Eurocode 4 - Design of composite steen and concrete structures - Part 2: General rules and rules for bridges

(1) Part 2 of Eurocode 4 gives design rules for steel-concrete composite bridges or members of bridges, additional to the general rules in EN 1994-1-1. Cable stayed bridges are not fully covered by this part.
(2) The following subjects are dealt with in Part 2:
Section 1:   General
Section 2:   Basis of design
Section 3:   Materials
Section 4:   Durability
Section 5:   Structural analysis
Section 6:   Ultimate limit states
Section 7:   Serviceability limit states
Section 8:   Decks with precast concrete slabs
Section 9:   Composite plates in bridges
(3) Provisions for shear connectors are given only for welded headed studs.
NOTE: Reference to guidance for other types as shear connectors may be given in the National Annex.

Eurocode 4 : Bemessung und Konstruktion von Verbundtragwerken aus Stahl und Beton - Teil 2: Allgemeine Bemessungsregeln und Anwendungsregeln für Brücken

(1) Der Teil 2 des Eurocode 4 enthält zusätzlich zu den in EN 1994-1-1 angegebenen allgemeinen Bemessungsregeln ergänzende Bemessungsregeln für Verbundbrücken und Verbundbauteile in Brückentragwerken. Schrägseilbrücken werden nicht vollständig behandelt.
(2) Der Teil 2 enthält die folgenden Abschnitte:- Chapter 1   :   Introduction
   - Chapter 2   :   Basis of design
   - Chapter 3   :   Materials
   - Chapter 4   :   Ultimate limit states
   - Chapter 5   :   Serviceability limit states
   - Chapter 6   :   Shear connection in beams for buildings
   - Chapter 7   :   Composite slabs with profiled steel sheeting for buildings
   - Chapter 8   :   Floors with precast concrete slabs for buildings
   - Chapter 9   :   Execution
   - Chapter 10   :   Design assisted by testing
   - Annex A   :   Reference documents   (Normative)
   - Annex B   :   Lateral-torsional buckling   (Normative)
   - Annex C   :   Resistance of doubly symmetric composite cross   (Normative)
sections in combined compression and bending
   - Annex D   :   Composite columns with mono-symmetrical cross   (Normative)
section
   - Annex E   :   Partial shear connection method for composite slabs   (Normative)
   - Annex F   :   Checklist of the information required in test reports   (Informative)
1    Allgemeines
2    Grundlagen der Tragwerksplanung
3    Werkstoffe
4    Dauerhaftigkeit
5    Tragwerksberechnung
6    Grenzzustände der Tragfähigkeit
7    Grenzzustände der Gebrauchstauglichkeit
8    Fahrbahnplatten aus Fertigteilen
9    Fahrbahnplatten in Verbundbauweise
(3) Für die Verbundsicherung werden ausschließlich Regelungen für Kopfbolzendübel angegeben.
ANMERKUNG: Regelungen für andere Verbundmittel dürfen einem Nationalen Anhang entnommen werden.

Eurocode 4 - Calcul des structures mixtes acier-béton - Partie 2: Regles générales et regles pour les ponts

Les États Membres de l'UE et de l'AELE reconnaissent que les Eurocodes servent de documents de référence pour les usages suivants :
-   comme moyen de prouver la conformité des bâtiments et des ouvrages de génie civil aux exigences essentielles de la Directive du Conseil 89/106/CEE, en particulier a l'Exigence Essentielle N°1 – Stabilité et résistance mécanique – et a l'Exigence Essentielle N°2 – Sécurité en cas d'incendie ;
-   comme base de spécification des contrats pour les travaux de construction et les services techniques associés ;
-   comme cadre d'établissement de spécifications techniques harmonisées pour les produits de construction (EN et ATE).
   Les Eurocodes, dans la mesure ou ils concernent les ouvrages eux-memes, ont une relation directe avec les Documents Interprétatifs ) visés a l'Article 12 de la DPC, bien qu'ils soient d'une nature différente de celle des normes harmonisées de produits ). En conséquence, les aspects techniques résultant des travaux effectués pour les Eurocodes nécessitent d'etre pris en considération de façon adéquate par les Comités techniques du CEN et/ou les groupes de travail de l'EOTA travaillant sur les normes de produits en vue de parvenir a une complete compatibilité de ces spécifications techniques avec les Eurocodes.
Les normes Eurocodes fournissent des regles de conception structurale communes d'usage quotidien pour le calcul des structures entieres et des produits composants de nature traditionnelle ou innovante. Les formes de construction ou les conceptions inhabituelles ne sont pas spécifiquement couvertes, et il appartiendra en ces cas au concepteur de se procurer des bases spécialisées supplémentaires.

Evrokod 4: Projektiranje sovprežnih konstrukcij iz jekla in betona – 2. del: Splošna pravila in pravila za mostove

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
30-Nov-2005
Technical Committee
Current Stage
6060 - National Implementation/Publication (Adopted Project)
Start Date
01-Dec-2005
Due Date
01-Dec-2005
Completion Date
01-Dec-2005

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2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.Eurocode 4 - Design of composite steen and concrete structures - Part 2: General rules and rules for bridgesEvrokod 4: Projektiranje sovprežnih konstrukcij iz jekla in betona – 2. del: Splošna pravila in pravila za mostoveEurocode 4 - Calcul des structures mixtes acier-béton - Partie 2: Regles générales et regles pour les pontsEurocode 4 : Bemessung und Konstruktion von Verbundtragwerken aus Stahl und Beton - Teil 2: Allgemeine Bemessungsregeln und Anwendungsregeln für BrückenTa slovenski standard je istoveten z:EN 1994-2:2005SIST EN 1994-2:2005en91.080.40Betonske konstrukcijeConcrete structures93.040Gradnja mostovBridge construction91.010.30Technical aspects91.080.10Kovinske konstrukcijeMetal structuresICS:SIST ENV 1994-2:20041DGRPHãþDSLOVENSKI
STANDARDSIST EN 1994-2:200501-december-2005







EUROPEAN STANDARDNORME EUROPÉENNEEUROPÄISCHE NORMEN 1994-2October 2005ICS 91.010.30; 91.080.10; 91.080.40; 93.040Supersedes ENV 1994-2:1997
English VersionEurocode 4 - Design of composite steen and concrete structures- Part 2: General rules and rules for bridgesEurocode 4 - Calcul des structures mixtes acier-béton -Partie 2: Règles générales et règles pour les pontsEurocode 4 - Bemessung und konstruktion vonVerbundtragwerken aus Stahl und Beton - Teil 2:Allgemeine Bemessungsregeln und Anwendungsregeln fürBrückenThis European Standard was approved by CEN on 7 July 2005.CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this EuropeanStandard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such nationalstandards may be obtained on application to the Central Secretariat or to any CEN member.This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translationunder the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Central Secretariat has the same status as the officialversions.CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France,Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia,Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATIONCOMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATIONEUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNGManagement Centre: rue de Stassart, 36
B-1050 Brussels© 2005 CENAll rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reservedworldwide for CEN national Members.Ref. No. EN 1994-2:2005: E



EN 1994-2: 2005 (E)
2Contents
Page
Foreword…………………………………………………………………………………………. 7 Section 1 General……………………………………………………………………………… 11 1.1 Scope………………………………………………………………………………………… 11
1.1.1 Scope of Eurocode 4…………………………………………………………………. 11
1.1.2 Scope of Part 1-1 of Eurocode 4………………………………………………………. 11
1.1.3 Scope of Part 2 of Eurocode 4………………………………………………………… 12 1.2 Normative references………………………………………………………………………. 12
1.2.1 General reference standards…………………………………………………………… 12
1.2.2 Other reference standards………………………………………………………………12
1.2.3 Additional general and other reference standards for composite bridges ……………. 13 1.3 Assumptions………………………………………………………………………………… 13 1.4 Distinction between principles and application rules………………………………………. 14 1.5 Definitions……………………………………………………………………………………14
1.5.1 General………………………………………………………………………………… 14
1.5.2 Additional terms and definitions used in this Standard………………………………. 14
1.5.2.1
Composite member…………………………………………………………. 14
1.5.2.2
Shear connection……………………………………………………………. 14
1.5.2.3
Composite behaviour………………………………………………………… 14
1.5.2.4
Composite beam………………………………………………………………14
1.5.2.5
Composite column…………………………………………………………….14
1.5.2.6
Composite slab………………………………………………………………. 14
1.5.2.7
Composite frame…………………………………………………………… 14
1.5.2.8
Composite joint……………………………………………………………… 15
1.5.2.9
Propped structure or member………………………………………………… 15
1.5.2.10 Un-propped structure or member……………………………………………. 15
1.5.2.11 Un-cracked flexural stiffness………………………………………………… 15
1.5.2.12 Cracked flexural stiffness…………………………………………………… 15
1.5.2.13 Prestress……………………………………………………………………… 15
1.5.2.14 Filler beam deck……………………………………………………………… 15
1.5.2.15 Composite plate……………………………………………………………… 15 1.6 Symbols …………….……………………………………………………………………… 15
Section 2 Basis of design………………………………………………………………………. 22 2.1 Requirements………………………………………………………………………………. 22 2.2 Principles of limit states design……………………………………………………………. 22 2.3 Basic variables………………………………………………………………………………. 22
2.3.1 Actions and environmental influences………………………………………………… 22
2.3.2 Material and product properties………………………………………………………. 22
2.3.3 Classification of actions………………………………………………………………. 22 2.4 Verification by the partial factor method…………………………………………………… 23
2.4.1 Design values………………………………………………………………………… 23
2.4.1.1 Design values of actions………………………………………………………. 23
2.4.1.2 Design values of material or product properties………………………………. 23
2.4.1.3 Design values of geometrical data……………………………………………. 23
2.4.1.4 Design resistances ……………………………………………………………. 23
2.4.2 Combination of actions………………………………………………………………. 24
2.4.3 Verification of static equilibrium (EQU)……………………………………………… 24



EN 1994-2:2005 (E)
3Section 3 Materials…………………………………………………………………………. 24 3.1 Concrete…………………………………………………………………………………… 24 3.2 Reinforcing steel for bridges……………………………………………………………. 24 3.3 Structural steel for bridges ………………………………………………………………. 24 3.4 Connecting devices………………………………………………………………….…… 24
3.4.1 General………………………………………………………………………………. 24
3.4.2 Headed stud shear connectors………………………………………………………. 24 3.5 Prestressing steel and devices………………………………………………………….… 25 3.6 Tension components in steel……………………………………………………………… 25
Section 4
Durability………………………………………………………………………….……. 25 4.1 General……………………………………………………………………………………. 25 4.2 Corrosion protection at the steel-concrete interface in bridges…………………………….25
Section 5 Structural analysis………………………………………………………….…. 25 5.1 Structural modelling for analysis………………………………………………………… 25
5.1.1 Structural modelling and basic assumptions………………………………………. 25
5.1.2 Joint modelling……………………………………………………………………… 25
5.1.3 Ground-structure interaction………………………………………………………. 26 5.2 Structural stability………………………………………………………………………… 26
5.2.1 Effects of deformed geometry of the structure……………………………………… 26
5.2.2 Methods of analysis for bridges……………………………………………………. 26 5.3 Imperfections……………………………………………………………………………… 26
5.3.1 Basis………………………………………………………………………………… 26
5.3.2 Imperfections for bridges…………………………………………………………… 27 5.4 Calculation of action effects……………………………………………………………… 27
5.4.1 Methods of global analysis…………………………………………………………. 27
5.4.1.1 General………………………………………………………………………. 27
5.4.1.2 Effective width of flanges for shear lag……………………………………. 28
5.4.2 Linear elastic analysis………………………………………………………………. 29
5.4.2.1 General……………………………………………………………………… 29
5.4.2.2 Creep and shrinkage………………………………………………………… 29
5.4.2.3 Effects of cracking of concrete……………………………………………. 30
5.4.2.4 Stages and sequence of construction………………………………………. 31
5.4.2.5 Temperature effects………………………………………………………… 31
5.4.2.6 Pre-stressing by controlled imposed deformations…………………………. 32
5.4.2.7 Pre-stressing by tendons……………………………………………………. 32
5.4.2.8 Tension members in composite bridges……………………………………. 32
5.4.2.9 Filler beam decks for bridges………………………………………………. 33
5.4.3 Non-linear global analysis for bridges……………………………………………… 34
5.4.4 Combination of global and local action effects……………………………………. 34 5.5 Classification of cross-sections…………………………………………………………… 34
5.5.1 General……………………………………………………………………………… 34
5.5.2 Classification of composite sections without concrete encasement …………………35
5.5.3 Classification of sections of filler beam decks for bridges…………………………. 36
Section 6
Ultimate limit states………………………………………………………….………. 36 6.1 Beams ……………………………………………………………………………………. 36
6.1.1 Beams in bridges - General ………………………………………………………… 36
6.1.2 Effective width for verification of cross-sections…………………………………… 36



EN 1994-2: 2005 (E)
46.2 Resistances of cross-sections of beams………………………………………….………….36
6.2.1 Bending resistance……………………………………………………………………. 36
6.2.1.1 General………………………………………………………………………… 36
6.2.1.2 Plastic resistance moment Mpl,Rd of a composite cross-section………………. 37
6.2.1.3 Additional rules for beams in bridges………………………………………… 38
6.2.1.4 Non-linear resistance to bending……………………………………………… 38
6.2.1.5 Elastic resistance to bending…………………………………………………. 40
6.2.2 Resistance to vertical shear…………………………………………………………… 40
6.2.2.1 Scope…………………………………………………………………………. 40
6.2.2.2 Plastic resistance to vertical shear……………………………………………. 41
6.2.2.3 Shear buckling resistance……………………………………………………… 41
6.2.2.4 Bending and vertical shear…………………………………………………… 41
6.2.2.5 Additional rules for beams in bridges………………………………………… 41 6.3 Filler beam decks. 42
6.3.1 Scope…………………………………………………………………………………. 42
6.3.2 General………………………………………………………………………………… 43
6.3.3 Bending moments……………………………………………………………………. 43
6.3.4 Vertical shear…………………………………………………………………………. 43
6.3.5 Resistance and stability of steel beams during execution…………………………… 44 6.4 Lateral-torsional buckling of composite beams……………………………………………. 44
6.4.1 General………………………………………………………………………………… 44
6.4.2 Beams in bridges with uniform cross-sections in Class 1, 2 and 3……………………. 44
6.4.3 General methods for buckling of members and frames………………………………. 46
6.4.3.1 General method…………………………………………………….…………. 46
6.4.3.2 Simplified method……………………………………………………………. 46 6.5 Transverse forces on webs…………………………………………………………………. 46
6.5.1 General………………………………………………………………………………. 46
6.5.2 Flange-induced buckling of webs……………………………………………………. 46 6.6 Shear connection……………………………………………………………………………. 46
6.6.1 General………………………………………………………………………………… 46
6.6.1.1 Basis of design………………………………………………………………… 46
6.6.1.2 Ultimate limit states other than fatigue………………………………………. 47
6.6.2 Longitudinal shear force in beams for bridges………………………………………. 47
6.6.2.1 Beams in which elastic or non-linear theory is used for
resistances of cross-sections……………………………………………………47
6.6.2.2 Beams in bridges with some cross-sections in Class 1 or 2
and inelastic behaviour………………………………………………………. 48
6.6.2.3 Local effects of concentrated longitudinal shear force due to
introduction of longitudinal forces……………………………………………. 49
6.6.2.4 Local effects of concentrated longitudinal shear force at sudden
change of cross-section………………………………………………………. 51
6.6.3 Headed stud connectors in solid slabs and concrete encasement……………………. 52
6.6.3.1 Design resistance……………………………………………………………… 52
6.6.3.2 Influence of tension on shear resistance………………………………………. 53
6.6.4 Headed studs that cause splitting in the direction of the slab thickness………………. 53
6.6.5 Detailing of the shear connection and influence of execution………………………. 53
6.6.5.1 Resistance to separation……………………………………………………… 53
6.6.5.2 Cover and concreting…………………………………………………………. 53
6.6.5.3 Local reinforcement in the slab………………………………………………. 54
6.6.5.4 Haunches other than formed by profiled steel sheeting………………….…… 54



EN 1994-2:2005 (E)
5
6.6.5.5 Spacing of connectors……………………………………………………… 54
6.6.5.6 Dimensions of the steel flange……………………………………………… 55
6.6.5.7 Headed stud connectors………………………………………………………. 55
6.6.6 Longitudinal shear in concrete slabs…………………………………………. 56
6.6.6.1 General……………………………………………………………………… 56
6.6.6.2 Design resistance to longitudinal shear……………………………………. 56
6.6.6.3 Minimum transverse reinforcement………………………………………… 57 6.7 Composite columns and composite compression members………………………………. 57
6.7.1 General………………………………………………………………………… 57
6.7.2 General method of design ……………………………………………………. 59
6.7.3 Simplified method of design…………………………………………………… 59
6.7.3.1 General and scope…………………………………………………………… 59
6.7.3.2 Resistance of cross-sections…………………………………………………… 60
6.7.3.3 Effective flexural stiffness, steel contribution ratio and relative
slenderness………………………………………………………………… 62
6.7.3.4 Methods of analysis and member imperfections…………………………… 63
6.7.3.5 Resistance of members in axial compression……………………………… 64
6.7.3.6 Resistance of members in combined compression and
uniaxial bending……………………………………………………………. 66
6.7.3.7 Combined compression and biaxial bending………………………………. 66
6.7.4 Shear connection and load introduction……………………………………… 67
6.7.4.1 General……………………………………………………………………… 67
6.7.4.2 Load introduction……………………………………………………………. 67
6.7.4.3 Longitudinal shear outside the areas of load introduction…………………… 70
6.7.5 Detailing Provisions……………………………………………………………. 71
6.7.5.1 Concrete cover of steel profiles and reinforcement………………………… 71
6.7.5.2 Longitudinal and transverse reinforcement………………………………… 71 6.8 Fatigue…………………………………………………………………………………… 72
6.8.1 General……………………………………………………………………………… 72
6.8.2 Partial factors for fatigue assessment of bridges…………………………………… 72
6.8.3 Fatigue strength……………………………………………………………………. 72
6.8.4 Internal forces and fatigue loadings…………………………………………………. 73
6.8.5 Stresses ……………………………………………………………………………… 73
6.8.5.1 General……………………………………………………………………… 73
6.8.5.2 Concrete……………………………………………………………………. 74
6.8.5.3 Structural steel………………………………………………………………. 74
6.8.5.4 Reinforcement……………………………………………………………… 74
6.8.5.5 Shear connection…………………………………………………………… 75
6.8.5.6 Stresses in reinforcement and prestressing steel in members
prestressed by bonded tendons………………………………………………. 75
6.8.6 Stress ranges…………………………………………………………………………. 75
6.8.6.1 Structural steel and reinforcement…………………………………………… 75
6.8.6.2 Shear connection……………………………………………………………. 76
6.8.7 Fatigue assessment based on nominal stress ranges…………………………………. 76
6.8.7.1 Structural steel, reinforcement and concrete………………………………… 76
6.8.7.2 Shear connection……………………………………………………………… 77 6.9 Tension members in composite bridges…………………………………………………… 78



EN 1994-2: 2005 (E)
6 Section 7 Serviceability limit states………………………………………………………… 78 7.1 General…………………………………………………………………………………… 78 7.2 Stresses…………………………………………………………………………………… 79
7.2.1 General……………………………………………………………………………… 79
7.2.2 Stress limitation for bridges………………………………………………………… 79
7.2.3 Web breathing………………………………………………………………………. 79 7.3 Deformations in bridges…………………………………………………………………… 80
7.3.1 Deflections…………………………………………………………………………… 80
7.3.2 Vibrations……………………………………………………………………………. 80 7.4 Cracking of concrete………………………………………………………………………. 80
7.4.1 General………………………………………………………………………………. 80
7.4.2 Minimum reinforcement……………………………………………………………. 81
7.4.3 Control of cracking due to direct loading…………………………………………… 83 7.5 Filler beam decks.………………………………………………………………………… 84
7.5.1 General……………………………………………………………………………… 84
7.5.2 Cracking of concrete………………………………………………………………… 84
7.5.3 Minimum reinforcement……………………………………………………………. 84
7.5.4 Control of cracking due to direct loading……………………………………………. 84
Section 8 Precast concrete slabs in composite bridges……………………………………… 85 8.1 General……………………………………………………………………………………. 85 8.2 Actions……………………………………………………………………………………. 85 8.3 Design, analysis and detailing of the bridge slab…………………………………………. 85 8.4 Interface between steel beam and concrete slab…………………………………………. 85
8.4.1 Bedding and tolerances……………………………………………………………… 85
8.4.2 Corrosion……………………………………………………………………………. 85
8.4.3 Shear connection and transverse reinforcement……………………………………… 85
Section 9 Composite plates in bridges………………………………………………………. 86 9.1 General……………………………………………………………………………………. 86 9.2 Design for local effects……………………………………………………………………. 86 9.3 Design for global effects…………………………………………………………………… 86 9.4 Design of shear connectors………………………………………………………………… 87
Annex C (Informative)
Headed studs that cause splitting forces
in the direction of the slab thickness………………………………………………………………… 89 C.1 Design resistance and detailing
….………………………………………………………. 89 C.2 Fatigue strength…………………………………………………………………………… 90



EN 1994-2:2005 (E)
7Foreword This document (EN 1994-2:2005), Eurocode 4: Design of composite steel and concrete structures, Part 2: General rules and rules for bridges, has been prepared on behalf of Technical Committee CEN/TC 250 "Structural Eurocodes", the Secretariat of which is held by BSI. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by April 2006, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by March 2010. This document supersedes ENV 1994-2:1994. CEN/TC 250 is responsible for all Structural Eurocodes.
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.
Background of the Eurocode programme
In 1975, the Commission of the European Community decided on an action programme in the field of construction, based on article 95 of the Treaty. The objective of the programme was the elimination of technical obstacles to trade and the harmonisation of technical specifications.
Within this action programme, the Commission took the initiative to establish a set of harmonised technical rules for the design of construction works which, in a first stage, would serve as an alternative to the national rules in force in the Member States and, ultimately, would replace them.
For fifteen years, the Commission, with the help of a Steering Committee with Representatives of Member States, conducted the development of the Eurocodes programme, which led to the first generation of European codes in the 1980s.
In 1989, the Commission and the Member States of the EU and EFTA decided, on the basis of an agreement1 between the Commission and CEN, to transfer the preparation and the publication of the Eurocodes to CEN through a series of Mandates, in order to provide them with a future status of European Standard (EN). This links de facto the Eurocodes with the provisions of all the Council’s Directives and/or Commission’s Decisions dealing with European standards (e.g. the Council Directive 89/106/EEC on construction products - CPD - and Council Directives 93/37/EEC, 92/50/EEC and 89/440/EEC on public works and services and equivalent EFTA Directives initiated in pursuit of setting up the internal market).
The Structural Eurocode programme comprises the following standards generally consisting of a number of Parts:
EN 1990 Eurocode : Basis of Structural Design
EN 1991 Eurocode 1: Actions on structures EN 1992 Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures
1 Agreement between the Commission of the European Communities and the European Committee for Standardisation (CEN) concerning the work on EUROCODES for the design of building and civil engineering works (BC/CEN/03/89).



EN 1994-2: 2005 (E)
8EN 1993 Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures EN 1994 Eurocode 4: Design of composite steel and concrete structures EN 1995 Eurocode 5: Design of timber structures EN 1996 Eurocode 6: Design of masonry structures EN 1997 Eurocode 7: Geotechnical design EN 1998 Eurocode 8: Design of structures for earthquake resistance EN 1999 Eurocode 9: Design of aluminium structures
Eurocode standards recognise the responsibility of regulatory authorities in each Member State and have safeguarded their right to determine values related to regulatory safety matters at national level where these continue to vary from State to State.
Status and field of application of Eurocodes The Member States of the EU and EFTA recognise that Eurocodes serve as reference documents for the following purposes:
– as a means to prove compliance of building and civil engineering works with the essential requirements of Council Directive 89/106/EEC, particularly Essential Requirement N°1 – Mechanical resistance and stability – and Essential Requirement N°2 – Safety in case of fire ; – as a basis for specifying contracts for construction works and related engineering services ; – as a framework for drawing up harmonised technical specifications for construction products (ENs and ETAs)
The Eurocodes, as far as they concern the construction works themselves, have a direct relationship with the Interpretative Documents2 referred to in Article 12 of the CPD, although they are of a different nature from harmonised product standards3. Therefore, technical aspects arising from the Eurocodes work need to be adequately considered by CEN Technical Committees and/or EOTA Working Groups working on product standards with a view to achieving full compatibility of these technical specifications with the Eurocodes.
The Eurocode standards provide common structural design rules for everyday use for the design of whole structures and component products of both a traditional and an innovative nature. Unusual forms of construction or design conditions are not specifically covered and additional expert consideration will be required by the designer in such cases.
National Standards implementing Eurocodes The National Standards implementing Eurocodes will comprise the full text of the Eurocode (including any annexes), as published by CEN, which may be preceded by a National title page and National foreword, and may be followed by a National annex.
2 According to Art. 3.3 of the CPD, the essential requirements (ERs) shall be given concrete form in interpretative documents for the creation of the necessary links between the essential requirements and the mandates for harmonised ENs and ETAGs/ETAs. 3 According to Art. 12 of the CPD the interpretative documents shall : a) give concrete form to the essential requirements by harmonising the terminology and the technical bases and indicating classes or levels for each requirement where necessary ; b) indicate methods of correlating these classes or levels of requirement with the technical specifications, e.g. methods of
calculation and of proof, technical rules for project design, etc. ; c) serve as a reference for the establishment of harmonised standards and guidelines for European technical approvals. The Eurocodes, de facto, play a similar role in the field of the ER 1 and a part of ER 2.



EN 1994-2:2005 (E)
9The National annex may only contain information on those parameters which are left open in the Eurocode for national choice, known as Nationally Determined Parameters, to be used for the design of buildings and civil engineering works to be constructed in the country concerned, i.e.:
- values and/or classes where alternatives are given in the Eurocode, - values to be used where a symbol only is given in the Eurocode, - country specific data (geographical, climatic, etc.), e.g. snow map, - the procedure to be used, where alternative procedures are given in the Eurocode. It may also contain
- decisions on the use of informative annexes, and
- references to non-contradictory complementary information to assist the user to apply the Eurocode.
Links between Eurocodes and harmonised technical specifications (ENs and ETAs) for products There is a need for consistency between the harmonised technical specifications for construction products and the technical rules for works4. Furthermore, all the information accompanying the CE Marking of the construction products which refer to Eurocodes shall clearly mention which Nationally Determined Parameters have been taken into account.
Additional information specific to EN 1994-2
EN 1994-2 describes the Principles and requirements for safety, serviceability and durability of composite steel and concrete structures, together with specific provisions for bridges. It is based on the limit state concept used in conjunction with a partial factor method.
EN 1994-2 is intended for use by: – committees drafting other standards for structural design and related product, testing and execution standards ; – clients (e.g. for the formulation of their specific requirements on reliability levels and durability); – designers and constructors ; – relevant authorities.
EN 1994-2 contains the general rules from EN 1994-1-1 and specific rules for the design of composite steel and concrete bridges or composite members of bridges.
EN 1994-2 is intended to be used with EN 1990, the relevant parts of EN 1991, EN 1993 for the design of steel structures and EN 1992 for the design of concrete structures.
Numerical values for partial factors and other reliability parameters are recommended as basic values that provide an acceptable level of reliability. They have been selected assuming that an appropriate level of workmanship and of quality management applies. When EN 1994-2 is used as a base document by other CEN/TCs the same values need to be taken.
4 see Art.3.3 and Art.12 of the CPD, as well as clauses 4.2, 4.3.1, 4.3.2 and 5.2 of ID 1.



EN 1994-2: 2005 (E)
10 National annex for EN 1994-2
This standard gives alternative procedures, values and recommendations for classes with notes indicating where national choices may have to be made. Therefore, the National Standard implementing EN 1994-2 should have a National annex containing all Nationally Determined Parameters to be used for the design of bridges to be constructed in the relevant country.
National choice is allowed in the general rules coming from EN 1994-1-1: 2004 through the following clauses:
National choice is allowed for the specific rules for bridges through the following clauses:
- 2.4.1.1(1) - 2.4.1.2(5) - 6.6.3.1(1)
1.1.3(3) 2.4.1.2(6) 5.4.4(1) 6.2.1.5(9) 6.2.2.5(3) 6.3.1(1) 6.6.1.1(13) 6.8.1(3) 6.8.2(1) 7.4.1(4) 7.4.1(6) 8.4.3(3)



EN 1994-2:2005 (E)
11Section 1
General
1.1 Scope
1.1.1 Scope of Eurocode 4 (1) Eurocode 4 applies to the design of composite structures and members for buildings and civil engineering works. It complies with the principles and requirements for the safety and serviceability of structures, the basis of their design and verification that are given in EN 1990: 2002 – Basis of structural design.
(2) Eurocode 4 is concerned only with requirements for resistance, serviceability, durability and fire resistance of composite structures. Other requirements, e.g. concerning thermal or sound insulation, are not considered.
(3) Eurocode 4 is intended to be used in conjunction with: EN 1990 Basis of structural design EN 1991 Actions on structures ENs, hENs, ETAGs and ETAs for construction products relevant for composite structures EN 1090
Execution of steel structures and aluminium structures EN 13670
Execution of concrete structures EN 1992
Design of concrete structures EN 1993
Design of steel structures EN 1997
Geotechnical design EN 1998
Design of structures for earthquake resistance
(4) Eurocode 4 is subdivided in various parts: Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildings
Part 1-2: Structural fire design
Part 2: General rules and rules for bridges.
1.1.2 Scope of Part 1-1 of Eurocode 4 (1) Part 1-1 of Eurocode 4 gives a general basis for the design of composite structures together with specific rules for buildings.
(2) The following subjects are dealt with in Part 1-1: Section 1: General Section 2: Basis of design Section 3: Materials Section 4: Durability Section 5: Structural analysis Section 6: Ultimate limit states Section 7: Serviceability limit states Section 8: Composite joints in frames for buildings Section 9: Composite slabs with profiled steel sheeting for buildings



EN 1994-2: 2005 (E)
121.1.3 Scope of Part 2 of Eurocode 4
(1) Part 2 of Eurocode 4 gives design rules for steel-concrete composite bridges or members of bridges, additional to the general rules in EN 1994-1-1. Cable stayed bridges are not fully covered by this part.
(2) The following subjects are dealt with in Part 2: Section 1: General
Section 2: Basis of design
Section 3: Materials Section 4: Durability Section 5: Structural analysis Section 6: Ultimate limit states Section 7: Serviceability limit states Section 8: Decks with precast concrete slabs
Section 9: Composite plates in bridges
(3) Provisions for shear connectors are given only for welded headed studs.
NOTE: Reference to guidance for other types of shear connectors may be given in the National Annex.
1.2 Normative references
The following normative documents contain provisions which, through references in this text, constitute provisions of this European standard. For dated references, subsequent amendments to or revisions of any of these publications do not apply. However, parties to agreements based on this European standard are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the normative documents indicated below. For undated references the latest edition of the normative document referred to applies.
1.2.1 General reference standards EN 1090-21)
Execution of steel structures and aluminium Structures-Part 2: Technical requirements for the execution of steel structures
EN 1990: 2002
Basis of structural design.
1.2.2 Other reference standards EN 1992-1-1: 2004
Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures- Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildings EN 1993-1-1: 2005
Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures – Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildings EN 1993-1-3 1
Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures – Part 1-3: Cold-formed thin gauge members and sheeting
EN 1993-1-5 1
Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures- Part 1-5: Plated structural elements
1 To be published



EN 1994-2:2005 (E)
13EN 1993-1-8: 2005
Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures
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