SIST EN ISO 4491-1:2023
(Main)Metallic powders - Determination of oxygen content by reduction methods - Part 1: General guidelines (ISO 4491-1:2023)
Metallic powders - Determination of oxygen content by reduction methods - Part 1: General guidelines (ISO 4491-1:2023)
Gives some recommendations for the correct interpretation of the results obtained. The test methods are applicable generally to all powders of metals, alloys, carbides and mixtures thereof. The constituents of the powder shall be non-volatile and free of lubricant or organic binder. The limitations of the methods which depend upon the nature of the analysed metal are discussed in clause 4.
Metallpulver - Bestimmung des Sauerstoffgehaltes durch Reduktionsverfahren - Teil 1: Allgemeine Hinweise (ISO 4491-1:2023)
Dieses Dokument ist das erste Dokument aus einer Reihe von Normen, die die Bestimmung des Sauerstoffgehalts in Metallpulvern durch Reduktionsverfahren behandelt. Es legt allgemeine Hinweise zu diesen Verfahren fest und enthält einige Empfehlungen für die korrekte Auswertung der erhaltenen Ergebnisse.
Die Prüfverfahren gelten in der Regel für alle Pulver aus Metallen, Legierungen, Carbiden und deren Mischungen. Die Pulverbestandteile dürfen unter den Versuchsbedingungen nicht flüchtig sein. Das Pulver muss frei von Gleitmitteln oder organischen Bindemitteln sein.
Es bestehen jedoch gewisse Beschränkungen aufgrund der Art des analysierten Metalls. Diese Beschränkungen werden in Abschnitt 4 behandelt.
Poudres métalliques - Dosage de l'oxygène par les méthodes de réduction - Partie 1: Directives générales (ISO 4491-1:2023)
Le présent document est la première partie d’une série de normes qui traitent du dosage par réduction de l’oxygène dans les poudres métalliques. Il donne des directives générales d’emploi des méthodes de réduction et des recommandations quant à l’interprétation correcte des résultats obtenus.
Les méthodes d’essai sont applicables d’une façon générale à toutes les poudres de métaux, d’alliages, de carbures et de mélanges de ces éléments. Les constituants de la poudre doivent être non volatils dans les conditions de l’essai. La poudre ne doit renfermer ni lubrifiant, ni liant organique.
II existe néanmoins certaines limites liées à la nature du métal analysé. Ces limites sont étudiées dans l’Article 4.
Kovinski praški - Določevanje kisika z metodami redukcije - 1. del: Splošne smernice (ISO 4491-1:2023)
Standard podaja priporočila za pravilno razlago pridobljenih rezultatov. Preskusne metode se splošno uporabljajo za kovinske praške, praške zlitin, karbidov in njihovih mešanic. Sestavine praška morajo biti nehlapne in brez maziv ali organskih veziv. Omejitve metod, ki so odvisne od narave analizirane kovine, so obravnavane v točki 4.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN ISO 4491-1:2023
01-junij-2023
Kovinski praški - Določevanje kisika z metodami redukcije - 1. del: Splošne
smernice (ISO 4491-1:2023)
Metallic powders - Determination of oxygen content by reduction methods - Part 1:
General guidelines (ISO 4491-1:2023)
Metallpulver - Bestimmung des Sauerstoffgehaltes durch Reduktionsverfahren - Teil 1:
Allgemeine Hinweise (ISO 4491-1:2023)
Poudres métalliques - Dosage de l'oxygène par les méthodes de réduction - Partie 1:
Directives générales (ISO 4491-1:2023)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO 4491-1:2023
ICS:
77.160 Metalurgija prahov Powder metallurgy
SIST EN ISO 4491-1:2023 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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SIST EN ISO 4491-1:2023
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SIST EN ISO 4491-1:2023
EN ISO 4491-1
EUROPEAN STANDARD
NORME EUROPÉENNE
April 2023
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 77.160 Supersedes EN 24491-1:1993
English Version
Metallic powders - Determination of oxygen content by
reduction methods - Part 1: General guidelines (ISO 4491-
1:2023)
Poudres métalliques - Dosage de l'oxygène par les Metallpulver - Bestimmung des Sauerstoffgehaltes
méthodes de réduction - Partie 1: Directives générales durch Reduktionsverfahren - Teil 1: Allgemeine
(ISO 4491-1:2023) Hinweise (ISO 4491-1:2023)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 28 March 2023.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye and
United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2023 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 4491-1:2023 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
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SIST EN ISO 4491-1:2023
EN ISO 4491-1:2023 (E)
Contents Page
European foreword . 3
2
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SIST EN ISO 4491-1:2023
EN ISO 4491-1:2023 (E)
European foreword
This document (EN ISO 4491-1:2023) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 119 "Powder
metallurgy" in collaboration with CCMC.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by October 2023, and conflicting national standards shall
be withdrawn at the latest by October 2023.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document supersedes EN 24491-1:1993.
Any feedback and questions on this document should be directed to the users’ national standards
body/national committee. A complete listing of these bodies can be found on the CEN website.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland,
Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of
North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye and the
United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO 4491-1:2023 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO 4491-1:2023 without any
modification.
3
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SIST EN ISO 4491-1:2023
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SIST EN ISO 4491-1:2023
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 4491-1
Second edition
2023-03
Metallic powders — Determination
of oxygen content by reduction
methods —
Part 1:
General guidelines
Poudres métalliques — Dosage de l'oxygène par les méthodes de
réduction —
Partie 1: Directives générales
Reference number
ISO 4491-1:2023(E)
© ISO 2023
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SIST EN ISO 4491-1:2023
ISO 4491-1:2023(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2023
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii
© ISO 2023 – All rights reserved
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SIST EN ISO 4491-1:2023
ISO 4491-1:2023(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Sampling . 1
5 Meaning of the results according to the method used. 2
5.1 Hydrogen as a reducing agent . 2
5.2 Carbon as a reducing agent: reduction extraction method . 3
6 Summary of the implementation of methods for oxygen determination by reduction .3
7 Practical application of the standard methods . 4
iii
© ISO 2023 – All rights reserved
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SIST EN ISO 4491-1:2023
ISO 4491-1:2023(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to
the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see
www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 119, Powder metallurgy, Subcommittee
SC 2, Sampling and testing methods for powders (including powders for hardmetals), in collaboration
with the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) Technical Committee CEN/SS M11, Powder
metallurgy, in accordance with the Agreement on technical cooperation between ISO and CEN (Vienna
Agreement).
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 4491-1:1989), of which it constitutes a
minor revision.
The main changes are as follows:
— the normative references in Clause 2 have been updated;
— Clause 6 and 7 have changed place;
— editorial corrections and updated ISO format have been applied.
A list of all parts in the ISO 4491 series can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
iv
© ISO 2023 – All rights reserved
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SIST EN ISO 4491-1:2023
ISO 4491-1:2023(E)
Introduction
In powder metallurgy, the purity of the powders is an important parameter for the manufacture of
sintered metals. Among the various impurities which may be present in a powder, oxygen plays a
particular role as it is always present in any metal or alloy powder, and in amounts greater than those
encountered in compact metals. Oxygen is mostly combined in the form of oxides which appear in the
following ways:
— Oxide film coatings on particle surfaces, spontaneously formed by oxidation of the metal by air or
moisture duri
...
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
oSIST prEN ISO 4491-1:2023
01-februar-2023
Kovinski praški - Določevanje kisika z metodami redukcije - 1. del: Splošne
smernice (ISO/FDIS 4491-1:2022)
Metallic powders - Determination of oxygen content by reduction methods - Part 1:
General guidelines (ISO/FDIS 4491-1:2022)
Metallpulver - Bestimmung des Sauerstoffgehaltes durch Reduktionsverfahren -
Allgemeine Hinweise (ISO/FDIS 4491-1:2022)
Poudres métalliques - Dosage de l'oxygène par les méthodes de réduction - Partie 1:
Directives générales (ISO/FDIS 4491-1:2022)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: prEN ISO 4491-1
ICS:
77.160 Metalurgija prahov Powder metallurgy
oSIST prEN ISO 4491-1:2023 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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oSIST prEN ISO 4491-1:2023
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oSIST prEN ISO 4491-1:2023
FINAL
INTERNATIONAL ISO/FDIS
DRAFT
STANDARD 4491-1
ISO/TC 119/SC 2
Metallic powders — Determination
Secretariat: SIS
of oxygen content by reduction
Voting begins on:
2022-12-05 methods —
Voting terminates on:
Part 1:
2023-02-27
General guidelines
Poudres métalliques — Dosage de l'oxygène par les méthodes de
réduction —
Partie 1: Directives générales
ISO/CEN PARALLEL PROCESSING
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED TO
SUBMIT, WITH THEIR COMMENTS, NOTIFICATION
OF ANY RELEVANT PATENT RIGHTS OF WHICH
THEY ARE AWARE AND TO PROVIDE SUPPOR TING
DOCUMENTATION.
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
Reference number
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL, TECHNO-
ISO/FDIS 4491-1:2022(E)
LOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND USER PURPOSES,
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS MAY ON
OCCASION HAVE TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE
LIGHT OF THEIR POTENTIAL TO BECOME STAN-
DARDS TO WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN
NATIONAL REGULATIONS. © ISO 2022
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oSIST prEN ISO 4491-1:2023
ISO/FDIS 4491-1:2022(E)
FINAL
INTERNATIONAL ISO/FDIS
DRAFT
STANDARD 4491-1
ISO/TC 119/SC 2
Metallic powders — Determination
Secretariat: SIS
of oxygen content by reduction
Voting begins on:
methods —
Voting terminates on:
Part 1:
General guidelines
Poudres métalliques — Dosage de l'oxygène par les méthodes de
réduction —
Partie 1: Directives générales
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2022
ISO/CEN PARALLEL PROCESSING
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED TO
ISO copyright office
SUBMIT, WITH THEIR COMMENTS, NOTIFICATION
OF ANY RELEVANT PATENT RIGHTS OF WHICH
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
THEY ARE AWARE AND TO PROVIDE SUPPOR TING
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
DOCUMENTATION.
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
Reference number
Email: copyright@iso.org
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL, TECHNO-
ISO/FDIS 4491-1:2022(E)
Website: www.iso.org
LOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND USER PURPOSES,
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS MAY ON
Published in Switzerland
OCCASION HAVE TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE
LIGHT OF THEIR POTENTIAL TO BECOME STAN-
DARDS TO WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN
ii
© ISO 2022 – All rights reserved
NATIONAL REGULATIONS. © ISO 2022
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
oSIST prEN ISO 4491-1:2023
ISO/FDIS 4491-1:2022(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 cope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
5 Meaning of the results according to the method used. 2
5.1 Hydrogen as a reducing agent . 2
5.2 Carbon as a reducing agent: reduction extraction method . 3
6 Summary of the implementation of methods for oxygen determination by reduction .3
7 Practical application of the standard methods . 4
iii
© ISO 2022 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
oSIST prEN ISO 4491-1:2023
ISO/FDIS 4491-1:2022(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to
the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see
www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 119, Powder metallurgy, Subcommittee
SC 2, Sampling and testing methods for powders (including powders for hardmetals), in collaboration
with the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) Technical Committee CEN/SS M11, Powder
metallurgy, in accordance with the Agreement on technical cooperation between ISO and CEN (Vienna
Agreement).
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 4491-1:1989), of which it constitutes a
minor revision.
The main changes are as follows:
— the normative references in Clause 2 have been updated;
— Clause 6 and 7 have changed place;
— editorial corrections and updated ISO format have been applied.
A list of all parts in the ISO 4491 series can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
iv
© ISO 2022 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
oSIST prEN ISO 4491-1:2023
ISO/FDIS 4491-1:2022(E)
Introduction
In powder metallurgy, the purity of the powders is an important parameter for the manufacture of
sintered metals. Among the various impurities which may be present in a powder, oxygen plays a
particular role as it is always present in any metal or alloy powder, and in amounts greater than those
encountered in compact metals. Oxygen is mostly combined in the form of oxides which appear in the
following ways:
— Oxide film coatings on particle surfaces, spontaneously formed by oxidation of the metal by air or
moisture during powder preparation and during handling and storage.
— Oxide inclusions, being either oxides of the main metal remaining locally unreduced during the
production process (in the case of reduced powders), or other oxide impurities originating from
the raw material and/or from the equipment (e.g. refractory ceramics from melting furnace in
atomization processes).
In practice, oxygen contents in metallic powders lie mostly in the range of a mass fraction of 0,1 % to a
mass fraction of 1 %.
The determination of oxygen content can be made by means of many physical or chemical methods, for
example:
a) specific methods, such as activation analysis or mass spectrometry, in which the element 0 is
directly determined;
b) reduction methods, in which oxides present are, totally or partially, reduced by hydrogen or by
carbon. Oxygen content is related, either to the loss of mass of the sample through reduction, or to
the amount of water or CO/C0 produced by the reaction;
2
c) separation methods, in which:
— either the oxide phase is selectively dissolved and determined chemically (for example in copper
powder, where copper oxide is dissolved by hydrochloric acid); or
— the metal phase is selectively dissolved, and the insoluble residue (assumed to be oxide) is
evaluated (for example in aluminium powder, aluminium is dissolved in bromine-methanol
reagent,
...
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