SIST EN 50123-4:2003

Railway applications - Fixed installations - D.C. switchgear -- Part 4: Outdoor d.c. disconnectors, switch-disconnectors and earthing switches

This part of EN 50123 specifies requirements for outdoor d.c. switch-disconnectors, disconnectors and earthing switches for use in outdoor fixed installations of traction systems.

Bahnanwendungen - Ortsfeste Anlagen - Gleichstrom-Schalteinrichtungen -- Teil 4: Freiluft-Gleichstrom-Trennschalter, -Lasttrennschalter und -Erdungsschalter

Applications ferroviaires - Installations fixes - Appareillages à courant continu -- Partie 4: Interrupteurs-sectionneurs, sectionneurs et sectionneurs de terre pour l'extérieur

Železniške naprave – Stabilne naprave električne vleke – Stikalne naprave za enosmerni tok – 4. del: Odklopni ločilniki, ločilniki in enosmerna ozemljilna stikala za zunanjo vgradnjo

Ta del standarda EN 50123 določa zahteve za zunanje ločilnike, odklopne ločilnike in ozemljitvena stikala za stabilne naprave vlečnih sistemov za zunanjo vgradnjo.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 30-Apr-2003
• ICS: 29.130.99 - Other switchgear and controlgear
• ICS: 29.280 - Electric traction equipment
• Technical Committee: ŽEN - Electrical applications for railways
• Current Stage: 6060 - National Implementation/Publication (Adopted Project)
• Start Date: 01-May-2003
• Due Date: 01-May-2003
• Completion Date: 01-May-2003
• Directive: TP055 - Pravilnik o projektiranju, gradnji in vzdrževanju stabilnih naprav električne vleke enosmernega sistema 3 kV
• Ref Project: EN 50123-4:2003 - Railway applications - Fixed installations - D.C. switchgear - Part 4: Outdoor d.c. disconnectors, switch-disconnectors and earthing switches

Relations

• Revised: SIST EN 50123-4:1999 - Railway applications - Fixed installations - D.C. switchgear -- Part 4: Outdoor d.c. in-line switch-disconnectors, disconnectors and d.c. earthing switches
• Effective Date: 13-May-2010
• Replaces: SIST EN 50123-4:1999 - Railway applications - Fixed installations - D.C. switchgear -- Part 4: Outdoor d.c. in-line switch-disconnectors, disconnectors and d.c. earthing switches
• Effective Date: 28-Jan-2023
• Amended By: SIST EN 50123-4:2003/A1:2014 - Railway applications - Fixed installations - D.C. switchgear - Part 4: Outdoor d.c. disconnectors, switch-disconnectors and earthing switches
• Effective Date: 28-Jan-2023

Standards Content (Sample)

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN 50123-4:2003
01-maj-2003
1DGRPHãþD
SIST EN 50123-4:1999
äHOH]QLãNHQDSUDYH±6WDELOQHQDSUDYHHOHNWULþQHYOHNH±6WLNDOQHQDSUDYH]D
HQRVPHUQLWRN±GHO2GNORSQLORþLOQLNLORþLOQLNLLQHQRVPHUQDR]HPOMLOQDVWLNDOD
]D]XQDQMRYJUDGQMR
Railway applications - Fixed installations - D.C. switchgear -- Part 4: Outdoor d.c.
disconnectors, switch-disconnectors and earthing switches
Bahnanwendungen - Ortsfeste Anlagen - Gleichstrom-Schalteinrichtungen -- Teil 4:
Freiluft-Gleichstrom-Trennschalter, -Lasttrennschalter und -Erdungsschalter
Applications ferroviaires - Installations fixes - Appareillages à courant continu -- Partie 4:
Interrupteurs-sectionneurs, sectionneurs et sectionneurs de terre pour l'extérieur
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN 50123-4:2003
ICS:
29.130.99 Druge stikalne in krmilne Other switchgear and
naprave controlgear
29.280 (OHNWULþQDYOHþQDRSUHPD Electric traction equipment
SIST EN 50123-4:2003 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

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SIST EN 50123-4:2003

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SIST EN 50123-4:2003
EUROPEAN STANDARD EN 50123-4
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM February 2003

ICS 29.120.60; 45.020 Supersedes EN 50123-4:1999


English version


Railway applications –
Fixed installations – D.C. switchgear
Part 4: Outdoor d.c. disconnectors, switch-disconnectors
and earthing switches


Applications ferroviaires –  Bahnanwendungen –
Installations fixes – Ortsfeste Anlagen –
Appareillages à courant continu Gleichstrom-Schalteinrichtungen
Partie 4: Interrupteurs-sectionneurs, Teil 4: Freiluft-Gleichstrom-Trennschalter,
sectionneurs et sectionneurs de terre -Lasttrennschalter und -Erdungsschalter
pour l'extérieur






This European Standard was approved by CENELEC on 2002-09-01. CENELEC members are bound to
comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration.

Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on
application to the Central Secretariat or to any CENELEC member.

This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other
language made by translation under the responsibility of a CENELEC member into its own language and
notified to the Central Secretariat has the same status as the official versions.

CENELEC members are the national electrotechnical committees of Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic,
Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta,
Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.

CENELEC
European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
Comité Européen de Normalisation Electrotechnique
Europäisches Komitee für Elektrotechnische Normung

Central Secretariat: rue de Stassart 35, B - 1050 Brussels


© 2003 CENELEC - All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CENELEC members.

Ref. No. EN 50123-4:2003 E

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SIST EN 50123-4:2003
EN 50123-4:2003 – 2 –
Foreword
This European Standard was prepared by SC 9XC, Electric supply and earthing systems for
public transport equipment and ancillary apparatus (fixed installations), of the Technical
Committee CENELEC TC 9X, Electrical and electronic applications for railways.
The text of the draft was submitted to the Unique Acceptance Procedure and was approved by
CENELEC as EN 50123-4 on 2002-09-01.
This European Standard supersedes EN 50123-4:1999.
The following dates were fixed:
- latest date by which the EN has to be implemented
 at national level by publication of an identical
 national standard or by endorsement (dop) 2003-09-01
- latest date by which the national standards conflicting
 with the EN have to be withdrawn (dow) 2005-09-01
This Part 4 is to be used in conjunction with EN 50123-1:2003.
Annexes designated “informative” are given for information only.
In this standard, annex A is informative.
_____________

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– 3 – EN 50123-4:2003
Contents
Page
1 Scope . 5
2 Normative references. 5
3 Definitions. 5
4 Service requirements . 5
5 Characteristics of the unit. 5
5.1 Enumeration of the characteristics . 5
5.2 Type of unit . 6
5.3 Rated values. 6
5.4 Class of use . 7
5.5 Control circuits. 8
5.6 Auxiliary contacts and circuits. 9
6 Construction. 9
6.1 General. 9
6.2 Materials. 9
6.3 Arcing contacts. 9
6.4 Clearances and creepage distances. 9
6.5 Primary connections.10
6.6 Location of the primary connections. 10
6.7 Earthing terminal. 10
6.8 Manual operation means . 10
6.9 Unit enclosure. 10
6.10 Temperature-rises. 10
6.11 Dielectric strength. 11
6.12 Electrical and mechanical endurance . 11
6.13 Operation. 12
6.14 Corrosion protection. 13
6.15 Noise emission. 13
6.16 Cooling. 13
6.17 Servo-control (where applicable) . 13
6.18 Other facilities. 13
7 Information and marking . 14
7.1 Information. 14
7.2 Marking. 14
8 Tests . 15
8.1 General. 15
8.2 Applicable tests and test sequence . 15
8.3 Performance of tests. 17

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SIST EN 50123-4:2003
EN 50123-4:2003 – 4 –
Annex A (informative) Information required. 23
A.1 General. 23
A.2 Procurement specification. 23
A.3 Manufacturer's specification . 23

Table 1 – Categories of units. 8
Table 2 - List of applicable tests and sequence . 16
Table 3 – Recommended quantities and dimensions of copper bars . 19

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SIST EN 50123-4:2003
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1 Scope
This part of EN 50123 specifies requirements for outdoor d.c. switch-disconnectors,
disconnectors and earthing switches for use in outdoor fixed installations of traction systems.
NOTE 1  EN 50121-5 specifies requirements for electromagnetic compatibility (EMC).
NOTE 2  In this document the word "unit" means "switch-disconnector and/or disconnector and/or earthing switch"
as defined in 3.1.4, 3.1.5 and 3.1.6 of EN 50123-1.
2 Normative references
This European Standard incorporates by dated or undated references, provisions from other
publications. These normative references are cited at the appropriate places in the text and the
publications are listed hereafter. For dated references, subsequent amendments to or revisions of
any of these publications apply to this European Standard only when incorporated in it by
amendment or revision. For undated references the latest edition of the publication referred to
applies (including amendments).
See EN 50123-1:2003.
3 Definitions
For the purposes of this European Standard, the terms and definitions given in EN 50123-1
apply.
4 Service requirements
The equipment covered in this standard is mainly intended for outdoor installations.
The requirements given for outdoor equipment in EN 50125-2 or in 2.1.2 of EN 60694 may be
used and EN 50119 may be taken into account. In this standard the pollution degree PD 4A (see
EN 50124-1) is considered as normal condition.
Where service requirements and environmental class differ from those defined in the above
standards, require to be specified or a particular environmental class is required, the purchaser
shall state this fact in the tender specification. The supplier shall confirm that the unit is suitable
for the service requirements specified.
5 Characteristics of the unit
5.1 Enumeration of the characteristics
The characteristics of the unit and its assigned designations and values (where applicable) are as
follows:
• type of unit (5.2);
• rated values (5.3);

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SIST EN 50123-4:2003
EN 50123-4:2003 – 6 –
• class of use (5.4);
• control circuits (5.5).
5.2 Type of unit
A unit shall be defined by the following details (where applicable):
• whether the unit is a switch disconnector, disconnector, earthing switch or a combination of
these types;
• number of poles;
• number of positions (if there are more than two);
• provision of an enclosure;
• degree of protection provided by the enclosure, if any (see EN 60529).
5.3 Rated values
5.3.1 General
The rated characteristic values shall be specified by the purchaser. Rated insulation voltage
values shall be selected from the values indicated in Table 1 of EN 50123-1; current values
should have one of the preferred values in 5.1.2 of EN 50123-1.
These values shall be confirmed by the manufacturer, who shall indicate the rated values for the
type of unit proposed, and shall be complemented with other data.
All these values are to be stipulated in accordance with 5.3.2 to 5.3.4, but it is not necessary to
specify all the listed rated values.
5.3.2 Voltages
A unit is defined by the following voltages.
The nominal voltages and the system voltages and limits shall be taken from EN 50163. The
insulation values shall be taken from Table 1 of EN 50123-1:
• nominal voltage U (see 3.2.1.1 of EN 50123-1);
n
• system voltages and limits (see 3.2.1.2 of EN 50123-1);
• rated voltage U (see 3.2.3 of EN 50123-1);
Ne
• rated insulation voltage U (this value shall be equal to or higher than U ) (see 3.2.2 of
Nm max
EN 50123-1);
• rated impulse withstand voltage U (see 3.2.4 of EN 50123-1);
Ni
• power-frequency voltage withstand level (dry and wet) U (see 3.2.5 of EN 50123-1);
a
• auxiliary and control supply voltages (see 3.2.3.1 of EN 50123-1).

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SIST EN 50123-4:2003
– 7 – EN 50123-4:2003
5.3.3 Currents
A unit is defined by the following currents.
The current values shall be selected taking into account 5.1 of EN 50123-1:
• conventional thermal current I , I (see 3.2.8 and 3.2.9 of EN 50123-1);
th the
NOTE 1  Earthing switches are not required to be assigned this rating.
• rated service current I (see 3.2.10 of EN 50123-1);
Ne
NOTE 2  Earthing switches are not required to be assigned this rating.
• rated breaking and making capacity (see 3.2.18 and 3.2.22 of EN 50123-1);
– Switch-disconnectors and those disconnectors for which the manufacturer declares a
making capacity, shall be able to make the stated prospective current at a voltage U
equal to 1,2 U .
Ne
– A rated breaking capacity requires the unit to be able to interrupt any current of a value
lower than or equal to this rated breaking capacity.
• rated short-time withstand current I (see 3.2.11 of EN 50123-1);
Ncw
• overload capability: the purchaser shall inform the supplier of the load cycle requirements
(see 3.2.10, note 2 of EN 50123-1).
5.4 Class of use
Disconnectors shall close and open at no-load except if otherwise declared by the manufacturer.
Switch-disconnectors shall close and open on-load, including highly inductive loads.
Both devices have either electrically latched or mechanically latched mechanisms.
The minimum breaking, making and short-time withstand currents of the units shall be at least
those given in Table 1 for the appropriate category.

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SIST EN 50123-4:2003
EN 50123-4:2003 – 8 –
Table 1 – Categories of units
Category Capacities Short-time withstand current
(with t ≥ 0,01 s)
c
Making Breaking Current Duration
I 0 0 I /I 0,25 s
Ncw Ncwe
II 0 I I 0,25 s
Ne Ncw
III I I I 0,25 s
Ne Ne Ncw
IV 3 I 3 I I 0,25 s
Ne Ne Ncw
V I 0 I /I 0,25 s
Nss Ncw Ncwe
VI I 3 I I 0,25 s
Nss Ne Ncw
NOTE 1  Unless otherwise specified I has the same rating as I and I for earthing switches.
Nss Ncw Ncwe
NOTE 2  A typical application of the above categories is the following:
• Category I: Disconnector and earthing switch used in locations where the purchaser has taken all
precautions to inhibit making on to a fault current.
• Category II: Switch disconnector required for breaking load current only.
• Category III: Switch-disconnector in series with the feeder, required for making and breaking the
rated current only.
• Category IV: Switch-disconnector as in III, but required for making and breaking the train starting
current.
• Category V: Disconnector and earthing switch used in locations where the possibility exists of an
inadvertent make on to a fault current.
• Category VI: Switch-disconnector as in IV, but required for making on to a fault current.
NOTE 3  For definition of t see 3.2.15 of EN 50123-1.
c
5.5 Control circuits
The control circuits are identified by the following:
• the voltage of the control circuits;
• the kind of current (d.c. or a.c.);
• the frequency, in case of a.c.
The voltage of the supply source and its frequency are the values on which the performance, the
thermal behaviour and the insulation characteristics are based.
Unless otherwise required, the voltage shall be in accordance with 5.2 of EN 50123-1 and the
rated insulation voltage shall be in accordance with EN 50124-1.
The supply voltage shall remain within 80 % and 110 % of the voltage in accordance with 5.2 of
EN 50123-1.
When the control voltage is the same as in the main circuit, the same variations as in the main
circuit apply.

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SIST EN 50123-4:2003
– 9 – EN 50123-4:2003
The manufacturer shall indicate the value(s) of the current drawn by the control circuits at the
specified voltage(s). In case of control circuits which draw current intermittently, the duration of
the current flow shall be given.
5.6 Auxiliary contacts and circuits
Auxiliary circuits are mainly defined by the number of contacts provided, their rating (current
and voltage) and by their characteristics (NO or NC or commutation). Unless otherwise required,
the voltage shall be in accordance with 5.2 of EN 50123-1 and the rated insulation voltage shall
be in accordance with EN 50124-1.
The purchaser shall specify the minimum number of auxiliary contacts required.
The auxiliary wiring connected to a circuit at 1 000 V a.c. or 1 500 V d.c. or above shall be
physically separated from those connected to a circuit at a voltage below said limits.
For other characteristics of the auxiliary circuits, the requirements of 5.5 apply.
6 Construction
6.1 General
All apparatus and connections for the safe and satisfactory operation, control and protection of
the equipment concerned, shall be provided whether or not specifically mentioned. The
equipment shall be earthed, insulated, screened or enclosed as may be appropriate to ensure the
protection of the equipment and safety of those concerned in its operation and maintenance.
Control and auxiliary circuits and contacts shall comply with the requirements of 5.2 of
EN 50123-1.
6.2 Materials
No materials containing asbestos shall be used in the construction of the switchgear.
NOTE  Special attention should be paid to the ability of the material used to resist moisture and fire: materials used
should be of the self extinguishing type, so that the risk of propagation of fire is minimised (see Annex B of
EN 50123-1).
6.3 Arcing contacts
Arcing contacts, if any, which are liable to be consumed during arc interruption shall be easy to
replace.
6.4 Clearances and creepage distances
Clearances and creepage distances shall not be lower than those indicated in EN 50123-1,
Table 1 and Annex D respectively.
NOTE  Clearances and creepage distances may be increased to take into account the presence of foreign substances
after the number of operations, in normal and short-circuit conditions, occurring during the normal life-span between
cleaning procedures.

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SIST EN 50123-4:2003
EN 50123-4:2003 – 10 –
Where applicable, ribs shall be provided in order to break the continuity of conducting deposit
which occurs during operation.
The clearance between open contacts shall be not less than indicated in A.2 by reference to 4.2,
Table 1, of EN 50123-1, clearance B. In case of units with double break, the sum of the two
isolating distances in series shall exceed the minimum value required by 25 %.
6.5 Primary connections
The units shall be equipped with fixed or removable (bolted) connections.
6.6 Location of the primary connections
Their position shall be agreed between purchaser and supplier, unless covered by a European
standard.
6.7 Earthing terminal
The frames, the structure and the fixed parts of the metallic enclosures, if any, shall be connected
to each other and to a suitable earthing terminal, placed in an accessible position, in order to
allow earthing.
NOTE  This condition may be fulfilled by normal constructional elements ensuring adequate electrical continuity.
The earth terminal shall be suitably protected against corrosion. The standard earth symbol shall
be adequately and permanently marked.
The earth terminal shall be capable of carrying the rated earth fault current I for 0,25 s.
Ncwe
6.8 Manual operation means
All units shall be provided with a manual closing handle for service, emergency and/or
maintenance use as indicated in 6.13.1.
6.9 Unit enclosure
Unit enclosure, when specified by the purchaser or provided by the manufacturer, shall conform
with the requirements of EN 50123-6 (indoor assemblies). In addition the enclosure shall have a
degree of protection appropriate to outdoor conditions in accordance with EN 60529.
6.10 Temperature-rises
6.10.1 Limits
For switch-disconnectors and disconnectors the temperature-rise shall be 30 K less than the
values given in clause 6 of EN 50123-1.
NOTE  The reduction is due to the combined effect of the solar radiation and of the increase of oxidation in open
air.
An allowance of 10 K is applicable to those contacts which have successfully completed the test
given in 8.3.5.

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SIST EN 50123-4:2003
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6.10.2 Main circuit
The main circuit of a unit, including all electrically connected parts, shall be able to carry its
rated currents I I or I . It shall also comply with the load cycle which may be specified by
Ne, th the
the purchaser (see 3.2.10 of EN 50123-1).
6.10.3 Control circuit
The control circuit, as well as the control devices, used for the opening and closing operations of
a unit shall not exceed the rated temperature-rises, during their operation.
6.10.4 Auxiliary circuits
The auxiliary circuits, as well as the auxiliary devices, shall withstand their conventional thermal
current (for switching devices) or their rated service current (for other equipment), without
exceeding the rated temperature-rises.
6.11 Dielectric strength
Dielectric strength shall conform to the values given in Table 1 of EN 50123-1, taking into
account that power frequency withstand values are also for wet conditions.
6.12 Electrical and mechanical endurance
The unit shall be capable of carrying out the following number of operations when tested in
accordance with 7.3.2 and 7.3.3 of EN 50123-1:
a) for checking of mechanical endurance, without current in the main circuit, the following
operating cycles shall be performed:
1) dependent manually operated units only: 100;
2) independent power operated units: 1 000;
b) for checking of electrical endurance, with the rated service current I (or if agreed with I or
Ne th
I ) in the main circuit, the following operating cycles shall be performed (see 8.3.5):
the
1) switch-disconnectors: 50 minimum;
The test shall consist of carrying out the above number of operating cycles in groups of no
less than 10 CO operations at no greater than 180 s intervals. For current ratings higher than
4 000 A, the group number may be reduced subject to agreement between purchaser and
supplier.

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SIST EN 50123-4:2003
EN 50123-4:2003 – 12 –
c) for checking of correct operation under ice conditions the unit after having been placed,
closed, in a chamber to reach the conditions given in 8.3.7, shall be iced up and then opened;
then the unit shall be iced up again and then closed.
The Class of ice coating required shall be specified by the purchaser from one of the
following:
- 1 mm for class 1, of EN 60694;
- 10 mm for class 10, of EN 60694;
- 20 mm for class 20, of EN 60694.
6.13 Operation
6.13.1 Opening and closing operations
The following operation types exist:
a) manually dependent operated units;
b) power-operated units with no manual back-up;
c) manually non-dependent units;
d) power-operated units with non-dependent manual back-up;
e) power-operated units with dependent manual back-up.
The units given in items b), c) and d) may be either disconnectors or switch-disconnectors.
The units given in items a) and e) are disconnectors only.
The units given in items a) and c) shall be provided with a service handle. The units given in d)
shall have an emergency handle. All units shall be equipped with facilities for manual closing
during maintenance procedures.
The purchaser shall specify the operation type required.
For power-operated units, the operation shall operate correctly for any voltage value as indicated
in 5.5.
Earthing-switches shall not employ mechanism of types a) and e).
6.13.2 Padlock
If a padlock system is provided for locking in one or several positions, preventing any
unauthorised operation, this unit shall be designed to receive padlocks, the number and the
characteristics of which are indicated by the purchaser.

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6.14 Corrosion protection
Steelworks and other materials of the equipment shall be treated in accordance with an approved
type of corrosion protection.
Purchasers may have their own specification, in which case the supplier shall either comply or
offer an equivalent specification.
6.15 Noise emission
Noise emission from all equipment shall be minimised. The level of the noise emission during
breaking in normal operation at rated service current I shall be given by the supplier, if required
Ne
by the purchaser.
6.16 Cooling
Unless otherwise agreed between purchaser and supplier, all equipment is expected to be
naturally cooled.
6.17 Servo-control (where applicable)
The servo-control shall be mounted either on the unit or on a structure on which the unit is also
mounted. This structure shall be earthed.
6.18 Other facilities
The units shall have the following facilities:
a) a latching device either electrical, magnetic or mechanical;
b) a mechanical indicator coupled to the moving contact or equivalent means to indicate the
"closed" and the "open” position of the unit. Symbols "I" and "O" or "ON" and "OFF"
should be used to indicate the closed and open positions respectively; this indicator is not
compulsory when the isolating distance or gap on the unit is visible with the unit in the
installation conditions;
c) means for earthing the unit structure through an earthing terminal (see 6.7).
Units may have an operation counter.
In addition to the number of auxiliary switch contacts required for normal operating circuits of
the unit, the manufacturer shall provide an additional two contacts for remote control and
monitoring circuits. The number and type of contacts in addition to these shall be subject to
agreement between the purchaser and the supplier.

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SIST EN 50123-4:2003
EN 50123-4:2003 – 14 –
7 Information and marking
7.1 Information
Both parties shall exchange any necessary information in order to assure that the unit is suitable
for the intended duty. This information is given in general in clause 5 and with regard to
particular features or alternative choices for the contents in clause 6. A summary of this
information is provided in Annex A.
7.2 Marking
Each unit shall be indelibly marked.
The following indications shall be placed on the unit itself or on one or more rating plates
attached to the unit:
a) name of the manufacturer or trademark;
b) the reference to this European Standard corresponding to any other standard which the
manufacturer declares compliance with;
c) class and category (see 5.4);
d) serial number designation;
e) year of manufacture;
f) rated voltage(s) U ;
Ne
g) auxiliary and control supply voltages;
h) rated service/thermal current, I , I or I ;
Ne th the
i) rated breaking current, if applicable;
j) rated making current, if applicable;
k) rated short-time withstand current I ;
Ncw
l) weight of the complete unit and of each separately removable part;
m) input and output terminals, unless they can be connected either way;
n) earth terminal, if applicable, by the symbol;
o) compliance to service requirements differing from those indicated as normal (see clause 4 of
EN 50123-1) (on a separate label if convenient).
All necessary labelling shall also be provided as necessary for the purposes of safety,
identification, instruction and inform
...