kSIST FprEN 15714-5:2022

Industrial valves - Actuators - Part 5: Pneumatic linear actuators for industrial valves - Basic requirements

This document provides basic requirements for piston type pneumatic linear actuators for industrial valve, both double acting and single acting, used for on-off and modulating control duties.
It includes criteria, method and guidelines for design, qualification, corrosion protection, control and testing.
It does not apply to diaphragm actuators and to pneumatic actuators which are integral parts of control valves.
Other requirements, or conditions of use, different from those indicated in this document, are subject to negotiations, between the purchaser and the manufacturer/supplier, prior to order.

Industriearmaturen - Antriebe - Teil 5: Pneumatische Antriebe – Grundanforderungen

Dieses Dokument enthält Grundanforderungen an pneumatische von Kolben angetriebene Linearantriebe für Industriearmaturen, die sowohl einfach als auch in beide Richtungen wirken und für Auf-Zu-Einschaltdauer und modulierende Steuerungsfunktionen verwendet werden.
Es enthält Kriterien, Verfahren und Leitlinien für Konstruktion, Qualifizierung, Korrosionsschutz, Kontrolle und Prüfung.
Sie gilt nicht für Membran-Stellantriebe und pneumatische Stellantriebe, die feste Bestandteile von Regelventilen sind.
Andere Anforderungen oder Anwendungsbedingungen als die, die in diesem Dokument angegebenen sind, werden vor Auftragserteilung zwischen dem Käufer und dem Hersteller/Lieferanten verhandelt.

Robinetterie industrielle - Actionneurs - Partie 5 : Actionneurs linéaires pneumatiques - Prescriptions de base

Le présent document définit les exigences de base pour les actionneurs linéaires pneumatiques de type piston d’appareil de robinetterie industrielle, à double et à simple effet, utilisés pour les fonctions tout ou rien et les fonctions de modulation des fonctions de régulation.
Il comprend des critères, une méthode et des lignes directrices pour la conception, la qualification, la protection contre la corrosion, le contrôle et les essais.
Il ne s’applique pas aux actionneurs à membrane et aux actionneurs pneumatiques qui font partie intégrante des robinets de régulation.
Les exigences ou conditions relatives à l’utilisation, autres que celles déjà mentionnées dans le présent document, doivent être convenues entre l’acheteur et le fabricant/fournisseur avant la commande.

Industrijski ventili - Pogoni - 5. del: Pnevmatični linearni pogoni za industrijske ventile - Osnovne zahteve

General Information

• Status: Not Published
• Public Enquiry End Date: 19-Jul-2019
• ICS: 23.060.20 - Ball and plug valves
• Technical Committee: IHPV - Hydraulics and pneumatics
• Current Stage: 6060 - National Implementation/Publication (Adopted Project)
• Start Date: 01-Jun-2022
• Due Date: 06-Aug-2022
• Ref Project: EN 15714-5:2022 - Industrial valves - Actuators - Part 5: Pneumatic linear actuators for industrial valves - Basic requirements

Standards Content (sample)

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
oSIST prEN 15714-5:2019
01-julij-2019

Industrijski ventili - Pogoni - 5. del: Pnevmatični linearni pogoni za industrijske

ventile - Osnovne zahteve

Industrial valves - Actuators - Part 5: Pneumatic linear actuators for industrial valves —

Basic requirements
Industriearmaturen - Antriebe - Teil 5: Pneumatische und hydraulische Antriebe -
Grundanforderungen

Robinetterie industrielle - Actionneurs - Partie 5 : Actionneurs linéaires pneumatiques -

Prescriptions de base
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: prEN 15714-5
ICS:
23.060.20 Zapirni ventili (kroglasti in Ball and plug valves
pipe)
oSIST prEN 15714-5:2019 en,fr,de

2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

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oSIST prEN 15714-5:2019
DRAFT
EUROPEAN STANDARD
prEN 15714-5
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
May 2019
ICS 23.060.20
English Version
Industrial valves - Actuators - Part 5: Pneumatic linear
actuators for industrial valves - Basic requirements

Robinetterie industrielle - Actionneurs - Partie 5 : Industriearmaturen - Antriebe - Teil 5: Pneumatische

Actionneurs linéaires pneumatiques - Prescriptions de und hydraulische Antriebe - Grundanforderungen

base

This draft European Standard is submitted to CEN members for enquiry. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee

CEN/TC 69.

If this draft becomes a European Standard, CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations

which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration.

This draft European Standard was established by CEN in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other

language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC

Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,

Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,

Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,

Turkey and United Kingdom.

Recipients of this draft are invited to submit, with their comments, notification of any relevant patent rights of which they are

aware and to provide supporting documentation.

Warning : This document is not a European Standard. It is distributed for review and comments. It is subject to change without

notice and shall not be referred to as a European Standard.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels

© 2019 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. prEN 15714-5:2019 E

worldwide for CEN national Members.
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Contents Page

European foreword ....................................................................................................................................................... 4

1 Scope .................................................................................................................................................................... 5

2 Normative references .................................................................................................................................... 5

3 Terms and definitions ................................................................................................................................... 5

4 Classification/Designation .......................................................................................................................... 7

4.1 Duty classification ........................................................................................................................................... 7

4.2 Action ................................................................................................................................................................... 7

4.3 Motive energy ................................................................................................................................................... 7

4.4 Actuator performance data ......................................................................................................................... 8

5 Basic design requirements ....................................................................................................................... 10

5.1 Actuator attachment ................................................................................................................................... 10

5.2 Nominal stroke .............................................................................................................................................. 11

5.3 Endurance ....................................................................................................................................................... 12

5.4 Leakage ............................................................................................................................................................ 13

5.5 Environmental conditions ........................................................................................................................ 14

5.6 Pressure connections ................................................................................................................................. 15

5.7 Structural safety factors ............................................................................................................................ 17

5.8 Safety requirements .................................................................................................................................... 17

5.9 Ancillaries support ...................................................................................................................................... 18

6 Optional equipment .................................................................................................................................... 18

6.1 Ancillaries ....................................................................................................................................................... 18

6.2 Manual operation device ........................................................................................................................... 18

6.3 Mechanical end stop adjustment ............................................................................................................ 18

6.4 Local position indicator ............................................................................................................................. 19

6.5 Bracket ............................................................................................................................................................. 19

6.6 Anti-rotation device .................................................................................................................................... 19

7 Factory Compliance ..................................................................................................................................... 19

7.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................. 19

7.2 Type tests ........................................................................................................................................................ 19

7.3 Control of production process and quality system .......................................................................... 20

8 Marking ............................................................................................................................................................ 21

8.1 Mandatory marking..................................................................................................................................... 21

8.2 Optional marking ......................................................................................................................................... 22

9 Documentation .............................................................................................................................................. 22

10 Linear actuator selection guidelines ..................................................................................................... 22

Annex A (normative) Endurance test procedure ........................................................................................... 23

A.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................. 23

A.2 Test equipment ............................................................................................................................................. 23

A.3 Test conditions .............................................................................................................................................. 23

A.4 Test procedure .............................................................................................................................................. 23

A.5 Acceptance criteria ...................................................................................................................................... 23

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Annex B (informative) Actuator selection guidelines .................................................................................. 25

B.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................. 25

B.2 Selection parameters .................................................................................................................................. 25

B.2.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................. 25

B.2.2 Valve questions ............................................................................................................................................. 25

B.2.3 Actuator questions ....................................................................................................................................... 25

B.2.4 Ancillary questions ...................................................................................................................................... 26

B.2.5 Environmental conditions ......................................................................................................................... 26

B.3 Actuator selection......................................................................................................................................... 26

Bibliography ................................................................................................................................................................. 27

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European foreword

This document (prEN 15714-5:2019) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 69 “Industrial

valves”, the secretariat of which is held by AFNOR.
This document is currently submitted to the CEN Enquiry.
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1 Scope

This document provides basic requirements for piston type pneumatic linear actuators for industrial

valve, both double acting and single acting, used for on-off and modulating control duties.

It includes criteria, method and guidelines for design, qualification, corrosion protection, control and

testing.

It does not apply to diaphragm actuators and to pneumatic actuators which are integral parts of control

valves.

Other requirements, or conditions of use, different from those indicated in this document, are subject to

negotiations, between the purchaser and the manufacturer/supplier, prior to order.

2 Normative references

The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content

constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For

undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.

EN ISO 5210:2017, Industrial valves - Multi-turn valve actuator attachments (ISO 5210:2017)

EN 12570, Industrial valves - Method for sizing the operating element
EN 60529, Degrees of protection provided by enclosures (IP Code)

ISO 5599-2, Pneumatic fluid power — Five-port directional control valves — Part 2: Mounting interface

surfaces with optional electrical connector
3 Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this document the terms and definitions given in EN 15714-1 and the following apply.

ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:

• IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/
• ISO Online browsing platform: available at http://www.iso.org/obp
3.1
stroke
single and complete movement from one end of travel to the other
3.2
output thrust

minimum guaranteed output thrust capability of the actuator, in both directions, at specified supply

pressures conditions as provided by the manufacturer/supplier

Note 1 to entry: Where the output thrust varies along the stroke, in a linear or nonlinear relationship with pressure,

tabulated data and/or thrust versus stroke diagram shall be provided at significant pressure values for each

direction of movement.
3.2.1 Nominal thrust
3.2.1.1
double acting version

minimum guaranteed output thrust of the actuator, at any point of the stroke, with nominal supply 5,5 bar

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3.2.1.2
single acting version

guaranteed output thrust of the actuator with pneumatic nominal supply 5,5 bar at the beginning of the

stroke in the direction to compress the spring
3.2.2
start thrust

actuator output thrust at the beginning of the stroke in the direction of movement

3.2.3
maximum thrust

for double acting version, output thrust of the actuator when the pressure of the power supply

corresponds to the maximum allowable pressure; for single acting version, maximum output thrust

between the thrust at the beginning of the stroke when the pressure of the power supply corresponds to

the maximum allowable pressure and the thrust generated by the spring at the end of specified

compression stroke

Note 1 to entry: The maximum thrust value shall be indicated by the manufacturer/supplier. The value shall be not

lower than 1,45 times the nominal thrust.
3.3 Single acting version
3.3.1
Air Starting Thrust
AST

output thrust, at defined pressure value, at the beginning of the stroke in opposition to the spring

3.3.2
Air Ending Thrust
AET

output thrust, at defined pressure value, at the end of the stroke when spring is at its maximum

compression
3.3.3
Air Running Thrust
ART
any output thrust value between AST and AET at defined pressure value
3.3.4
Spring Ending Thrust
SET

output thrust generated by the spring at the end of its stroke with no air in the cylinder

3.3.5
Spring Starting Thrust
SST

output thrust generated by the spring at its maximum compression with no air in the cylinder

3.3.6
Spring Running Thrust
SRT
any output thrust value between SST and SET
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3.4
operating time
moving times for the guaranteed stroke in each direction of movement

Note 1 to entry: Requested values shall be defined between the purchaser and the actuator manufacturer/supplier

considering the ancillaries (6.1) mounted on the actuator, the supply flow rate and the presence or not of external

load.
3.5
displacement volume

internal actuator displaced volumes (in liter) for each direction, including the dead volumes, for the

maximum stroke without any external limitation
4 Classification/Designation
4.1 Duty classification
4.1.1 General

According to their intended function, two versions of linear valve actuators are defined by this Standard:

on-off duty and modulating duty.
4.1.2 On-off duty

The actuator is required to drive the valve through its entire travel from the fully open position to the

fully closed position or vice-versa.
4.1.3 Modulating duty

The actuator is required to continuously drive the valve to any position between fully open and fully

closed.
4.2 Action
4.2.1 Double Acting (DA)

This actuator requires the supply of motive energy to operate in both travel directions.

4.2.2 Single Acting (SA)

This actuator requires external power to operate the valve in one direction only, the return stroke being

powered by an alternative form of stored energy (Fail Safe actuators).

For the purpose of this document, the stored energy shall be supplied by a mechanical spring.

4.3 Motive energy
4.3.1 Operating medium

The operating medium shall be compressed instrument air, unless otherwise specified.

Other compressed gases may be used, on agreement between the purchaser and manufacturer/supplier,

ensuring they are compatible with all the parts in contact with the fluid including the lubricants.

4.3.2 Quality

Humidity of the operating medium shall be Class 2 according to ISO 8573-1:2010, Table 2.

For ambient temperature conditions different from the standard stated at 5.5.1, the dew point shall be at

least 10 °C below the minimum operating ambient temperature.
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It is recommended that the content of particles per cubic meter in the operating medium shall not exceed

Class 5 according to ISO 8573-1:2010, Table 1.

Particles up to a maximum 40 µm size are acceptable in the operating medium provided that a right

analysis of the behaviour of the ancillaries (6.1), when mounted on the actuator, is done.

4.3.3 Pressure general information

As a general information the manufacturer/supplier shall indicate, for each actuator model, the pressure

limits including the maximum allowable pressure or the minimum moving pressure (for double acting

actuators) and design pressure.

The minimum moving pressure for a single acting actuator is the minimum pressure required at ambient

temperature to complete the specified stroke (3.1), starting from not pressurized conditions, without

external load.
4.3.4 Pressure values
Nominal supply pressure, to define the reference data, shall be 5,50 bar.

The maximum allowable pressure shall be at least 8 bar, unless otherwise specified.

Design pressure shall be at least 1,10 times the maximum allowable pressure.

The recommended minimum design pressure is 10 bar. The design pressure value shall be used to

determine the structural resistance of the pressure retaining parts of the actuator.

4.3.5 Structural test pressure

The minimum structural test pressure value for pressurized parts shall be 1,43 times the design pressure

for steel enclosures and a minimum of 2,00 times the design pressure for cast steel, spheroidal cast iron

and cast aluminium enclosures.

Duration time under test pressure shall be at least 60 s after pressure stabilization.

No external leakage or permanent deformations are accepted after this test.

Specific procedure to carry out this test, including the percentage of tested units for mass production,

shall be established by the manufacturer/supplier.
4.4 Actuator performance data
4.4.1 Double acting version

Data and dimensions of double acting actuator shall be in accordance with Table 1.

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Table 1 — Data and dimensions of double acting actuator
Actual nominal
Preferred
Thrust rating Flange type
ISO 5210 Minimum
nominal internal
thrust
b c
nominal Thrust stroke
(MOT) ISO 5210
cylinder diameter
“X”
mm kN kN kN mm
80 2,7 4 F05 ≤ 10 20
100 4,1 6 F05 ≤ 10 20
125 6,5 10 F05 ≤ 10 20
160 10,6 16 F07 ≤ 20 40
200 16,6 25 F10 ≤ 40 60
250 26,0 38 F10 ≤ 40 60
300 36,6 53 F12 ≤ 70 60
400 66,5 95 F14 ≤ 100 80
500 101,5 148 F16 ≤ 150 100
600 146,0 215 F25 ≤ 200 120
700 199,0 290 F30 ≤ 350 140
900 329,0 480 F35 ≤ 700 160
1 100 495,0 715 F35 ≤ 700 160

Actual nominal thrust, piston side, is based on 5,5 bar nominal pressure and includes friction factor.

Maximum operating thrust (MOT) at maximum allowable pressure = 8 bar.

Different flange type may be used upon agreement between purchaser and manufacturer/supplier.

4.4.2 Single acting version

Data and dimensions of single acting actuator shall be in accordance with Table 2.

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Table 2 — Data and dimensions of single acting actuator
Actual Nominal Preferred Thrust Flange
Preferred ISO 5210
Minimum
a Spring Ending rating type
nominal internal Nominal
Thrust (AST)
stroke
b c d
cylinder diameter Thrust
“X” Thrust (SET) (MOT) ISO 5210
mm kN kN kN kN mm
125 4,1 2,4 7 F05 ≤ 10 20
160 5,2 5,4 10 F05 ≤ 10 20
180 8,0 5,4 14 F07 ≤ 20 40
200 10,0 6,6 18 F07 ≤ 20 40
250 16,0 10,0 28 F10 ≤ 40 60
300 19,0 18,5 36 F10 ≤ 40 60
400 40,0 26,3 70 F12 ≤ 70 60
500 55,0 47,0 100 F14 ≤ 100 80
600 88,0 58,0 150 F16 ≤ 150 100
700 100,0 99,0 200 F25 ≤ 200 120
800 130,0 130,0 250 F30 ≤ 350 140
900 194,0 135,0 345 F30 ≤ 350 140
1 250 350,0 284,0 640 F35 ≤ 700 160

Actual nominal thrust is based on 5,5 bar nominal pressure (AST) and includes friction factor.

Recommended ratio between SST and SET = 1,25 at minimum stroke.
Maximum operating thrust (MOT) at maximum allowable pressure = 8 bar.

Different flange type may be used upon agreement between purchaser and manufacturer/supplier.

5 Basic design requirements
5.1 Actuator attachment

Dimensions of attachment flange shall be according to EN ISO 5210:2017, 7.6 and Table 8.

Dimensions of output shaft shall be according to Figure 1 and Table 3, with optional flat attach for fork

wrench SW.
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Figure 1 — Dimensions of output drive
Table 3 — Data and dimensions of output drive
Flange type
l l d d
Thrust rating sw
2 4 8 13
EN ISO 5210
kN mm mm mm mm mm
F05 ≤ 10 20 45 M12 × 1,25 15 13
F07 ≤ 20 25 50 M16 × 1,5 20 17
F10 ≤ 40 30 55 M20 × 1,5 25 21
F12 ≤ 70 35 65 M24 × 1,5 30 27
F14 ≤ 100 55 80 M36 × 3 40 36
F16 ≤ 150 65 90 M42 × 3 50 46
F25 ≤ 200 75 100 M48 × 3 55 50
F30 ≤ 350 90 120 M56 × 4 60 55
F35 ≤ 700 120 150 M80 × 4 90 80

Different flange and/or coupling type may be used upon agreement between purchaser and

manufacturer/supplier.

The material of the output drive (Table 3) component shall be clearly indicated in the

manufacturer’s/supplier’s documentation.
5.2 Nominal stroke

Linear actuator shall provide an output stem movement, stroke (3.1) defined by the

manufacturer/supplier in a tabulated form or based on agreement between the manufacturer/supplier

and purchaser or valve manufacturer.

The stroke can be limited, around the defined end values, by means of adjustable mechanical end stops

in one or both directions of movement (6.3).
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Linear actuators with adjustable mechanical end stops (6.3) shall allow the defined stroke with a ± 3 %

of adjustment referred to the set stroke.

Linear actuators without adjustable mechanical end-stops shall be designed to provide the defined

nominal stroke value with a tolerance H15 according to ISO 286-1.

Different values of tolerances or percentages on end-stops adjustment shall be agreed between the

purchaser and the manufacturer/supplier.
5.3 Endurance
5.3.1 General

The actuator shall be designed to have an endurance, without maintenance, in accordance with the values

given in Table 4 for double acting actuators and Table 5 for single acting actuators.

Conformity to the endurance requirements shall be proved by a test carried out according to Annex A.

Table 4 — Endurance testing parameters for double acting actuators
Reference Nominal Minimum stroke Maximum stroking time for Minimum number
a b b b, c
Thrust range length for testing tabulated stroke length of cycles
kN mm s
≤ 10 30 3 100 000
> 10 to ≤ 20 40 5 60 000
> 20 to ≤ 40 60 7 40 000
> 40 to ≤ 70 100 14 20 000
> 70 to ≤ 100 120 18 15 000
> 100 to ≤ 150 140 22 10 000
> 150 to ≤ 200 160 30 5 000
> 200 to ≤ 350 200 45 2 500
> 350 to ≤ 700 250 60 1 000
Range of values based on EN ISO 5210.

Different testing parameters are acceptable subjected to agreement between the purchaser and the

manufacturer/supplier.

One cycle consists of one minimum stroke in each direction (i.e. stroke to open + stroke to close).

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Table 5 — Endurance testing parameters for single acting actuators
Reference Nominal Minimum stroke length Maximum stroking time Minimum number
a b b, c b, c
Thrust range for spring compression for the full cycle of cycles
kN mm s
≤ 10 30 6 100 000
> 10 to ≤ 20 40 10 60 000
> 20 to ≤ 40 60 15 40 000
> 40 to ≤ 70 100 30 20 000
> 70 to ≤ 100 120 35 15 000
> 100 to ≤ 150 140 45 10 000
> 150 to ≤ 200 160 60 5 000
> 200 to ≤ 350 200 90 2 500
Range of values based on ISO 5210.

Different testing parameters are acceptable subjected to agreement between the purchaser and the

manufacturer/supplier.

One cycle consists of one minimum stroke in each direction (i.e. stroke to open with air + stroke to close with

spring).
5.3.2 Double acting version

Endurance test for the double acting version shall be based on a load of 100 % of the actual nominal thrust

as defined in Table 1 for the stroke parameters defined in Table 4.
5.3.3 Single acting version

Endurance test for single acting versions shall be based on a first stroke, under a pressure equal to 5,5 bar,

to move the actuator from spring released position (SET) up to the maximum spring load (SST) defined

for the specific model submitted to the endurance test. The return stroke to complete the cycle is obtained

by the spring action exhausting the air from the cylinder.

Stroke length for testing shall not be lower than the values specified in Table 5 for each range selected on

the basis of the actual nominal thrust (AST) at 5,5 bar as defined in Table 2.
5.4 Leakage

A leakage detection test shall be carried out on the whole pressure retaining parts of the actuator

including the ancillaries if any.

The test pressure value shall be at 1,1 times the maximum allowable pressure, with a minimum 5,5 bar.

The minimum duration shall be:
a) 30 s for cylinder volumes up to and including 10 l;
b) 60 s for cylinder volumes up to and including 100 l;
c) 120 s for cylinder volumes above 100 l.

The actuator and associated ancillaries shall have no visible external leakage for the duration of the test.

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Specific procedure to carry out this test, including the percentage of tested units for mass production,

shall be established by the manufacturer/supplier.
5.5 Environmental conditions
5.5.1 Ambient temperature

The actuator shall be designed for operation at an ambient temperature range between −20 °C and

+60 °C, unless otherwise agreed between the manufacturer/supplier and purchaser.
5.5.2 Enclosure protection

The non-pressurized compartments of the actuator shall have a degree of protection at least IP 65

according to EN 60529 (excluding the exhaust port).
5.5.3 Corrosion protection

Actuators shall be protected against external corrosion by proper surface treatment and/or special

material selection. The actuator manufacturer's technical documentation shall specify the corrosion

protection category according to Table 6.
Table 6 — Environmental corrosion categories
Typical environments
Corrosion category
Exterior Interior
Unheated buildings where
Atmospheres with low level of
C2 (low) condensation could occur, e.g.
pollution. Mostly rural areas.
depots, sport halls.
Urban and industrial Production rooms with high
atmospheres, moderate sulphur humidity and some air pollution,
C3 (medium)
dioxide pollution. Coastal areas e.g. food- processing plants,
with low salinity. laundries, breweries.
Industrial areas and coastal areas Chemical plants, swimming pools,
C4 (high)
with moderate salinity. coastal shipyards.
Industrial areas with high Buildings or areas with almost
C5-I (very high — industrial) humidity and aggressive permanent condensation and
atmosphere. with high pollution.
Buildings or areas with almost
Coastal and offshore areas with
C5-M (very high — marine) permanent condensation and
high salinity.
with high poll
...