SIST EN 196-1:2016
(Main)Methods of testing cement - Part 1: Determination of strength
Methods of testing cement - Part 1: Determination of strength
This part of EN 196 describes the method for the determination of the compressive and, optionally, the flexural strength of cement mortar. The method applies to common cements and to other cements and materials, the standards for which call up this method. It may not apply to other cement types that have, for example, a very short initial setting time.
The method is used for assessing whether the compressive strength of cement is in conformity with its specification and for validation testing of a CEN Standard sand, FprEN 196-1, or alternative compaction equipment.
This part of EN 196 describes the reference equipment and procedure and allows alternative compaction equipment and procedures to be used provided that they have been validated in accordance with the appropriate provisions in this document. In the event of a dispute, only the reference equipment and procedure are used.
Prüfverfahren für Zement - Teil 1: Bestimmung der Festigkeit
Dieser Teil von EN 196 beschreibt ein Verfahren zur Bestimmung der Druckfestigkeit und, optional, der Biegezugfestigkeit von Zementmörtel. Das Verfahren gilt für Normalzemente sowie für andere Zemente und Materialien, deren Normen sich auf dieses Verfahren berufen. Es ist möglicherweise für andere Zementarten, die z. B. eine sehr kurze Erstarrungszeit haben, nicht anwendbar.
Dieses Verfahren wird angewandt, um zu beurteilen, ob die Druckfestigkeit eines Zements den Anforderungen entspricht, und für Validierungsprüfungen für CEN-Normsand nach FprEN 196-1 oder für alternative Verdichtungsgeräte.
Dieser Teil von EN 196 beschreibt Referenzgeräte und -verfahren und lässt andere Verdichtungsgeräte und
-verfahren zu, unter der Voraussetzung, dass sie nach den entsprechenden Vorgaben dieses Dokuments validiert worden sind. Im Streitfall werden nur Referenzgeräte und -verfahren verwendet.
Méthodes d'essais des ciments - Partie 1: Détermination des résistances
Metode preskušanja cementa - 1. del: Določanje trdnosti
Ta del standarda EN 196 opisuje metodo za določanje tlačne in (izbirno) upogibne trdnosti cementne malte. Metoda se uporablja za običajne vrste cementa in druge vrste cementa in materialov, katerih standardi zahtevajo njeno uporabo. Morda se ne uporablja za druge vrste cementa, ki na primer vključujejo zelo kratek začetni čas vezanja.
Metoda se uporablja za ocenjevanje, ali je tlačna trdnost cementa skladna s svojo specifikacijo, in preskušanje standardnega peska CEN v skladu s standardom FprEN 196-1 ali druge opreme za utrjevanje.
Ta del standarda EN 196 opisuje referenčno opremo in postopek ter dovoljuje uporabo druge opreme za utrjevanje in postopkov pod pogojem, da so preverjeni v skladu z ustreznimi določbami v tem dokumentu. V primeru spora se uporabljajo le referenčna oprema in postopek.
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.Prüfverfahren für Zement - Teil 1: Bestimmung der FestigkeitMéthodes d'essais des ciments - Partie 1: Détermination des résistancesMethods of testing cement - Part 1: Determination of strength91.100.10Cement. Mavec. Apno. MaltaCement. Gypsum. Lime. MortarICS:Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z:EN 196-1:2016SIST EN 196-1:2016en,fr,de01-junij-2016SIST EN 196-1:2016SLOVENSKI
STANDARDSIST EN 196-1:20051DGRPHãþD
SIST EN 196-1:2016
EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPÉENNE EUROPÄISCHE NORM
EN 196-1
April
t r s x ICS
{ sä s r rä s r Supersedes EN
s { xæ sã t r r wEnglish Version
Methods of testing cement æ Part
sã Determination of strength Méthodes d 5essais des ciments æ Partie
sã Détermination des résistances
Prüfverfahren für Zement æ Teil
sã Bestimmung der Festigkeit This European Standard was approved by CEN on
t r December
t r s wä
egulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alterationä Upætoædate lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CENæCENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN memberä
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CENæCENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versionsä
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austriaá Belgiumá Bulgariaá Croatiaá Cyprusá Czech Republicá Denmarká Estoniaá Finlandá Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedoniaá Franceá Germanyá Greeceá Hungaryá Icelandá Irelandá Italyá Latviaá Lithuaniaá Luxembourgá Maltaá Netherlandsá Norwayá Polandá Portugalá Romaniaá Slovakiaá Sloveniaá Spainá Swedená Switzerlandá Turkey and United Kingdomä
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre:
Avenue Marnix 17,
B-1000 Brussels
9
t r s x CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Membersä Refä Noä EN
s { xæ sã t r s x ESIST EN 196-1:2016
EN 196-1:2016 (E) 2 Contents Page European foreword . 4 1 Scope . 5 2 Normative references . 5 3 Principle . 5 4 Laboratory and equipment . 6 4.1 Laboratory . 6 4.2 General requirements for the equipment . 6 4.3 Test sieves . 7 4.4 Mixer . 7 4.5 Moulds . 8 4.6 Jolting apparatus . 11 4.7 Flexural strength testing apparatus . 13 4.8 Compressive strength testing machine . 14 4.9 Jig for compressive strength testing machine . 15 4.10 Balance . 15 4.11 Timer . 15 5 Mortar constituents . 16 5.1 Sand . 16 5.2 Cement . 17 5.3 Water . 17 6 Preparation of mortar . 18 6.1 Composition of mortar . 18 6.2 Mixing of mortar . 18 7 Preparation of test specimens . 18 7.1 Size of specimens . 18 7.2 Moulding of test specimens . 18 8 Conditioning of test specimens . 19 8.1 Handling and storage before demoulding . 19 8.2 Demoulding of specimens . 19 8.3 Curing of specimens in water. 19 8.4 Age of specimens for strength tests . 20 9 Testing procedures . 20 9.1 Flexural strength . 20 9.2 Compressive strength . 20 10 Results . 21 10.1 Flexural strength . 21 10.2 Compressive strength . 21 11 Validation testing of CEN Standard sand and of alternative compaction equipment . 23 11.1 General . 23 11.2 Validation testing of CEN Standard sand . 23 11.3 Validation testing of alternative compaction equipment . 26 SIST EN 196-1:2016
EN 196-1:2016 (E) 3 Annex A (normative)
Alternative vibration compaction equipment and procedures validated as equivalent to the reference jolting compaction equipment and procedure . 29 A.1 General . 29 A.2 Vibrating table, A . 29 A.3 Vibrating table, B . 32
SIST EN 196-1:2016
EN 196-1:2016 (E) 4 European foreword This document (EN 196-1:2016) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 51 “Cement and building limes”, the secretariat of which is held by NBN. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by October 2016, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by October 2016. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. This document supersedes EN 196-1:2005. In comparison to EN 196-1:2005, the following changes have been made: —
In Clause 2, the normative references have been updated. —
In 10.2.3 estimates of the precisions for compressive strength testing have been revised with an indication of repeatability and reproducibility at 2 d and 7 d. —
In 6.2 the mixing procedure has been revised with an indication of a maximum timing for the addition in the bowl. —
The standard has been editorially revised. EN 196 consists of the following parts, under the general title Methods of testing cement: — Part 1: Determination of strength; — Part 2: Chemical analysis of cement; — Part 3: Determination of setting times and soundness; — Part 4: Quantitative determination of constituents (CEN/TR 196-4); — Part 5: Pozzolanicity test for pozzolanic cement; — Part 6: Determination of fineness; — Part 7: Methods of taking and preparing samples of cement; — Part 8: Heat of hydration - Solution method; — Part 9: Heat of hydration - Semi-adiabatic method; — Part 10: Determination of the water-soluble chromium (VI) content of cement. According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom. SIST EN 196-1:2016
EN 196-1:2016 (E) 5 1 Scope This part of EN 196 describes the method for the determination of the compressive and, optionally, the flexural strength of cement mortar. The method applies to common cements and to other cements and materials, the standards for which call up this method. It may not apply to other cement types that have, for example, a very short initial setting time. The method is used for assessing whether the compressive strength of cement is in conformity with its specification and for validation testing of a CEN Standard sand, EN 196-1, or alternative compaction equipment. This part of EN 196 describes the reference equipment and procedure and allows alternative compaction equipment and procedures to be used provided that they have been validated in accordance with the appropriate provisions in this document. In the event of a dispute, only the reference equipment and procedure are used. 2 Normative references The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN 196-7, Methods of testing cement - Part 7: Methods of taking and preparing samples of cement EN 197-1, Cement - Part 1: Composition, specifications and conformity criteria for common cements EN ISO 1101, Geometrical product specifications (GPS) - Geometrical tolerancing - Tolerances of form, orientation, location and run-out (ISO 1101) EN ISO 1302, Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS) - Indication of surface texture in technical product documentation (ISO 1302) EN ISO 7500-1, Metallic materials - Verification of static uniaxial testing machines - Part 1: Tension/compression testing machines - Verification and calibration of the force-measuring system (ISO 7500-1) ISO 565, Test sieves — Metal wire cloth, perforated metal plate and electroformed sheet — Nominal sizes of openings ISO 3310-1, Test sieves - Technical requirements and testing - Part 1: Test sieves of metal wire cloth ISO 4200, Plain end steel tubes, welded and seamless — General tables of dimensions and masses per unit length 3 Principle The method comprises the determination of the compressive, and optionally the flexural, strength of prismatic test specimens 40 mm × 40 mm × 160 mm in size. These specimens are cast from a batch of plastic mortar containing one part by mass of cement, three parts by mass of CEN Standard sand and one half part of water (water/cement ratio 0,50). CEN Standard sands from various sources and countries may be used provided that they have been shown to give cement strength results which do not differ significantly from those obtained using the CEN Reference sand (see Clause 11). SIST EN 196-1:2016
EN 196-1:2016 (E) 6 In the reference procedure the mortar is prepared by mechanical mixing and is compacted in a mould using a jolting apparatus. Alternative compaction equipment and procedures may be used provided that they have been shown to give cement strength results which do not differ significantly from those obtained using the reference jolting apparatus and procedure (see Clause 11 and Annex A). The specimens are stored in the mould in a moist atmosphere for 24 h and, after demoulding, specimens are stored under water until strength testing. At the required age, the specimens are taken from their wet storage, broken in flexure, determining the flexural strength where required, or broken using other suitable means which do not subject the prism halves to harmful stresses, and each half tested for strength in compression. 4 Laboratory and equipment 4.1 Laboratory The laboratory where preparation of specimens takes place shall be maintained at a temperature of (20 ± 2) °C and a relative humidity of not less than 50 %. The moist air room or the large cabinet for storage of the specimens in the mould shall be maintained at a temperature of (20,0 ± 1,0) °C and a relative humidity of not less than 90 %. The storage containers for curing the specimens in water, and the grates with which they are fitted, shall be of material which does not react with cement. The temperature of the water shall be maintained at (20,0 ± 1,0) °C. The temperature and relative humidity of the air in the laboratory and the temperature of the water in the storage containers shall be recorded at least once a day during working hours. The temperature and relative humidity of the moist air room or cabinet shall be recorded at least every 4 h. Cement, CEN Standard sand (see 5.1.3), water and apparatus used to make and test specimens shall be at a temperature of (20 ± 2) °C. Where temperature ranges are given, the target temperature at which the controls are set shall be the middle value of the range. 4.2 General requirements for the equipment The tolerances shown in Figures 1 to 5 are important for correct operation of the equipment in the testing procedure. When regular control measurements show that the tolerances are not met, the equipment shall be rejected, adjusted or repaired. Records of control measurements shall be kept. Acceptance measurements on new equipment shall cover mass, volume, and dimensions to the extent that these are indicated in this document paying particular attention to those critical dimensions for which tolerances are specified. In those cases where the material of the equipment can influence the results, the material is specified and shall be used. The approximate dimensions shown in the figures are provided as guidance to equipment manufacturers or operators. Dimensions, which include tolerances, are obligatory. SIST EN 196-1:2016
EN 196-1:2016 (E) 7 4.3 Test sieves Wire cloth test sieves conforming to ISO 3310-1 shall be of the sizes from ISO 565 given in Table 1 (series R 20). Table 1 — Aperture of test sieves Square mesh size (mm) 2,00 1,60 1,00 0,50 0,16 0,08 4.4 Mixer The mixer shall consist essentially of: a) a stainless steel bowl with a capacity of about 5 l of the typical shape and size shown in Figure 1, provided with means by which it can be fixed securely to the mixer frame during mixing and by which the height of the bowl in relation to the blade and, to some extent, the gap between blade and bowl can be finely adjusted and fixed; b) a stainless steel blade of the typical shape, size and tolerances shown in Figure 1, revolving about its own axis as it is driven in a planetary movement around the axis of the bowl at controlled speeds by an electric motor. The two directions of rotation shall be opposite and the ratio between the two speeds shall not be a whole number. Blades and bowls shall form sets which shall always be used together. The gap of (3 ± 1) mm refers to the situation when the blade in the empty bowl shown in Figure 1 is brought as close as possible to the wall. This gap shall be checked regularly applying minimal pressure to the blade and assuring that there is no perceptible clearance between the joint of the blade and the axis of the motor. NOTE 1
Simple tolerance gauges (feeler gauges) are useful where direct measurement is difficult. NOTE 2 The dimensions marked as approximate on Figure 1 are for the guidance of manufacturers. The mixer shall operate at the speeds given in Table 2 when mixing the mortar. Table 2 — Speeds of mixer blade
Rotation Planetary movement min 1 min 1 Low speed 140 ± 5 62 ± 5 High speed 285 ± 10 125 ± 10 SIST EN 196-1:2016
EN 196-1:2016 (E) 8 Dimensions in millimetres
Key 1 bowl 2 blade Figure 1 — Typical bowl and blade 4.5 Moulds The mould shall consist of three horizontal compartments so that three prismatic specimens 40 mm × 40 mm in cross section and 160 mm in length can be prepared simultaneously. A typical design is shown in Figure 2. The mould shall be made of steel with walls approximately 10 mm thick. Each internal side face of the mould shall be case hardened to a Vickers hardness of at least HV 200, as supplied. A minimum Vickers hardness value of HV 400 is recommended. The mould shall be constructed in such a manner as to facilitate the removal of moulded specimens without damage. Each mould shall be provided with a machined steel or cast iron baseplate. The mould, when assembled, shall be positively and rigidly held together and fixed to the baseplate. The assembly shall be such that there is no distortion or visible leakage during operation. The baseplate shall make adequate contact with the table of the compacting apparatus and be rigid enough not to induce secondary vibrations. NOTE 1 Moulds and jolting apparatus from different manufacturers may have unrelated external dimensions and masses, so their compatibility needs to be ensured by the purchaser. SIST EN 196-1:2016
EN 196-1:2016 (E) 9 Each part of the mould shall be stamped with identifying marks to facilitate assembly and to ensure conformity to the specified tolerances. Similar parts of separate mould assemblies shall not be interchanged. The assembled mould shall conform to the following requirements. a) The internal dimensions and tolerances of each mould compartment shall be as follows: 1) length: (160 ± 1) mm; 2) width: (40,0 ± 0,2) mm; 3) depth: (40,1 ± 0,1) mm. b) The flatness tolerance (see EN ISO 1101) over the whole of each internal side face shall be not greater than 0,03 mm. c) The perpendicularity tolerance (see EN ISO 1101) for each internal face with respect to the bottom surface of the mould and the adjacent internal face as datum faces shall be not greater than 0,2 mm. d) The surface texture (see EN ISO 1302) of each internal side face shall be not rougher than N8, as supplied. Moulds shall be replaced when any one of the specified tolerances is exceeded. The mass of the mould shall accord with the requirement for the combined mass in 4.6. In preparing the cleaned mould ready for use, a suitable sealing material shall be used to coat the outer joints of the mould. A thin film of mould oil shall be applied to the internal faces of the mould. NOTE 2 Some oils have been found to affect the setting of cement; mineral-based oils have been found to be suitable. To facilitate the filling of the mould a tightly fitting metal hopper with vertical walls 20 mm to 40 mm in height shall be provided. When viewed in plan, the hopper walls shall overlap the internal walls of the mould by not more than 1 mm. The outer walls of the hopper shall be provided with a means of location to ensure correct positioning over the mould. For spreading and striking off the mortar two spreaders and a metal straightedge of the type shown in Figure 3 shall be provided. SIST EN 196-1:2016
EN 196-1:2016 (E) 10 Dimensions in millimetres
Key 1 striking off direction with sawing motion Figure 2 — Typical mould SIST EN 196-1:2016
EN 196-1:2016 (E) 11 Dimensions in millimetres
a) Large spreader b) Small spreader
c) Straightedge Key D
= height of hopper Figure 3 — Typical spreaders and metal straightedge 4.6 Jolting apparatus The jolting apparatus (a typical design is shown in Figure 4) shall conform to the following requirements. The apparatus shall consist of a rectangular table rigidly connected by two light arms to a pivot at nominally 800 mm from the centre of the table. The table shall incorporate at the centre of its lower face a projecting lug with a rounded face. Beneath the projecting lug shall be a small stop with a plane upper surface. In the rest position, the common normal through the point of contact of the lug and the stop shall be vertical. When the lug rests on the stop, the top face of the table shall be horizontal so that the level of any of the four corners does not deviate from the mean level by more than 1,0 mm. The table SIST EN 196-1:2016
EN 196-1:2016 (E) 12 shall have dimensions equal to or greater than those of the mould baseplate, and a plane machined upper surface. Clamps shall be provided for firm attachment of the mould to the table. The combined mass of the table, including arms, empty mould, hopper and clamps shall be (20,0 ± 0,5) kg. The arms connecting the table assembly to the pivot shall be rigid and constructed of round tubing with an outside diameter lying in the range 17 mm to 22 mm selected from tube sizes given in ISO 4200. The total mass of the two arms, including any cross bracing, shall be (2,25 ± 0,25) kg. The pivot bearings shall be of the ball or roller type and protected from ingress of grit or dust. The horizontal displacement of the centre of the table as caused by the play of the pivot shall not exceed 1,0 mm. The lug and the stop shall be made of through-hardened steel of at least HV 500 Vickers hardness value. The curvature of the lug shall be about 0,01 mm1. In operation, the table is raised by a cam and allowed to fall freely from a height of (15,0 ± 0,3) mm before the lug strikes the stop. The cam shall be made of through hardened steel of at least HV 400 Vickers hardness value and its shaft shall be mounted in ball bearings of such construction that the free fall is always (15,0 ± 0,3) mm. The cam follower shall be of a construction which ensures minimal wear of the cam. The cam shall be driven by an electric motor of about 250 W through a reduction gear at a uniform speed of one revolution per second. A control mechanism and a counter shall be provided which ensures that one period of jolting of (60 ± 3) s comprises exactly 60 jolts. The position of the mould on the table shall be such that the longitudinal dimension of the compartments is in line with the direction of the arms and perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the cam. Suitable reference marks shall be provided to facilitate the positioning of the mould in such a way that the centre of the central compartment is directly above the point of impact. The apparatus shall be firmly mounted on a concrete block of mass of about 600 kg and volume of about 0,25 m3 and of dimensions giving a suitable working height for the mould. The entire base of the concrete block shall stand on an elastic pad, e.g. natural rubber, having a suitable isolation efficiency preventing external vibrations from affecting the compaction. The base of the apparatus shall be fixed level to the concrete base by anchor bolts and a thin layer of mortar shall be placed between the base of the apparatus and the concrete base to ensure overall and vibration free contact. SIST EN 196-1:2016
EN 196-1:2016 (E) 13 Dimensions in millimetres
Key 1 lug 2 cam follower 3 cam 4 stop Figure 4 — Typical jolting apparatus 4.7 Flexural strength testing apparatus The provision of this apparatus is optional. If only the compressive strength is to be measured, prisms may be broken using other suitable means which do not subject the prism halves to harmful stresses. The flexural strength can be measured by using a flexural strength testing machine or by using a suitable device in a compression testing machine. In either case the apparatus shall conform to the following requirements: The apparatus for the determination of flexural strength shall be capable of applying loads up to 10 kN with an accuracy of ± 1,0 % of the recorded load in the upper four-fifths of the range being used, at a rate of loading of (50 ± 10) N/s. SIST EN 196-1:2016
EN 196-1:2016 (E) 14 The apparatus shall be provided with a flexure device incorporating two steel supporting rollers of (10,0 ± 0,5) mm diameter spaced (100,0 ± 0,5) mm apart and a third steel loading roller of the same diameter placed centrally between the other two. The length of these rollers shall be between 45 mm and 50 mm. The loading arrangement is shown in Figure 5. Dimensions in millimetres
a) Front view b) Side view Figure 5 — Arrangement of loading for determination of flexural strength The three vertical planes through the axes of the three rollers shall be parallel and remain parallel, equidistant and normal to the direction of the specimen under test. One of the supporting rollers and the loading roller shall be capable of tilting slightly to allow a uniform distribution of the load over the width of the specimen without subjecting it to any torsional stresses. 4.8 Compressive strength testing machine The testing machine for the determination of compressive strength shall be of suitable capacity for the test: it shall have an accuracy of ± 1,0 % of the recorded load in the upper four-fifths of the range being used when verified in accordance with EN ISO 7500-1. It shall provide a rate of load increase of (2 400 ± 200) N/s. It shall be fitted with an indicating device which shall be so constructed that the value indicated at failure of the specimen remains indicated after the testing machine is unloaded. This can be achieved by the use of a maximum indicator on a pressure gauge or a memory on a digital display. Manually operated testing machines shall be fitted with a pacing device to facilitate the control of the load increase. The vertical axis of the ram shall coincide with the vertical axis of the machine and during loading the direction of movement of the ram shall be along the vertical axis of the machine. Furthermore, the resultant of the forces shall pass through the centre of the specimen. The surface of the lower machine platen shall be normal to the axis of the machine and remain normal during loading. The centre of the upper platen spherical seating shall be at the point of intersection of the vertical machine axis with the plane of the lower surface of the upper machine platen with a tolerance of ± 1 mm. The upper platen shall be free to align as contact is made with the specimen, but during loading the relative attitude of the upper and lower platens shall remain fixed. The testing machine shall be provided with platens made of tungsten carbide, or alternatively through hardened steel with a Vickers hardness of at least HV 600. These platens shall be at least 10 mm thick, (40,0 ± 0,1) mm wide and (40,0 ± 0,1) mm long. The flatness tolerance according to EN ISO 1101, over the entire contact surface with the specimen shall be not greater than 0,01 mm. T
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