedance is
changed . 49
Figure 23 — Comparison between measured and predicted emission from inverter D for two network
impedances 49
Figure 24 — Emissions from a solar panel . 50
Figure 25 — Example of CFL without PFC circuit Current emission in time and frequency domain. High-pass
filtered waveform . 52
Figure 26 — Example of CFL with aPFC circuit Current emission in time and frequency domain High-pass
filtered waveform . 52
Figure 27 — Example of an LED lamp Current emission in time and frequency domain High-pass filtered
waveform . 53
Figure 28 — Switching frequencies and emission levels for different lamps with electronic ballast (emission
levels calculated as 200 Hz-bands, RMS) . 54
Figure 29 — Current drawn by the lamp, measured in time domain . 55
Figure 30 — Current drawn by the lamp, measured in frequency domain . 55
Figure 31 — Time / Frequency domain . 56
Figure 32 — Current spectra of 4 BEV chargers (200-Hz-bands, RMS) . 57
Figure 33 — Switching frequencies and emission levels for different EVs (800-Hz-bands, RMS) . 58
Figure 34 — EV1 charging pattern (Yellow) / Not charging pattern (Green) . 59
Figure 35 — EV2 charging pattern (Yellow) / Not charging pattern (Green) . 60
Figure 36 — High-pass filtered current and voltage waveforms of the BEV charging station . 61
Figure 37 — High-pass filtered current and voltage spectra of the BEV charging station (200-Hz-bands, RMS)
............................................................................................................................................................................ 61
Figure 38 — Measurement results of EV charging in time domain vs. frequency domain . 62
Figure 39 — Emissions from an inverter-controlled heat pump . 63
Figure 40 — Emissions from a Cola spender. 64
Figure 41 — Emissions from a DVD player before (a)) and after (b)) installing a single-phase filter
(35 kHz - 95 kHz) . 65
Figure 42 — Emissions from a TV box . 65
Figure 43 — Emissions from a beer cooler in operation (a)) and after switch-off (b)) . 66
Figure 44 — Emissions from a travelling circus‘equipment . 67
Figure 45 — Emissions from a fibre switch with built-in power supply . 67
Figure 46 — Emissions from a power supply to a network router before (a)) and after (b) replacement . 68
Figure 47 — Emissions from a plugin charger Higher emission levels can be recognised on from ~3 kHz, with
............................................................................................................................................................................ 68
Figure 48 — Emissions from a PSU, pretending a three-phase EMC problem . 69
Figure 49 — Emissions from a PLC modem . 70
Figure 50 — Emissions from a microwave oven . 70
Figure 51 — High-pass filtered current waveform for one cycle of the fundamental . 71
Figure 52 — Current emission spectrum (200-Hz-bands, RMS) . 71
Figure 53 — Types of EMI effects in the frequency range 2 kHz - 150 kHz . 73
Figure 54 — Network scheme with locations of customers, complaints and measurement . 74
Figure 55 — Spectrum of voltage at site c (200Hz-bands). 74
Figure 56 — Inverter emissions measured at the end of the CNC mill feeder (site c) . 75
Figure 57 — Emissions from a dimmable ceiling lighting equipment . 75
Figure 58 — Noise level at an induction cooker . 76
Figure 59 — Spectrum FFT-voltage DC to 20 kHz, measured at the connection point of the automatic lathe 77
Figure 60 — Emissions from a power adapter to a TV box . 78
Figure 61 — Emissions from an LED construction light . 78
Figure 62 — Signal current waveforms on phase L3 connected to a single phase photovoltaic inverter,
showing significant high frequency current emissions at about 20 kHz . 79
Figure 63 — Current and voltage waveform at minimum and maximum levels of the disturbing emission . 80
Figure 64 — Network situation at measurements in Caluire et Cuire . 81
Figure 65 — Max holds measurement of supply voltage spectrum . 82
Figure 66 — TV amplifier (up to ~ 110 dBµV noise floor) . 83
Figure 67 — Variable speed drive of an elevator (80 dBµV noise floor with peaks 92,1 dBµV (48,3 kHz),
85,96 dBµV (65 kHz), 101,81 dBµV (72,6 kHz)) . 83
Figure 68 — PC screen (100 dBµV noise floor with peak 129,1 dBµV at 65,7 kHz). 83
Figure 69 — Power supply voltage (Phase L1) before any action . 84
Figure 70 — Power supply voltage (Phase L1) after disconnection of the EMI source . 85
Figure 71 — Peak levels of emissions from a PLC homeplug modem, measured at different points . 86
Figure 72 — Peak levels of emissions from a voltage converter . 87
Figure 73 — Emission peak levels from a voltage converter before taking action . 87
Figure 74 — Emission peak levels from a voltage converter after replacement with a new one . 88
Figure 75 — Emissions from a voltage converter to a broadband switch . 89
Figure 76 — Emissions from a central TV amplifier measured on phase L2 at the incoming cable . 90
Figure 77 — Emissions from a voltage converter at the substation . 90
Figure 78 — Emissions from a voltage converter at the incoming cable of two different apartment buildings . 91
Figure 79 — Emissions from a frequency-controlled ventilation . 92
Figure 80 — Emissions from a frequency-controlled ventilation in an apartment building . 92
Figure 81 — Emissions from rectifiers inside a mobile site before taking action . 93
Figure 82 — Emissions from rectifiers inside a mobile site after installation of a filter . 94
Figure 83 — Emissions from undercounter display fridges . 94
Figure 84 — Power supplies of TV antenna amplifiers . 95
Figure 85 — Power supplies of Base Transceiver Stations (BTS). 95
Figure 86 — Inverter emissions . 96
Figure 87 — LED lighting emissions . 96
Figure 88 — Frequency-controlled heat pumps . 97
Figure 89 — Emissions from a frequency control to a pellet boiler . 98
Figure 90 — Radiated EMI to telecom equipment - Sources and effects . 99
Figure 91 — Assignment of disturbance frequencies to the ranges DC to 150 kHz and above 150 kHz . 101
Figure 92 — Conducted EMI from an EV battery charger to different devices in customer premises. 102
Figure 93 — Disturbance shapes at ADSL modem before taking measures . 103
Figure 94 — Emission spectra measured at point B (telecom line, L1 - E) of the ADSL modem with and
without EV charging . 103
Figure 95 — EMI situation after taking mitigation measures . 104
Figure 96 — EMI due to fault currents from an electric fence . 105
Figure 97 — Conducted disturbance levels in a telecom line due to fault currents from an electric fence . 106
Figure 98 — Emission peak levels from measurements on emission levels and investigations on EMI cases
.......................................................................................................................................................................... 108
Figure 99 — Utilisation of frequencies in the range 2 kHz – 500 kHz . 110
Figure 100 — Background to EMC problems in the frequency range 2 kHz – 150 kHz . 112
Figure B.1 — General processing chain for DFT methods . 123
th
Figure B.2 — Damping behaviour and measurement accuracy for the 4 order Butterworth filter . 125
Figure B.3 — Spectra of voltage at point of connection of photovoltaic infeed converter in laboratory at
different fundamental frequencies, without high-pass filter [50] . 125
Figure B.4 — Amplitude frequency response and relative error of the proposed filter . 126
Figure B.5 — Comparison of spectra of the same signal with different bandwidths . 127
Figure B.6 — Location of the measurement intervals according to EN 61000-4-30:2015 Ed.3 [45], Annex C
......................................................................................................................................................................... 127
Figure B.7 — Variation of the measurement results for the current of a LED lamp at 54 kHz for the methods
according to EN 61000-4-7:2002 Ed.2, Annex B and EN 61000-4-30:2015 Ed.3, Annex C depending on the
starting time of the measurement . 128
Figure B.8 — Spectra of voltage in 5-Hz-resolution at the POC of a photovoltaic infeed converter with slightly
shifted switching frequency (16 kHz and 16,07 kHz) and the resulting 200-Hz-bands . 129
Figure B.9 — Filtered voltage waveform, at the point of connection of the PV inverter . 130
Figure B.10 — Block diagram of a spectrum analyser (Super-Heterodyne Method) . 131
Figure B.11 — Illustration of a 10-kHz-RBW for two signals of equal amplitude . 133
Figure B.12 — RBW type and selectivity . 134
Figure B.13 — RBW determines measurement time . 135
Figure B.14 — Noise sidebands . 136
Figure B.15 — Different waveforms in time domain and frequency domain . 138
Figure B.16 — Time domain (a) vs. Frequency domain (b, calculated): Measurement results in a distribution
network, at one and the same point of common coupling (PCC) and with a time difference of measurement
< 0,5 s . 139
Figure B.17 — Measurement at supply terminal in residential area . 140
Figure C.1 — Waveform of the filtered synthetic signal . 141
Figure C.2 — Spectrum of the filtered synthetic signal, in 200-Hz-bands according to EN 61000-4-7 . 141
Figure C.3 — Waveform of the filtered charger signal . 142
Figure C.4 — Spectrum of the filtered charger signal, in 200 Hz-bands according to EN 61000-4-7 . 142
Figure C.5 — Waveform of the filtered PV inverter emission and PLC signal . 142
Figure C.6 — Spectrum of the filtered PV inverter emission and PLC signal, in 200 Hz-bands according to
EN 61000-4-7 . 142
Figure C.7 — Comparison of the results for the different methods and different emissions/signals. 144
Figure C.8 — Comparison of differences of the results between the individual methods and emissions /
signals in relation to the method 2 (CISPR 16-2-1 QPk) in dB . 144
Figure C.9 — Detailed results for the PV inverter emission using the method according to EN 61000-4-7 . 145

List of Tables
Table 1 — EMC factors and its relevance for EMI in the frequency range 2 kHz - 150 kHz . 14
Table 2 — Mass-roll-outs of smart metering in Europe (November 2014) . 19
Table 3 — Main groups of EMI effects . 22
Table 4 — Equipment figuring as a source of EMI, Examples . 22
Table 5 — Equipment figuring as an EMI victim, Examples . 23
Table 6 — Effects of EMI to equipment in the frequency range 2 kHz - 150 kHz, Examples . 24
Table 7 — Max. voltage of the 16-kHz-sidebands of a PV inverter in percent of the inverter terminal voltage —
Results of measurement and of calculation . 34
Table 8 — Comparison of today’s standards regarding the frequency range from 2 kHz to 150 kHz . 40
Table 9 — Switch-off sequence of inverters . 46
Table 10 — EMI due to radiated disturbances to equipment in the telecom field. Examples (Japan, 1996-98)
............................................................................................................................................................................ 99
Table 11 — Overview of EMI cases caused by GCPCs (Japan, 1998) . 100
Table 12 — Examples of EMI cases due to emissions below 150 kHz, causing radiated disturbances in higher
frequency ranges (Japan, 2012) . 101
Table 13 — Protected frequency bands for standard frequency and time signal services [116] . 113
Table B.1 — Comparison of maximum, quadratic average and minimum values for the waveform from
Figure B.9, 1 s duration . 130

European foreword
This document (CLC/TR 50669:2017) has been prepared by CLC/SC 205A "Mains communicating systems"
of CLC/TC 205, “Home and Building Electronic Systems (HBES)”.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CENELEC by the European Commission and
the European Free Trade Association.
Introduction
1)
In April 2010, SC 205A published its first Study Report on “Electromagnetic Interference between Electrical
Equipment in the Frequency Range 2 to 150 kHz” [1], providing first results of investigations on
electromagnetic interference (EMI) in this frequency range, due to Touch-dimmer lamps (TDLs) as an EMI
victim, an inverter as an EMI source, and automated meter reading systems using powerline communication
(AMR-PLC) figuring as EMI victims as well as sources.
With a second edition of this Study Report, in 2013 [2], the specific situation in the frequency range
2 kHz - 150 kHz and the broad relevance of recognised EMI for safeguarding electromagnetic compatibility
(EMC) also in this frequency range was highlighted; that also with provision of results of measurements on the
existing situation of emissions in the grid as well as with an overview of results of investigations on proven
nd
EMI cases. This 2 edition of the Study Report has been published as CLC/TR 50627:2015 [3].
Based on a third edition of this Study Report [4], CLC/TR 50669 covers the same scope as CLC/TR 50627 but
provides a comprehensive set of additional measurement results on electromagnetic interference in this
frequency range.
It documents the existing disturbances on the electricity supply network, including customer premises. It
covers both products acting as emission sources and those which are susceptible to such, including
cumulative effects and the effect of ageing of components that are intended to suppress emissions. It also
provides information on interference mechanisms and on the current situation with regard to standardisation.
The TR is based on investigation results (measurement results, reported EMI cases) from twelve countries
involving network operators, manufacturers, universities, accredited test houses and consultants.

)
CENELEC SC 205A "Mains communicating system"
1 Scope
Following to [1, 2, 3] having proceeded with the collection of related information, with this Technical Report,
further extended information is provided including:
— the given EMC problems in the frequency range 2 kHz - 150 kHz, concerning EMC between
electrical equipment in general as well as EMC between non-mains communicating equipment /
systems (NCE) and mains communicating systems (MCS) as a particular issue
— the given situation of related emissions in the grid, with other measurement results
— EMI cases and related investigation results
— new findings on parameters to be considered when dealing with EMC in this frequency range, in
particular related to
— the impact of the network impedance and its variation over time on the more or less disturbing
effect of emissions in this frequency range
— the behaviour of emissions in this frequency range over time and the increasing need for
performing also time domain measurements for comprehensively evaluating emissions and their
disturbance potential
— the actual standardisation situation
— needs for the future, concerning
— measurement of related emissions
— investigation on the impedance of the grid / in installations over time
— closing gaps in standardisation
— installation guidelines and possibly regulatory measures related to the ageing effect.
In light of different positions on and in evaluating related EMC problems, with additional measurement results
concerning emission levels in the supply network and results from investigations of additional proven EMI
cases, the given problems are highlighted in more detail and recommendations for what to do in the future are
provided.
2 General
As the results of investigations having been made for the Study Reports [1, 2, 3] show, utilisation of the
frequency range 2 kHz – 150 kHz by electrical equipment shows several effects, which, compared with other
frequency ranges, needs to be considered as a somehow specific situation; that resulting in the need for
consideration of these effects when considering related EMC issues.
In the following, extended information about this specific situation and measurement and investigation results
on related emissions and EMI cases are provided.
3 Specific situation in the frequency range 2 kHz – 150 kHz
Concerning the origin of disturbing interactions between electrical equipment using frequencies in the range
2 kHz – 150 kHz, there are to be considered
— Non-intentional emissions (NIE), being inherent to the operation of (power) electronic equipment /
systems, increasingly being applied – from large inverters and uninterruptible power supplies (UPS)
down to small voltage converters
— Signals from MCS, being the intended means for transmission of information over the mains in
general. In Europe, MCS technology is chosen for automated meter reading systems (AMR-PLC) to
a large extent.
Both types of emissions contribute to potential for causing disturbing effects to several types of electrical
equipment. With regard to the increasing application of equipment using related technologies, increasing
weight of the problem can be expected.
Sometimes, such emissions are also called “Supraharmonics”, this term obviously being intended to describe
emissions on frequencies higher than those assigned to harmonics, i.e. multiples of the fundamental, usually
defined up to 2 kHz or 2,5 kHz. While the term “harmonics” is connected with the fundamental of the supply
voltage, for Europe 50 Hz, emissions in the frequency range 2 kHz – 150 kHz, as being considered in this TR,
may have any frequency, without any relation to the fundamental.
From the disturbing effects’ point of view, the following types of equipment appearing as being susceptible to
such EMI and having been involved in related EMI cases have been recognised
— NCE including solid-state meters (without communication)
— MCS, also for AMR-PLC systems.
Generally, when viewing at EMI in the frequency range 2 kHz – 150 kHz, the following combinations of
equipment / systems need to be considered.

Figure 1 — C
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