SIST EN ISO 22476-9:2020
(Main)Geotechnical investigation and testing - Field testing - Part 9: Field vane test (FVT and FVT-F) (ISO 22476 9:2020)
Geotechnical investigation and testing - Field testing - Part 9: Field vane test (FVT and FVT-F) (ISO 22476 9:2020)
The standard comprises requirements for ground investigations by means of the field vane test (FVT) as part of the geotechnical investigations.
Geotechnische Erkundung und Untersuchung - Felduntersuchungen - Teil 9: Flügelscherversuche (FVT und FVT F) (ISO 22476 9:2020)
Dieses Dokument behandelt die Anforderungen an die Ausrüstung, Durchführung und Aufzeichnung von Flügelscherversuchen für die Messung der maximalen und gestörten Flügelscherfestigkeit zusammen mit der Empfindlichkeit feinkörniger Böden. Darüber hinaus kann das Verhalten nach der maximalen Scherfestigkeit ausgewertet werden. Beschrieben werden zwei Arten von Flügelscherversuchen: der normale Flügelscherversuch (FVT, en: field vane test) und der schnelle Flügelscherversuch (FVT-F, en: fast field vane test).
Die Unsicherheiten der Versuchsergebnisse für den Flügel sind in Anhang D beschrieben.
ANMERKUNG 1 Dieses Dokument erfüllt die Anforderungen an Flügelscherversuche als Teil der geotechnischen Erkundung und Untersuchung nach EN 1997 1 und EN 1997 2.
ANMERKUNG 2 Dieses Dokument gilt für Onshore- und Nearshore-Flügelscherversuche.
Reconnaissance et essais géotechniques - Essais en place - Partie 9: Essai au scissomètre de chantier (ISO 22476 9:2020)
Le présent document traite des exigences en matière d'équipement, d'exécution et de compte-rendu des essais sur le terrain pour la mesure de la résistance au cisaillement maximale et résiduelle du sol, ainsi que de la sensibilité des sols à grains fins. En outre, le comportement de la résistance au cisaillement après le pic peut être évalué. Deux types d'essais au scissomètre de chantier sont décrits: l'essai scissométrique ordinaire (FVT) et l'essai scissométrique rapide (FVT-F).
Les incertitudes du résultat de l'essai au scissomètre de chantier sont décrites à l'Annexe D.
NOTE 1 Le présent document répond aux exigences relatives aux essais scissométriques dans le cadre de l'étude et des essais géotechniques conformément aux normes EN 1997-1 et EN 1997-2.
NOTE 2 Le présent document porte sur les essais scissométriques à terre et à proximité du littoral.
Geotehnično preiskovanje in preskušanje - Preskušanje na terenu - 9. del: Preskus s terensko krilno sondo (FVT in FVT-F) (ISO 22476-9:2020)
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN ISO 22476-9:2020
01-december-2020
Geotehnično preiskovanje in preskušanje - Preskušanje na terenu - 9. del: Preskus
s terensko krilno sondo (FVT in FVT-F) (ISO 22476-9:2020)
Geotechnical investigation and testing - Field testing - Part 9: Field vane test (FVT and
FVT-F) (ISO 22476 9:2020)
Geotechnische Erkundung und Untersuchung - Felduntersuchungen - Teil 9:
Flügelscherversuche (FVT und FVT F) (ISO 22476 9:2020)
Reconnaissance et essais géotechniques - Essais en place - Partie 9: Essai au
scissomètre de chantier (ISO 22476 9:2020)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO 22476-9:2020
ICS:
93.020 Zemeljska dela. Izkopavanja. Earthworks. Excavations.
Gradnja temeljev. Dela pod Foundation construction.
zemljo Underground works
SIST EN ISO 22476-9:2020 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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SIST EN ISO 22476-9:2020
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SIST EN ISO 22476-9:2020
EN ISO 22476-9
EUROPEAN STANDARD
NORME EUROPÉENNE
September 2020
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 93.020
English Version
Geotechnical investigation and testing - Field testing - Part
9: Field vane test (FVT and FVT-F) (ISO 22476 9:2020)
Reconnaissance et essais géotechniques - Essais en Geotechnische Erkundung und Untersuchung -
place - Partie 9: Essai au scissomètre de chantier (ISO Felduntersuchungen - Teil 9: Flügelscherversuche (FVT
22476 9:2020) und FVT F) (ISO 22476 9:2020)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 15 September 2020.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and
United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2020 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 22476-9:2020 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
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SIST EN ISO 22476-9:2020
EN ISO 22476-9:2020 (E)
Contents Page
European foreword . 3
2
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SIST EN ISO 22476-9:2020
EN ISO 22476-9:2020 (E)
European foreword
This document (EN ISO 22476-9:2020) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 182
"Geotechnics" in collaboration with Technical Committee CEN/TC 341 “Geotechnical Investigation and
Testing” the secretariat of which is held by BSI.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by March 2021, and conflicting national standards shall
be withdrawn at the latest by March 2021.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland,
Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of
North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the
United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO 22476-9:2020 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO 22476-9:2020 without any
modification.
3
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SIST EN ISO 22476-9:2020
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SIST EN ISO 22476-9:2020
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 22476-9
First edition
2020-09
Geotechnical investigation and
testing — Field testing —
Part 9:
Field vane test (FVT and FVT-F)
Reconnaissance et essais géotechniques — Essais en place —
Partie 9: Essai au scissomètre de chantier
Reference number
ISO 22476-9:2020(E)
©
ISO 2020
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SIST EN ISO 22476-9:2020
ISO 22476-9:2020(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2020
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
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SIST EN ISO 22476-9:2020
ISO 22476-9:2020(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .v
Introduction .vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms, definitions and symbols . 1
3.1 Terms and definitions . 1
3.2 Symbols . 4
4 Equipment and configurations . 6
4.1 Test equipment . 6
4.1.1 Vane and vane shaft . 6
4.1.2 Friction reducer . 7
4.1.3 Slip coupling . 7
4.1.4 Extension rods, protective casings, protection shoe . 7
4.1.5 Rotation unit . 8
4.1.6 Equipment for measuring rotation and torque . 8
4.2 Test configurations . 8
5 Selection of equipment and test configuration .10
5.1 Selection of equipment .10
5.2 Selection of test configuration .11
6 Test procedure .12
6.1 Equipment checks and calibrations .12
6.2 Position and inclination of thrust machine .12
6.3 Test depths .12
6.4 Internal friction torque reading prior to testing .12
6.5 Methods for reaching the level for insertion of the vane .12
6.6 Insertion of the vane .14
6.7 External friction torque reading .15
6.8 Vane shear test .15
6.9 Internal friction torque reading after the test . .16
7 Test results .16
8 Reporting .17
8.1 General .17
8.2 Reporting of test results .17
8.2.1 General information .17
8.2.2 Location of the test . . .18
8.2.3 Test equipment .18
8.2.4 Test procedure .18
8.2.5 Test results .19
8.3 Presentation of test plots .19
Annex A (informative) Test phases .20
Annex B (informative) Example of field report for field vane test .21
Annex C (normative) Maintenance, checks and calibration .23
Annex D (informative) Uncertainties in field vane testing .26
Annex E (normative) General interpretation and explanation for tapered and rectangular
vanes with H/D ratios differing from 2 .28
Annex F (informative) Interpretation and explanation for a rectangular vane with rounded
corners .31
Annex G (informative) Calculation of test depth corrected for inclination .33
© ISO 2020 – All rights reserved iii
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SIST EN ISO 22476-9:2020
ISO 22476-9:2020(E)
Annex H (informative) Example of estimation of post-peak behaviour .34
Bibliography .35
iv © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
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SIST EN ISO 22476-9:2020
ISO 22476-9:2020(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www .iso .org/
iso/ foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 182, Geotechnics, in collaboration with
the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) Technical Committee CEN/TC 341, Geotechnical
Investigation and Testing, in accordance with the Agreement on technical cooperation between ISO and
CEN (Vienna Agreement).
A list of all parts in the ISO 22476 series can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/ members .html.
© ISO 2020 – All rights reserved v
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SIST EN ISO 22476-9:2020
ISO 22476-9:2020(E)
Introduction
The field vane test is used to determine the vane shear strength of soils in the undrained condition,
by insertion of a rectangular vane into fine-grained soil and rotating it. During the rotation, the
torque and rotation can be measured, depending on the test configuration. From the measured torque
and the dimensions of the vane, the peak shear strength, an indication of post-peak behaviour, and
the remoulded shear strength can be derived by a limit equilibrium analysis. Soil sensitivity can be
ascertained if peak and remoulded shear strengths have been determined.
The tests are carried out in boreholes, in trial pits and with pushed-in equipment. The torque and
rotation are measured either above the ground surface using extension rods, or directly above the vane.
The field vane test is mainly applicable to saturated fine-grained soil. The vane shear strength
determined by the test is commonly corrected before geotechnical analysis, using factors based on
local experience.
vi © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
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SIST EN ISO 22476-9:2020
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 22476-9:2020(E)
Geotechnical investigation and testing — Field testing —
Part 9:
Field vane test (FVT and FVT-F)
1 Scope
This document deals with the equipment requirements, execution and reporting of field vane tests
for the measurement of peak and remoulded vane shear strength together with the sensitivity of fine-
grained soils. In addition, post-peak shear strength behaviour can be evaluated. Two types of field vane
test are described: the ordinary field vane test (FVT) and the fast field vane test (FVT-F).
The uncertainties of the vane test result are described in Annex D.
NOTE 1 This document fulfils the requirements for field vane tests as part of the geotechnical investigation
and testing according to EN 1997-1 and EN 1997-2.
NOTE 2 This document covers onshore and nearshore field vane testing.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 10012, Measurement management systems — Requirements for measurement processes and measuring
equipment
3 Terms, definitions and symbols
3.1 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1.1
cased extension rod
extension rod that is sleeved inside of protective casings (3.1.11) during vane (3.1.23) testing
3.1.2
cased borehole
borehole that is cased to prevent collapse and minimize friction between the extension rods and soil
3.1.3
centralizer
equipment to keep the extension rods straight and prevent buckling
© ISO 2020 – All rights reserved 1
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SIST EN ISO 22476-9:2020
ISO 22476-9:2020(E)
3.1.4
data acquisition system
measuring system, which converts physical quantities to digital format
Note 1 to entry: The system typically includes sensors, signal conditioning, an analogue-to-digital converter and
recording unit.
3.1.5
downhole test
test configuration whereby the torque is measured close to the vane (3.1.23)
Note 1 to entry: The rotation (3.1.14) can be measured close to the vane or above the ground surface.
3.1.6
external friction torque
torque due to friction outside the measuring equipment during rotation (3.1.14) excluding torque
caused by shearing of soil
Note 1 to entry: External friction is mainly caused by friction acting on extension rods, and it can be estimated
with a slip coupling (3.1.16) immediately before engagement of the vane (3.1.23).
3.1.7
friction reducer
ring inserted between the vane (3.1.23) and the extension rods to reduce friction along uncased
extension rods (3.1.20)
3.1.8
insertion length
distance from the ground surface or base of (bore)hole or trial pit to mid-height of the vane (3.1.23),
measured along the axis of the extension rods
3.1.9
internal friction torque
torque due to friction inside the measuring equipment during rotation (3.1.14) when there is no torque
acting on the vane (3.1.23) and no friction acting on the extension rods
3.1.10
protection shoe
equipment to protect the vane (3.1.23) while pushing into the soil
Note 1 to entry: It assists with the insertion of the vane without drilling. Usually, the tip of the protection shoe
consists of four plate slots allowing the vane plates (3.1.24) to retract inside of the protective casing (3.1.11).
3.1.11
protective casing
tube that isolates the extension rods from the soil and gives support against buckling
3.1.12
protrusion length
distance between the bottom of the protective casing/shoe and the mid-height of the vane (3.1.23)
when pushed to the test depth (3.1.17), measured along the axis of the rods
3.1.13
push-in equipment
equipment to push the vane (3.1.23) into the soil without predrilling.
3.1.14
rotation
change of angle by the circular movement of the vane (3.1.23) around its axis
Note 1 to entry: Apparent rotation is the rotation recorded by the rotation measurement equipment.
2 © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
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SIST EN ISO 22476-9:2020
ISO 22476-9:2020(E)
3.1.15
rotation rate
rate of angular rotation (3.1.14) of the vane (3.1.23)
3.1.16
slip coupling
mechanism that allows the extension rods to rotate freely while the vane (3.1.23) remains stationary
Note 1 to entry: The function of slip coupling is to separate the rod friction from vane torque resistance. A slip
coupling mechanism shall provide free rotation with minimal friction.
3.1.17
test depth
vertical distance from the ground surface, reference level or datum to the mid-height of the vane (3.1.23)
Note 1 to entry: According to Annex G, the insertion length (3.1.8) can be corrected with inclinometer
measurements to correspond to the corrected test depth. Otherwise, the test depth is based on the sum of the
lengths of the extension rods from reference level or datum owing to the uncertainty of inclination.
3.1.18
test location
plan position of a test or series of tests
3.1.19
time to failure
time from the beginning of application of torque to the vane (3.1.23) until the maximum torque is reached
3.1.20
uncased extension rod
extension rod that is not protected by protective casing allowing friction to develop between the
extension rods and the soil
3.1.21
uncased vane
vane (3.1.23) pushed into the ground without protection
3.1.22
uphole test
test configuration whereby the torque is measured above the ground surface
Note 1 to entry: The rotation (3.1.14) is applied and measurements registered above the ground surface.
3.1.23
vane
device formed by four vane plates (3.1.24) fixed at 90° to each other
3.1.24
vane plate
thin and flat rectangular plate
Note 1 to entry: Most vanes (3.1.23) have a (nearly) rectangular shape. For practical reasons, vanes without
protection shoes (3.1.10) often have slightly tapered lower ends of the vane plates or with rounded corners. Some
equipment using uncased extension rods (3.1.20) and a slip coupling (3.1.16) to separate the rod friction from the
torque on the vane are designed with slightly tapered, sharpened, pointed or conical, vane plates in order to
disengage the slip coupling during the pushing stroke.
3.1.25
vane shaft
cylindrical element of the vane (3.1.23) to which the vane plates (3.1.24) are fixed
Note 1 to entry: The vane shaft may be connected directly to the force or torque measurement equipment in a
downhole test (3.1.5) or connected to it via extension rods in an uphole test (3.1.22).
© ISO 2020 – All rights reserved 3
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SIST EN ISO 22476-9:2020
ISO 22476-9:2020(E)
3.1.26
waiting time
time between reaching the test depth (3.1.17) and beginning of application of the torque to the vane
3.1.27
zero shift
difference between the internal friction torque (3.1.9) readings of the measuring equipment prior to and
after completion of the test
3.1.28
sensitivity
ratio between the undisturbed and remoulded undrained shear strengths
3.2 Symbols
Symbol Name Description Unit
2
A Lateral shear surface area of the bottom cone mm
cone,bott
2
A Lateral shear surface area of the top cone mm
cone,top
2
A Lateral shear surface area of the cylinder mm
cylinder
α Measured total angle between the vertical axis and the axis of °
the vane
β Measured angle between the vertical axis and the projection of the °
1
axis of the field vane on a fixed vertical plane
β Measured angle between the vertical axis and the projection of the °
2
axis of the field vane on a vertical plane that is perpendicular to
the plane of angle β
1
C Protective casing Defined by term 3.1.11
c Undrained shear Shear resistance of fine-grained soils in the undrained condition kPa
u
strength
c Field vane Peak shear strength of soil, derived from the maximum torque kPa
fv
strength measured by field vane test
c Fast field vane Peak shear strength of soil, derived from the maximum torque kPa
fv-f
strength measured by fast field vane test
c Post-peak field Post-peak shear strength of soil, selected after desired rotation kPa
pv
vane strength after field vane strength
c Remoulded field Shear strength, as measured by field vane test, after remoulding kPa
rv
vane strength the soil
D Downhole meas- Equipment for measuring torque and rotation are located close to
uring equipment the vane
D* Downhole meas- Equipment for measuring torque is located close to the vane,
uring equipment but equipment for measuring rotation is located above the
ground surface
D Diameter of the vane mm
d Diameter of vane shaft immediately behind vane mm
D Diameter of lower end of protective casing mm
c
D Diameter of protection shoe mm
ps
F Friction reducer Defined by term 3.1.7
H Height of the vane mm
H The height of the vertical side of the tapered vane excluding mm
T
the height influence of tapering(s).
i Angle of the taper at vane top °
T
i Angle of the taper at vane bottom °
B
4 © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
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SIST EN ISO 22476-9:2020
ISO 22476-9:2020(E)
Symbol Name Description Unit
R Rotation unit Rotation unit can be located close to the vane or above the
ground surface
R Area ratio Cross-sectional area ratio of vane and vane shaft compared to —
a
circular shear surface
r Radius of the rounded corner of the vane plate mm
r Lever arm of the lateral surface of the bottom cone of shear surface mm
cone,bott
r Lever arm of the lateral surface of the top cone mm
cone,top
r Lever arm of the lateral surface of the cylinder mm
cylinder
S Slip coupling Defined by term 3.1.16
S
Field vane The ratio between the field vane and remoulded field vane —
fv
sensitivity strengths
s Thickness of the vane plates mm
T Torque Torque measured during vane rotation, corrected for external Nm
friction torque reading
T Component of torque required to shear the bottom cone of the Nm
cone,bott
shear surface
T Component of torque required to shear the top cone of the shear Nm
cone,top
surface
T Component of torque required to shear a quarter circular shear Nm
corner
surface
T Component of torque required to shear the side surface
...
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
oSIST prEN ISO 22476-9:2019
01-oktober-2019
Geotehnično preiskovanje in preskušanje - Preskušanje na terenu - 9. del:
Terenski krilni preskus (FVT in FVT-F) (ISO/DIS 22476-9:2019)
Ground investigation and testing - Field testing - Part 9: Field vane test (FVT and FVT-F
(ISO/DIS 22476-9:2019)
Geotechnische Erkundung und Untersuchung - Felduntersuchungen - Teil 9:
Flügelscherversuche (FVT und FVT F) (ISO/DIS 22476 9:2019)
Reconnaissance et essais géotechniques - Essais en place - Partie 9: Essai au
scissomètre de chantier (ISO/DIS 22476-9:2019)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: prEN ISO 22476-9
ICS:
93.020 Zemeljska dela. Izkopavanja. Earthworks. Excavations.
Gradnja temeljev. Dela pod Foundation construction.
zemljo Underground works
oSIST prEN ISO 22476-9:2019 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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oSIST prEN ISO 22476-9:2019
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oSIST prEN ISO 22476-9:2019
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD
ISO/DIS 22476-9
ISO/TC 182 Secretariat: BSI
Voting begins on: Voting terminates on:
2019-08-01 2019-10-24
Ground investigation and testing — Field testing —
Part 9:
Field vane test (FVT and FVT-F)
Reconnaissance et essais géotechniques — Essais en place —
Partie 9: Essai au scissomètre de chantier
ICS: 93.020
THIS DOCUMENT IS A DRAFT CIRCULATED
This document is circulated as received from the committee secretariat.
FOR COMMENT AND APPROVAL. IT IS
THEREFORE SUBJECT TO CHANGE AND MAY
NOT BE REFERRED TO AS AN INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD UNTIL PUBLISHED AS SUCH.
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
ISO/CEN PARALLEL PROCESSING
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL,
TECHNOLOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND
USER PURPOSES, DRAFT INTERNATIONAL
STANDARDS MAY ON OCCASION HAVE TO
BE CONSIDERED IN THE LIGHT OF THEIR
POTENTIAL TO BECOME STANDARDS TO
WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN
Reference number
NATIONAL REGULATIONS.
ISO/DIS 22476-9:2019(E)
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED
TO SUBMIT, WITH THEIR COMMENTS,
NOTIFICATION OF ANY RELEVANT PATENT
RIGHTS OF WHICH THEY ARE AWARE AND TO
©
PROVIDE SUPPORTING DOCUMENTATION. ISO 2019
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oSIST prEN ISO 22476-9:2019
ISO/DIS 22476-9:2019(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2019
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Fax: +41 22 749 09 47
Email: copyright@iso.org
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oSIST prEN ISO 22476-9:2019
ISO/DIS 22476-9:2019(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .v
Introduction .vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
3.1 General . 1
3.2 Symbols . 4
4 Equipment . 5
4.1 Test configurations . 5
4.2 Vane . 8
4.2.1 General. 8
4.2.2 Dimensional requirements . 8
4.3 Vane shaft and friction reducer .10
4.4 Slip coupling .10
4.5 Extension rods, protective casings, protection shoe .10
4.6 Equipment for applying rotation .11
4.7 Equipment for measuring rotation and torque .11
5 Selection of test and test configuration .11
5.1 Selection of shear strengths to be measured .11
5.2 Selection of equipment and procedures related to soil conditions .13
6 Test procedure .13
6.1 Equipment checks and calibrations .13
6.2 Position and inclination of thrust machine .14
6.3 Test depths .14
6.4 Internal friction torque reading prior to testing .14
6.5 Methods for reaching the level for insertion of vane .14
6.6 Insertion of the vane .16
6.7 External friction torque reading .16
6.8 Vane shear test .16
6.9 Internal friction torque reading after the test . .17
7 Test results .17
8 Reporting .18
8.1 General .18
8.2 Reporting of test results .19
8.2.1 General information .19
8.2.2 Location of the test . . .19
8.2.3 Test equipment .20
8.2.4 Test procedure .20
8.2.5 Test results .20
8.3 Presentation of test plots .20
Annex A (informative) Example of field record for field vane test .22
Annex B (normative) Maintenance, checks and calibration .24
Annex C (informative) Uncertainties in field vane testing .27
Annex D (normative) General interpretation and explanation for tapered and rectangular
vanes with H/D ratios differring from 2 .29
Annex E (informative) Interpretation and explanation for a rectangular vane with rounded
corners .32
Annex F (normative) Calculation of test depth .34
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Annex G (informative) Example of estimation of post-peak behaviour .35
Bibliography .36
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oSIST prEN ISO 22476-9:2019
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Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www .iso
.org/iso/foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 182, Geotechnics.
A list of all parts in the ISO 22476- series can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/members .html.
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Introduction
The field vane test is used to determine the vane shear strength of soils in the undrained condition,
by insertion of a rectangular vane into fine-grained soil and rotating it. During rotation, the torque
and rotation can be measured, depending on the test configuration. From the measured torque and the
dimensions of the vane, the peak shear strength, an indication of post-peak behaviour and the remoulded
shear strength can be derived by limit equilibrium analysis. Soil sensitivity can be ascertained if peak
and remoulded shear strengths have been determined.
The tests are carried out in boreholes, in trial pits and with pushed-in equipment. Torque and rotation
are measured either above the ground surface using extension rods; or directly above the vane.
The field vane test is mainly applicable to saturated fine-grained soil. The vane shear strength
determined by the test is commonly corrected before geotechnical analysis, using factors based on
local experience.
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oSIST prEN ISO 22476-9:2019
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/DIS 22476-9:2019(E)
Ground investigation and testing — Field testing —
Part 9:
Field vane test (FVT and FVT-F)
1 Scope
This standard deals with the equipment requirements, execution and reporting of field vane tests for
the measurement of peak and remoulded vane shear strength together with the sensitivity of fine-
grained soils. In addition, post-peak shear strength behaviour can be evaluated. Two types of field vane
test are described; the ordinary field vane test (FVT) and the fast field vane test (FVT-F).
The uncertainties of the vane test result are described in Annex C.
NOTE 1 This part of ISO 22476 fulfils the requirements for field vane tests as part of the geotechnical
investigation and testing according to EN 1997-1 and EN 1997-2
NOTE 2 This part of ISO 22476 covers onshore and nearshore field vane testing
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 10012:2003, Measurement management systems — Requirements for measurement processes and
measuring equipment
ISO 14688-1, Geotechnical investigation and testing — Identification and classification of soil — Part 1:
Identification and description
ISO 14688-2, Geotechnical investigation and testing — Identification and classification of soil — Part 2:
Principles for a classification
ISO 22475-1, Geotechnical investigation and testing – Sampling methods and groundwater measurements
– Part 1: Technical principles for execution
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1 General
3.1.1
Cased extension rod
Extension rods that are sleeved inside of protective casings during vane testing.
3.1.2
Cased borehole
Borehole that is cased to prevent collapse and minimize friction between the extension rods and soil.
3.1.3
Centralizer
Equipment to keep the extension rods straight and prevent buckling.
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3.1.4
Data acquisition system
Measuring system, which converts physical quantities to digital format.
Note 1 to entry: The system typically includes sensors, signal conditioning, AD converter and recording unit.
3.1.5
Downhole test
Test configuration whereby the torque is measured close to the vane. The rotation can be measured
close to the vane or above the ground surface.
3.1.6
External friction torque
Torque due to friction outside the measuring equipment during rotation excluding torque caused by
shearing of soil. External friction is mainly caused by friction acting on extension rods and it can be
estimated with a slip coupling immediately before engagement of the vane.
3.1.7
Friction reducer
A ring inserted between the vane and the extension rods to reduce friction along uncased extension rods.
3.1.8
Insertion length
Distance from the ground surface or base of (bore)hole or trial pit to mid-height of the vane, measured
along the axis of the extension rods.
3.1.9
Internal friction torque
Torque due to friction inside the measuring equipment during rotation when there is no torque acting
on the vane and no friction acting on the extension rods.
3.1.10
Penetration length
Sum of the lengths of the extension rods, the vane shaft and the distance to mid-height of the vane,
relative to a fixed horizontal plane (normally the ground surface).
3.1.11
Protection shoe
Equipment to protect the vane while pushing into the soil. It assists with the insertion of the vane
without drilling. Usually, the tip of the protection shoe consists of four plate slots allowing the vane
plates to retract inside of the protective casing.
3.1.12
Protective casing
Tubes that isolate the extension rods from the soil and give support against buckling.
3.1.13
Protrusion length
Distance between the bottom of the protective casing/shoe and the mid-height of the vane when pushed
to the test depth, measured along the axis of the rods.
3.1.14
Push-in equipment
Equipment to push the vane into the soil without predrilling.
3.1.15
Rotation
Change of angle by the circular movement of the vane around its axis.
Note 1 to entry: Apparent rotation is the rotation recorded by the rotation measurement equipment.
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3.1.16
Rotation rate
Rate of angular rotation of the vane.
3.1.17
Slip coupling
Mechanism that allows the extension rods to rotate freely while the vane remains stationary.
3.1.18
Test depth
Vertical distance from the ground surface, reference level or datum to mid-height of the vane.
Note 1 to entry: According to Annex F, the penetration length can be corrected with inclinometer measurements
to correspond the test depth. Otherwise, the test depth is based on the penetration length owing to the
uncertainty of inclination.
3.1.19
Test location
Plan position of a test or series of tests.
3.1.20
Test type
Two types of field vanes test can be distinguished; ordinary field vane test (FVT) and fast field vane
test (FVT-F).
3.1.21
Time to failure
Time from the beginning of application of torque to the vane until the maximum torque is reached.
3.1.22
Uncased extension rods
Extension rods that are not protected by protective casing allowing friction to develop between the
extension rods and the soil.
3.1.23
Uncased vane
The vane pushed into the ground without protection.
3.1.24
Uphole test
Test configuration whereby the torque is measured above the ground surface. The rotation is applied
and measurements registered above the ground surface.
3.1.25
Vane
Four vane plates fixed at 90˚ to each other.
3.1.26
Vane plate
Thin and flat rectangular plate.
Note 1 to entry: Most vanes have a (nearly) rectangular shape. For practical reasons, vanes without protection
shoes often have slightly tapered lower ends of the vane plates or with rounded corners. Some equipment using
uncased extension rods and a slip coupling to separate the rod friction from the torque on the vane are designed
with slightly tapered, sharpened, pointed or conical, vane plates in order to disengage the slip coupling during
the pushing stroke.
3.1.27
Vane shaft
Cylindrical element of the vane to which the vane plates are fixed. The vane shaft may be connected
directly to the force or torque measurement equipment in a downhole test or connected to it via
extension rods in an uphole test.
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3.1.28
Waiting time
Time between reaching the test depth and beginning of application of the torque to the vane.
3.1.29
Zero shift
Difference between the internal friction torque readings of the measuring equipment prior and after
completion of the test.
3.1.30
Sensitivity
The ratio between the undisturbed and remoulded undrained shear strengths.
3.2 Symbols
Symbol Name Description Unit
2
A Lateral shear surface area of the bottom cone mm
cone,bott
2
A Lateral shear surface area of the top cone mm
cone,top
2
A Lateral shear surface area of the cylinder mm
cylinder
c Undrained shear Shear resistance of fine-grained soils in the undrained condition kPa
u
strength
c Field vane Peak shear strength of soil, derived from the maximum torque kPa
fv
strength measured by field vane test
c Post-peak field Post-peak shear strength of soil, selected after desired rotation after kPa
pv
vane strength field vane strength
c Remoulded field Shear strength, as measured by field vane test, after remoulding kPa
rv
vane strength the soil
c Fast field vane Peak shear strength of soil, derived from the maximum torque kPa
fv-f
strength measured by fast field vane test
D Diameter of the vane mm
d Diameter of vane shaft immediately behind vane mm
D Diameter of lower end of protective casing mm
c
D Diameter of protection shoe mm
ps
H Height of the vane mm
H The height of the vertical side of the tapered vane excluding mm
t
the height influence of tapering(s).
i Angle of taper at vane top ˚
T
i Angle of taper at vane bottom ˚
B
l Penetration sum of the lengths of the extension rods, the vane shaft and the dis- m
length tance to mid-height of the vane, relative to a fixed horizontal plane
R Area ratio Cross sectional area ratio of vane and vane shaft compared to circular -
a
shear surface
r Radius of rounded corner of the vane plate mm
r Lever arm of lateral surface of the bottom cone of shear surface mm
cone,bott
r Lever arm of lateral surface of the top cone mm
cone,top
r Lever arm of lateral surface of the cylinder mm
cylinder
S
Field vane The ratio between the field vane and remoulded field vane strengths -
fv
sensitivity
s Thickness of the vane plates mm
T Internal friction Stable output of a measuring equipment during rotation when there Nm
int
torque reading is no torque acting on the vane and no friction acting on the exten-
prior to test sion rods
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Symbol Name Description Unit
T External friction Stable output of a measuring equipment during rotation when there Nm
ext
torque reading is no torque acting on the vane (usually measured prior to the vane
engagement by slip coupling)
τ Shear stress kPa
T Torque measured during vane rotation, corrected for external friction Nm
torque reading
T Torque caused by shearing of bottom cone of shear surface Nm
cone,bott
T Torque caused by shearing of top cone of shear surface Nm
cone,top
T Torque caused by shearing of cylindrical shear surface Nm
cylinder
T Torque caused by shearing of a quarter circular shear surface Nm
corner
T Maximum torque Torque required to obtain failure in soil around the vane, corrected for Nm
max
internal and external friction torque reading(s) if relevant
T Maximum Measured torque required to obtain failure in soil around the vane in- Nm
meas,max
measured torque cluding external friction. The maximum torque (T ) can be calculate
max
by subtracting T from T (T = T – T ) otherwise
ext meas,max max meas,max ext
T is T
meas,max max
T Torque caused by shearing of circular plate shear surface Nm
plate
T Post-peak torque Post-peak torque selected after maximum torque, corrected for inter- Nm
pv
nal and external friction torque reading(s) if relevant
T Measured post- Measured post-peak torque selected after desired rotation after Nm
meas,pv
peak torque maximum torque including external friction torque. The post-peak
torque is calculated by subtracting T from T (T = T –
ext meas,pv pv meas,pv
T ) otherwise T is T
ext meas,pv pv
T Torque for Measured constant torque value after remoulding the soil, corrected Nm
rv
remoulded for internal and external friction torque reading(s) if relevant
conditions
T Measured torque The constant measured torque value after remoulding including Nm
meas,rv
for remoulded external friction torque. The torque for remoulded condition is calcu-
conditions lated by subtracting T from T (T = T – T ) otherwise
ext meas,rv rv meas,rv ext
T is T
meas,rv rv
α measured total angle between the vertical axis and the axis of the vane °
β measured angle between the vertical axis and the projection of the °
1
axis of the vane on a fixed vertical plane
β measured angle between the vertical axis and the projection of the °
2
axis of the cone penetrometer on a vertical plane that is perpendicular
to the plane of angle β
1
4 Equipment
4.1 Test configurations
The test equipment includes a vane and vane shaft, extension rods, rotation equipment and a rotation/
torque measuring equipment, configured in a number of combinations, see Figure 1.
Accessories to the vane equipment may include:
— a protective casing (C)
— a protective casing with protection shoe (X)
— friction reducer (F)
— a slip coupling (S)
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which are used to increase the insertion or the penetration length that can be achieved and also will
reduce the friction in the system. In addition, borehole casing may be used to allow predrilling prior to
the insertion of the vane.
Vane test may be performed in either uphole or downhole configurations. Typical configurations
are illustrated in Figure 1 and locations of torque and rotation measurements, torque transfers and
accuracy of rotation measurements are explained in Table 1.
In the uphole configuration, torque (T) can be measured by a torque wrench or a dial indicator spring
with variable lever arm (W) or by a continuous torque measuring equipment (U) located above ground
surface at the point for insertion of the vane. For reading with an indicator spring, correction is needed
due to the variation of the lever arm.
In the downhole configuration, the torque measuring equipment is located close to the vane, but the
rotation can be measured either close to the vane (D*) or above ground surface (D). The rotation unit
can be located close to the vane (R) or above the ground surface.
In the downhole configuration, the measuring unit can be covered by larger protective casing and the
unit is installed between the vane shaft and the extension rods.
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