SIST-TP CEN ISO/TR 16178:2012
(Main)Footwear - Critical substances potentially present in footwear and footwear components (ISO/TR 16178:2012)
Footwear - Critical substances potentially present in footwear and footwear components (ISO/TR 16178:2012)
This Technical Report defines a list of critical chemical substances potentially present in footwear and footwear components. This Technical Report describes the critical chemical substances, their potential risks, in which materials they could be found, and which test method(s) can be used to quantify them. It does not include requirements; it is the responsibility of the user of this Technical Report to fix his level of acceptance, e.g.using a defined concentration or detection limit or quantification limit, etc. The proposed test methods indicate the state of the art. Some substances do not include a test method, as no normative test method is available at the moment of the publication of this Technical Report. If possible, it will be included in a further revision of this Technical Report.
This Technical Report applies to any kind of footwear and footwear components.
Schuhe - Möglicherweise in Schuhen und Schuhbestandteilen vorhandene kritische Substanzen (ISO/TR 16178:2012)
Chaussures - Substances critiques potentiellement présentes dans la chaussure et les composants de chaussures (ISO/TR 16178:2012)
Le présent Rapport technique établit une liste de substances chimiques critiques potentiellement présentes dans les chaussures et les composants de chaussures.
Le présent Rapport technique décrit les substances chimiques critiques, leurs risques potentiels, les matériaux dans lesquels on peut les trouver, ainsi que la ou les méthodes d'essai permettant de les quantifier. Il ne comprend aucune exigence; la responsabilité de fixer les niveaux d'acceptation, par exemple en utilisant une concentration définie, une limite de détection ou une limite de quantification, etc., incombe à l'utilisateur du présent Rapport technique.
NOTE Les méthodes d'essai proposées reflètent l'état de la technique. Aucune méthode d'essai n'est indiquée pour certaines substances dans la mesure où aucune méthode d'essai normative n'est disponible au moment de la publication du présent Rapport technique. Si possible, une méthode sera intégrée dans une future version du présent Rapport technique.
Le présent Rapport technique s'applique à tout type de chaussure et de composant de chaussure.
Obuvala - Nevarne snovi, ki so lahko prisotne v obuvalih in njihovih sestavnih delih (ISO/TR 16178:2012)
V tem tehničnem poročilu je naveden seznam nevarnih kemičnih snovi, ki so lahko prisotne v obuvalih in njihovih sestavnih delih. V tem tehničnem poročilu so opisane nevarne kemične snovi, možna tveganja v zvezi z njimi, vrste materialov, v katerih so lahko prisotne, in preskusne metode, ki jih je mogoče uporabiti za njihovo oceno. V poročilu ni navedenih zahtev; določitev sprejemljive stopnje, npr. uporaba opredeljene meje koncentracije, zaznavnosti ali količinske določitve itd., je odgovornost uporabnika tega tehničnega poročila. V predlaganih preskusnih metodah je navedeno stanje tehnike. Nekatere snovi ne vključujejo preskusne metode, ker v času objave tega tehničnega poročila ni na voljo nobene normativne preskusne metode. Če je mogoče, bo vključena v prihodnji reviziji tehničnega poročila.
To tehnično poročilo velja za vse vrste obuval in njihove sestavne dele.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST-TP CEN ISO/TR 16178:2012
01-november-2012
1DGRPHãþD
kSIST-TP FprCEN ISO/TR 16178:2010
Obuvala - Nevarne snovi, ki so lahko prisotne v obuvalih in njihovih sestavnih
delih (ISO/TR 16178:2012)
Footwear - Critical substances potentially present in footwear and footwear components
(ISO/TR 16178:2012)
Schuhe - Möglicherweise in Schuhen und Schuhbestandteilen vorhandene kritische
Substanzen (ISO/TR 16178:2012)
Chaussures - Substances critiques potentiellement présentes dans la chaussure et les
composants de chaussures (ISO/TR 16178:2012)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: CEN ISO/TR 16178:2012
ICS:
61.060 Obuvala Footwear
SIST-TP CEN ISO/TR 16178:2012 en,fr
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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SIST-TP CEN ISO/TR 16178:2012
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SIST-TP CEN ISO/TR 16178:2012
TECHNICAL REPORT
CEN ISO/TR 16178
RAPPORT TECHNIQUE
TECHNISCHER BERICHT
September 2012
ICS 61.060 Supersedes CEN ISO/TR 16178:2010
English Version
Footwear - Critical substances potentially present in footwear
and footwear components (ISO/TR 16178:2012)
Chaussures - Substances critiques potentiellement Schuhe - Möglicherweise in Schuhen und
présentes dans la chaussure et les composants de Schuhbestandteilen vorhandene kritische Substanzen
chaussures (ISO/TR 16178:2012) (ISO/TR 16178:2012)
This Technical Report was approved by CEN on 30 July 2012. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/TC 309.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United
Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2012 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. CEN ISO/TR 16178:2012: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
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SIST-TP CEN ISO/TR 16178:2012
CEN ISO/TR 16178:2012 (E)
Contents Page
Foreword .3
2
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SIST-TP CEN ISO/TR 16178:2012
CEN ISO/TR 16178:2012 (E)
Foreword
This document (CEN ISO/TR 16178:2012) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 309
“Footwear", the secretariat of which is held by AENOR, in collaboration with Technical Committee ISO/TC 216
"Footwear".
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document supersedes CEN ISO/TR 16178:2010.
3
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SIST-TP CEN ISO/TR 16178:2012
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SIST-TP CEN ISO/TR 16178:2012
TECHNICAL ISO/TR
REPORT 16178
Second edition
2012-07-15
Footwear — Critical substances
potentially present in footwear and
footwear components
Chaussures — Substances critiques potentiellement présentes dans la
chaussure et les composants de chaussures
Reference number
ISO/TR 16178:2012(E)
©
ISO 2012
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SIST-TP CEN ISO/TR 16178:2012
ISO/TR 16178:2012(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2012
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s
member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail copyright@iso.org
Web www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2012 – All rights reserved
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SIST-TP CEN ISO/TR 16178:2012
ISO/TR 16178:2012(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
1 Scope . 1
2 Terms and definitions . 1
3 Presence of chemicals in footwear materials . 2
Annex A (informative) Materials used in the footwear industry . 7
Annex B (informative) Critical substances potentially present in footwear and footwear components .13
Bibliography .40
© ISO 2012 – All rights reserved iii
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SIST-TP CEN ISO/TR 16178:2012
ISO/TR 16178:2012(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International
Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
In exceptional circumstances, when a technical committee has collected data of a different kind from that
which is normally published as an International Standard (“state of the art”, for example), it may decide by a
simple majority vote of its participating members to publish a Technical Report. A Technical Report is entirely
informative in nature and does not have to be reviewed until the data it provides are considered to be no longer
valid or useful.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO/TR 16178 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 216, Footwear.
ISO/TR 16178 was prepared by the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) Technical Committee
CEN/TC 309, Footwear, in collaboration with ISO Technical Committee TC 216, Footwear, in accordance with
the Agreement on technical cooperation between ISO and CEN (Vienna agreement).
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO/TR 16178:2010), which has been technically revised.
iv © ISO 2012 – All rights reserved
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SIST-TP CEN ISO/TR 16178:2012
TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/TR 16178:2012(E)
Footwear — Critical substances potentially present in footwear
and footwear components
1 Scope
This Technical Report establishes a list of critical chemical substances potentially present in footwear and
footwear components.
This Technical Report describes the critical chemical substances, their potential risks, the materials in which
they can be found and the test method(s) which can be used to quantify them. It does not include requirements;
it is the responsibility of the user of this Technical Report to fix his/her level of acceptance, for instance using
a defined concentration or detection limit or quantification limit.
NOTE The proposed test methods indicate the state of the art. Some substances do not include a test method, as no
test method is available at the time of publication of this Technical Report. If possible, it is intended to include a test method
in a revision of this Technical Report.
This Technical Report applies to any kind of footwear and footwear components.
2 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
2.1
allergen
substance that is capable of inducing an allergic reaction
2.2
allergy
immunologically mediated response to certain specific substances
NOTE 1 The specific substances are allergens.
NOTE 2 Type-1 allergy (respiratory allergy) is mediated by IgE antibodies and can cause asthma, rhinitis and urticaria.
NOTE 3 Type-4 allergy (dermal allergy) is mediated by T-cells and can cause dermatitis.
2.3
detection limit
value from which a substance is considered detectable
NOTE This means that the signal associated to the substance is three times bigger than the background noise signal.
The limit of detection is determined experimentally by the laboratory for each substance.
2.4
quantification limit
value from which a substance is considered measurable
NOTE It is the value where the uncertainty of measurement is equal to 50 % of the determined value.
2.5
absence of a chemical
state in which a chemical is lacking from a material, where the test method is unable to detect it
NOTE The amount of the chemical is smaller than the detection limit of the test method.
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SIST-TP CEN ISO/TR 16178:2012
ISO/TR 16178:2012(E)
2.6
critical substance
chemical substance that can be found in footwear or footwear components and that can have an effect on the
wearer and/or environmental impact due to its chemical reactivity
NOTE 1 The effects caused by critical substances vary. They can be carcinogenic or mutagenic effects, allergy,
reaction to toxics, etc.
NOTE 2 Legislations can change; this Technical Report gives the information available at the time of publication. It is
the responsibility of the user of this Technical Report to ensure that no changes have occurred.
2.6.1
critical substances category 1
substances with proven dangerous effect on the wearer
NOTE These substances are restricted by regulation at European level.
2.6.2
critical substances category 2
substances with dangerous effect on the wearer
NOTE These substances are restricted by regulation at national level in some countries.
2.6.3
critical substances category 3
substances with environmental impact
NOTE These substances are mentioned in European Ecolabel.
2.6.4
critical substances category 4
substances that are highly suspected to have an effect on the wearer
NOTE Possibly, these substances are not restricted by regulation at the time of publication of this Technical Report.
2.6.5
critical substances category 5
substances that are suspected to have an effect on the wearer
NOTE Possibly, these substances are not restricted by regulation at the time of publication of this Technical Report.
3 Presence of chemicals in footwear materials
A number of chemicals are present in footwear materials. Table 1 gives:
a) materials in which they are supposed to be (for information, see Annex A);
b) the list of the critical chemicals, (for information, see Annex B);
c) test methods which can be used to provoke and quantify them;
d) the potential risk associated with and assessed by the use of the critical substances category scale (see 2.6).
For composite materials, the tests should be conducted on the entire component.
EXAMPLE 1 Coated textile (cotton plus PVC coating): the test on PVC and the test on cellulosic natural fibres should
be carried out.
EXAMPLE 2 Mixed textile (PES plus cotton): the test on cellulosic natural textile and the test on PES textile should
be carried out.
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© ISO 2012 – All rights reserved 3
Table 1 — Critical chemicals potentially present in footwear and footwear components
Leather Synthetic material Natural material Miscellaneous
Substance
Test method
(see Annex B)
Acrylonitrile 5 5 5
AZO - arylamines ISO 17234-1 1 1 1
When 4-aminoazobenzene
AZO - arylamines ISO 17234-2 1 1 1
is suspected
AZO - arylamines EN 14362-1 1 1 1 1 1 1
AZO - arylamines EN 14362-2 1 1
When 4-aminoazobenzene
AZO - arylamines EN 14362-3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
is suspected
Cadmium All plastics (mainly PVC) EN 1122 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Chloroorganic carriers DIN 54232 3
Chromium VI
ISO 17075 2 2 2
Colophony 5
Dimethylformamide (DMF) 4 4
Dimethylfumarate (DMFU)
ISO/TS 16186 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Disperses dyes and dyestuffs DIN 54231 2 2 2 2 2 2
Only for product claiming
Flame retardant 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
FR properties
ISO 17226-1 and
Formaldehyde 2 2 2
ISO 17226-2
Leather
Coated leather
Leather fibre board
PVC
EVA
Rubber
PU – TPU elasthan
PE- PP
Polyester
Polyamide
Chloride fibre
Polyacrylic
Latex
Cellulosic natural textile
Proteinic natural textile
Wood - cork
Adhesives
Metal hardware
Prints for textile
Cellulosic materials
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ISO/TR 16178:2012(E)
4 © ISO 2012 – All rights reserved
Table 1 (continued)
Leather Synthetic material Natural material Miscellaneous
Substance
Test method
(see Annex B)
Formaldehyde EN 120 EN 717-3 2 2
Formaldehyde ISO 14184-1 2 2 2 2 2 2
Extractible
ISO 17072-1 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
(Sb – As – Pb – Cd – Cr –
Co – Cu – Ni – Hg – Zn)
Extractible
Footwear for children less
than 36 months old
ISO 17072-1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
(Sb – As – Pb – Cd – Cr
Heavy metals
– Co – Cu – Ni – Hg – Zn
– Ba – Se)
Total content
ISO 17072-2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
(Sb – As – Pb – Cd – Cr –
Co – Cu – Ni – Hg – Zn)
Total content
EN 14602:2004 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
(As – Cd – Pb)
Mercaptobenzothiazole 5
Extractible latex proteins EN 455-3 4
N-ethylphenylamine 5 4
EN 1811
CR 12471
Nickel Skin contact 1
(with or without
EN 12472)
Footwear for children less
Nitrosamines EN 12868 2
than 36 months old
Leather
Coated leather
Leather fibre board
PVC
EVA
Rubber
PU – TPU elasthan
PE- PP
Polyester
Polyamide
Chloride fibre
Polyacrylic
Latex
Cellulosic natural textile
Proteinic natural textile
Wood - cork
Adhesives
Metal hardware
Prints for textile
Cellulosic materials
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ISO/TR 16178:2012(E)
© ISO 2012 – All rights reserved 5
Table 1 (continued)
Leather Synthetic material Natural material Miscellaneous
Substance
Test method
(see Annex B)
Nitrosamines EN 12868 3
OP, NP, OPEO, NPEO Alkylphenols and 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3
alkylphenolethoxylates)
Organotin compounds(TBT, TPT) ISO/TS 16179 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Organotin compounds(MBT, DBT, DOT), ISO/TS 16179 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 4 3 3 4 4 4 4
Ortho-phenylphenol ISO 13365 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
Ozone depleting substances 3 3 3 3 3 3
PAH – polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
PCP -TeCP – TriCP - polychlorophenols ISO 17070 2 2 2
PCP -TeCP – TriCP - polychlorophenols CEN/TR 14823 2
PCP -TeCP – TriCP - polychlorophenols XP G 08-015 2 2
Pesticides 5 5 5 3 3 5
Only for product claiming
PFOS/PFOA (Perfluorooctane
FR properties and water CEN/TS 15968 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
sulfonate/perfluorooctanoic acid)
resistance
pH ISO 4045 4 4 4
pH ISO 3071 4 4 4 4 4 4
Phenol 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
ISO/TS 16181 3 3 3 3 3
Phthalates
Footwear for children less
ISO/TS 16181 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
than 36 months old
PCB - Polychlorinated biphenyls 5 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 3
Polychloroprene or neoprene 5 5
Leather
Coated leather
Leather fibre board
PVC
EVA
Rubber
PU – TPU elasthan
PE- PP
Polyester
Polyamide
Chloride fibre
Polyacrylic
Latex
Cellulosic natural textile
Proteinic natural textile
Wood - cork
Adhesives
Metal hardware
Prints for textile
Cellulosic materials
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ISO/TR 16178:2012(E)
6 © ISO 2012 – All rights reserved
Table 1 (continued)
Leather Synthetic material Natural material Miscellaneous
Substance
Test method
(see Annex B)
PPD Paraphenylene diamine 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
PTBF Paratertiary butyl phenol formaldehyde 5
Short-chained chloroparaffins (C -C ) 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
10 13
TCMTB (2-(thiocyanatomethylthio)-1,3-benzothiazole) ISO 13365 5 5 5
Thiuram and thiocarbamate 5
Vinyl chloride monomer ISO 6401 4 4
Leather
Coated leather
Leather fibre board
PVC
EVA
Rubber
PU – TPU elasthan
PE- PP
Polyester
Polyamide
Chloride fibre
Polyacrylic
Latex
Cellulosic natural textile
Proteinic natural textile
Wood - cork
Adhesives
Metal hardware
Prints for textile
Cellulosic materials
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ISO/TR 16178:2012(E)
Annex A
(informative)
Materials used in the footwear industry
A.1 Leather
Leather is a general term for hide or skin, with its original fibrous structure more or less intact, tanned to be
rot-proof. The hair or wool can be removed or not. Leather is also made from a hide or skin, which has been
split into layers or segmented, either before or after tanning. However, if the tanned hide or skin is disintegrated
mechanically and/or chemically into fibrous particles, small pieces or powders and then, with or without the
combination of a binding agent, is made into sheets or other forms, such sheets or forms are not leather. If
the leather has a surface coating, no matter what is applied, or a glued-on finish, such surface coating layers
should not be thicker than 0,15 mm.
A.2 Coated leather
Leather, of which the applied surface coating does not exceed one third of the total thickness of the product,
but is in excess of 0,15 mm.
A.3 Leather fibre board
Leather fibre board is the term for materials where tanned hides or skins are disintegrated, mechanically and/or
chemically, into fibrous particles, small pieces or powders and then, are made into sheets or other forms,
with or without the combination of a binding agent. A minimum amount of 50 % mass fraction of dry leather is
necessary to use the term leather fibre board.
A.4 PVC
PVC is a polymer constituted of polymerized vinyl chloride. In footwear material, PVC is used with plasticizer in
order to create flexibility. It can also be used as polymeric coating in a coated fabric or patent leather.
A.5 EVA foam
EVA foam is a polymer composed of ethylene vinyl acetate; it can be expanded to foam. It is used as a
lightweight midsole in some trainers and as an outsole in some summer sandals where resistance to abrasion
is not required.
A.6 Rubber, synthetic rubber and rubber foam
Rubbers are polymers based on either synthetic or natural materials, which are cross-linked to give required
physical performance properties and chemical resistance. They are extensively used as outsoles in many
styles of footwear (see ISO 1382).
A.7 Thermoplastic polyurethanes
Thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPU) are compounds formed from the condensation of isocyanates and polyols
and can be remoulded on the application of heat. They can be moulded in compact or cellular forms.
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A.8 Thermoplastic elastomers or thermoplastic rubbers
Thermoplastic elastomers or thermoplastic rubbers (not vulcanized) (TPE or TPR) combine the processability
of plastics with the flexibility and durability of rubbers, while more lightweight and formable. These properties
provide favourable conditions for the production of thermoplastic materials due to a structure consisting of
block copolymers, which combine elastic chain segments with rubbery properties, and very rigid segments
(at room temperature). They play the same role as the sulfur bonds formed during vulcanization process, i.e.
to prevent the chain displacement against stress. However, due to the absence of a cross-linked structure,
cohesion is lost where exceeding the glass transition temperature and the hot material can flow and is suitable
for injection moulding. For example:
— Polyethylene (PE) is a thermoplastic polymer consisting of long chains, and produced by combining the
ingredient monomer ethylene; it is used in a wide variety of applications, including packaging, textiles,
vessels and construction;
— Polypropylene (PP) is a thermoplastic polymer consisting of long chains, and produced by combining the
ingredient monomer propylene; it is used in a wide variety of applications, including packaging, textiles
(e.g. ropes, thermal underwear and carpets) and construction.
A.9 Latex
Rubber latex is a water-based colloidal solution, which includes spherical rubber particles with a diameter
smaller than 1 µm, dispersed in an aqueous continuous phase and relatively stable. Due to its hydrophobic
nature, it is non-miscible with water, and the suspension is stabilized because every rubber particle is coated
with a layer of natural or synthetic emulsifiers (see ISO 1382).
A.10 Blown material — Foam
Blown material is a synthetic expanded polymer with a closed-cell or open-cell structure, which can be flexible
or rigid, and is used for a variety of products.
A.11 Composite materials
Composites, also known as composite materials or reinforced plastics, consist of a polymeric matrix or
continuous phase and a discrete phase, made up of one or more loads or reinforcements in the form of mineral
and/or synthetic fibres. As a result, a structural material is obtained, whose mechanical properties are, at least,
higher than the values obtained from the lineal combination of the individual properties of both constituents.
For instance, carbon or glass fibres are commonly used as reinforcing materials.
A.12 Polyurethane
Polyurethane (PU) includes those polymers with urethane groups in the molecular backbone, regardless of
the chemical composition of the rest of the chain. Urethane groups (see Figure A.1) are produced through a
chemical reaction between a diisocyanate and a polyol. Thus, typical polyurethane may contain, in addition
to the urethane linkages, aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, esters, ethers, amides, urea and isocyanates
groups. A wide range of properties can be obtained depending on the chemical composition used: thermoplastic,
thermoset, rigid or flexible, cellular or compact polyurethanes, etc. Polyurethanes are used as structural
materials, coatings, adhesives and sealants.
Figure A.1 — Urethane groups
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A.13 Textile
The word textile was originally used to describe a woven fabric. The term now applies to fibres, filaments or
yarns, which are natural or man-made, and the products obtained from them.
EXAMPLE Threads, cords, ropes, braids, lace, embroidery, nets and fabrics made by weaving, knitting, felting,
bonding and tufting are textiles.
A.14 Polyester
Polyester is a polymer with ester bonds in its main string (see Figure A.2). The definition of polyester includes
the large family of synthetic polymers, with polycarbonate being the most used and poly(ethylene terephthalate)
(PET) the most of all.
Figure A.2 — Ester bond
A.15 Polyester fibre
Polyester fibre are fibres composed of synthetic linear macromolecules having in the chain at least 85 % (mass
fraction) of an ester of a diol and benzene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid (terephthalic acid).
A.16 Polyamides
A synthetic linear polymer in which the linkage of the simple chemical compound or compounds used in its
production takes place through the formation of amide groups, for example
[— R — CO — NH — R — CO — NH —] , or
n
[ — R — NH — CO — R — CO — NH —] ,
1 2 n
where R, R , and R are generally, but not necessarily, linear divalent hydrocarbon chains (— CH —) .
1 2 2 m
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Polyamides are distinguished from one another by quoting the number of carbon atoms in the repeating unit or
units for polyamides made from two reactants. In the latter case, the number of carbon atoms in the diamine is
given first, followed by the number in the dicarboxylic acid, for example
- hexanolactam ( E – caprolactam)
[— NH — (CH ) — CO — ] (Nylon 6)
2 5 n
- 1,6 – diaminohexane + hexanedioic acid (adipic acid)
[— NH — (CH ) — NH — CO — (CH ) — CO — ] (Nylon 6:6)
2 6 2 4 n
- 1,6 – diaminohexane + decanedioic acid
[— NH — (CH ) — NH — CO — (CH ) — CO — ] (Nylon 6:10)
2 6 2 8 n
1)
Polyamide (synthetic fibre) and Nylon (synthetic fibre) are used to describe fibres composed of synthetic linear
macromolecules, having in the chain, recurring amide groups, at least 85 % of which are attached to aliphatic
or cyclo-aliphatic groups.
Nylon is a thermoplastic polymer belonging to the polyamide group (PA). It has good tensile properties, high hardness
and toughness. Nylon fibres are commonly used by the textile industry in the shape of threads. This material is
comprised of long-chain synthetic polyamides containing amide groups (-CONH-), in the core of the polymeric
chain. Although there are different varieties of Nylon, the most commonly known are Nylon 6.6 and Nylon 6.
A.17 Chlorofibres
Chlorofibres is a term used to describe fibres composed of synthetic linear macromolecules with more than
50 % (mass fraction) of chloroethene (vinyl chloride) or I,J-dichloroethene (vinylidene chloride) groups in their
chains. [More than 65 %, in the case where the rest of the chain is made up of cyanoethene (acrylonitrile)
groups, the modacrylic fibres being thus excluded.]
A.18 Polyacrylic
Polyacrylics are a synonym for copolymer fabrics with polyacrylnitrile (PAN) and polymethyl-methacrylates
2)
(PMMA). The content of PAN shall be higher than 85 %. Typical materials are Dralon, Orlon or Dolan .
A.19 Natural textile
A.19.1 General
Natural textile describes articles of clothing and textile commodities, which are produced from natural fibres by
special criteria. Natural fibres should be untreated or, at least, treated to the least extent possible. The porosity of
the fibres should be guaranteed, in any case, and the natural textile articles should be water vapour permeable.
NOTE Natural fibres are fibres made from animals, plants or minerals (cotton, wool, silk, linen, etc.). Fibres of natural
origin, which are intended to be spinnable by means of chemical preparation, just like viscose rayon or modal, are not
considered natural fibres.
A.19.2 Proteinic textile
Proteinic textile is textile issued from animal fibres.
1) Nylon is a trademark. This information is given for the convenience of users of this document and does not constitute
an endorsement by ISO. Equivalent products may be used if they can be shown to lead to the same results.
2) Dralon, Orlon and Dolan are trademarks. This information is given for the convenience of users of this document and
does not constitute an endorsement by ISO. Equivalent products may be used if they can be shown to lead to the same
results.
10 © ISO 2012 – All rights reserved
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SIST-TP CEN ISO/TR 16178:2012
ISO/TR 16178:2012(E)
A.19.3 Cellulosic textile
Cellulosic textile is textile issued from vegetable fibres.
A.19.4 Man-made textile fibres
Man-made textile fibres are textiles which are not issued from proteinic or cellulosic fibres.
A.19.5 Mixed textile
Mixed textiles consist of a mix of natural fibres and chemical fibres.
A.20 Print for textile
Textile printing is a process of applying colour to fabric or non-woven textile in definite patterns or designs. In
properly printed fabrics, the colour is bonded with the fibre so as to resist washing and friction. Textile printing
is related to dyeing but, whereas in dyeing proper the whole fabric is uniformly covered with one colour, in
printing, one or more colour(s) are applied to the fabric in certain parts only and in sharply defined patterns.
In printing, wooden blocks, stencils, engraved plates, rollers or silkscreen are used to pla
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