SIST EN ISO 11064-4:2014
(Main)Ergonomic design of control centres - Part 4: Layout and dimensions of workstations (ISO 11064-4:2013)
Ergonomic design of control centres - Part 4: Layout and dimensions of workstations (ISO 11064-4:2013)
ISO 11064-4:2013 specifies ergonomic principles, recommendations and requirements for the design of workstations found in control centres. It covers control workstation design with particular emphasis on layout and dimensions. It is applicable primarily to seated, visual-display-based workstations, although control workstations at which operators stand are also addressed. These different types of control workstation are to be found in applications such as transportation control, process control and security installations. Most of these workstations now incorporate flat-display screens for the presentation of information.
Ergonomische Gestaltung von Leitzentralen - Teil 4: Auslegung und Maße von Arbeitsplätzen (ISO 11064-4:2013)
Dieser Teil von ISO 11064 legt ergonomische Grundsätze, Empfehlungen und Anforderungen für die Gestaltung von Arbeitsplätzen in Leitzentralen fest. Dabei werden besonders Auslegung und Maße bei der Gestaltung von Leitplätzen berücksichtigt. Diese Norm ist vor allem anwendbar auf Sitzarbeitsplätze mit Bildschirmgeräten, obgleich Leitplätze, an denen Operatoren stehen, ebenfalls angesprochen werden. Diese verschiedenen Leitplätze finden zum Beispiel Anwendung in der Transport- und Prozesslenkung und in Sicherheitseinrichtungen. Die meisten dieser Arbeitsplätze umfassen jetzt Flachbildschirme zur Darstellung von Information.
Conception ergonomique des centres de commande - Partie 4: Agencement et dimensionnement du poste de travail (ISO 11064-4:2013)
L'ISO 11064-4:2013 spécifie des principes ergonomiques, des recommandations et des exigences relatives à la conception des postes de travail dans les centres de commande. Elle traite de la conception des pupitres de conduite, en prêtant une attention particulière à l'agencement et au dimensionnement. Elle couvre principalement les postes de travail pour posture assise et équipés d'écrans de visualisation, mais concerne également les pupitres de conduite pour posture debout. Ces différents types de pupitres de conduite sont mis en place dans des applications touchant à des domaines tels que le contrôle du transport, la commande de processus et les installations de sécurité. La plupart de ces postes de travail intègrent à l'heure actuelle des écrans plats pour la présentation des informations.
Ergonomsko načrtovanje krmilnih centrov - 4. del: Ureditev in mere delovnih mest (ISO 11064-4:2013)
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-marec-2014
1DGRPHãþD
SIST EN ISO 11064-4:2004
(UJRQRPVNRQDþUWRYDQMHNUPLOQLKFHQWURYGHO 8UHGLWHYLQPHUHGHORYQLKPHVW
,62
Ergonomic design of control centres - Part 4: Layout and dimensions of workstations
(ISO 11064-4:2013)
Ergonomische Gestaltung von Leitzentralen - Teil 4: Auslegung und Maße von
Arbeitsplätzen (ISO 11064-4:2013)
Conception ergonomique des centres de commande - Partie 4: Agencement et
dimensionnement du poste de travail (ISO 11064-4:2013)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO 11064-4:2013
ICS:
13.180 Ergonomija Ergonomics
25.040.10 9HþRSHUDFLMVNLVWURML Machining centres
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
EUROPEAN STANDARD
EN ISO 11064-4
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
November 2013
ICS 13.180 Supersedes EN ISO 11064-4:2004
English Version
Ergonomic design of control centres - Part 4: Layout and
dimensions of workstations (ISO 11064-4:2013)
Conception ergonomique des centres de commande - Ergonomische Gestaltung von Leitzentralen - Teil 4:
Partie 4: Agencement et dimensionnement du poste de Auslegung und Maße von Arbeitsplätzen (ISO 11064-
travail (ISO 11064-4:2013) 4:2013)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 24 August 2013.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European
Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national
standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same
status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United
Kingdom.
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EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2013 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 11064-4:2013 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
Contents Page
Foreword .3
Foreword
This document (EN ISO 11064-4:2013) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 159
"Ergonomics" in collaboration with Technical Committee CEN/TC 122 “Ergonomics” the secretariat of which is
held by DIN.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical
text or by endorsement, at the latest by May 2014, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the
latest by May 2014.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document supersedes EN ISO 11064-4:2004.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following
countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech
Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece,
Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal,
Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO 11064-4:2013 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO 11064-4:2013 without any modification.
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 11064-4
Second edition
2013-11-15
Ergonomic design of control centres —
Part 4:
Layout and dimensions of workstations
Conception ergonomique des centres de commande —
Partie 4: Agencement et dimensionnement du poste de travail
Reference number
ISO 11064-4:2013(E)
©
ISO 2013
ISO 11064-4:2013(E)
© ISO 2013
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior
written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of
the requester.
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ii © ISO 2013 – All rights reserved
ISO 11064-4:2013(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Initial control workstation layout considerations . 3
5 Factors determining control workstation design . 4
5.1 General user considerations . 5
5.2 Visual tasks . 9
5.3 Auditory tasks .10
5.4 Working postures .10
6 Control workstation layout .12
6.1 General layout considerations .13
6.2 Layout requirements .14
7 Control workstation dimensions .17
7.1 Dimension considerations .17
7.2 Seated control workstations .17
7.3 Standing control workstations .18
Annex A (informative) Arranging displays and control workstations .19
Annex B (informative) Conformance matrix .30
Bibliography .37
ISO 11064-4:2013(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. www.iso.org/directives
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any
patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on
the ISO list of patent declarations received. www.iso.org/patents
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 159, Ergonomics, Subcommittee SC 4, Ergonomics
of human-system interaction.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 11064-4:2004), which has been
technically revised.
ISO 11064 consists of the following parts, under the general title Ergonomic design of control centres:
— Part 1: Principles for the design of control centres
— Part 2: Principles for the arrangement of control suites
— Part 3: Control room layout
— Part 4: Layout and dimensions of workstations
— Part 5: Displays and controls
— Part 6: Environmental requirements for control centres
— Part 7: Principles for the evaluation of control centres
iv © ISO 2013 – All rights reserved
ISO 11064-4:2013(E)
Introduction
This part of ISO 11064 establishes ergonomic requirements, recommendations and guidelines for the
design of workplaces in control centres.
All types of control centres are covered, including those for the process industry, transport and
dispatching systems and emergency services. Although this part of ISO 11064 is primarily intended for
non-mobile control centres, many of the principles are relevant to mobile centres such as those found on
ships, locomotives and aircraft.
User requirements are a central theme of this part of ISO 11064 and the processes described are designed
to take into account the needs of users at all design stages. The overall strategy for dealing with user
requirements is presented in ISO 11064-1. ISO 11064-2 provides guidance on the design and planning of the
control room in relation to its supporting areas. Requirements for the layout of the control room are covered
by ISO 11064-3. Displays and controls, human computer interaction and the physical working environment
are presented in ISO 11064-5 and ISO 11064-6. Evaluation principles are dealt with in ISO 11064-7.
The users of this standard are assumed to have some understanding of anthropometry, its use and
limitations, and its application in the context of control rooms. Where this understanding is in doubt, it
is recommended that the advice of an expert be sought.
The ultimate beneficiaries of this part of ISO 11064 will be the operator within the control room and
other such users. It is the needs of these users that provide the ergonomic requirements that are
addressed by the International Standards developers. Although it is unlikely that the end user will read
this International Standard, or even know of its existence, its application should provide the user with
interfaces that are more usable and a working environment which is more consistent with operational
demands, and result in a solution which will improve system performance, minimize error and enhance
productivity.
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 11064-4:2013(E)
Ergonomic design of control centres —
Part 4:
Layout and dimensions of workstations
1 Scope
This part of ISO 11064 specifies ergonomic principles, recommendations and requirements for the design
of workstations found in control centres. It covers control workstation design with particular emphasis
on layout and dimensions. It is applicable primarily to seated, visual-display-based workstations,
although control workstations at which operators stand are also addressed. These different types of
control workstation are to be found in applications such as transportation control, process control
and security installations. Most of these workstations now incorporate flat-display screens for the
presentation of information.
2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated
references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 7250-1:2008, Basic human body measurements for technological design — Part 1: Body measurement
definitions and landmarks
ISO 9241-410:2008, Ergonomics of human-system interaction — Part 410: Design criteria for physical
input devices
ISO 9241-5:1998, Ergonomic requirements for office work with visual display terminals (VDTs) — Part 5:
Workstation layout and postural requirements
ISO 11064-3:1999, Ergonomic design of control centres — Part 3: Control room layout
ISO 11428:1996, Ergonomics — Visual danger signals — General requirements, design and testing
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this part of ISO 11064, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
control workstation
single or multiple working position, including all equipment such as computers and communication
terminals and furniture at which control and monitoring functions are conducted
[SOURCE: ISO 11064-3:1999, 3.7.]
3.2
cone of fixations
angular extent to which the line of sight can be swept by rotating the eyeball in the skull while the head rests
ISO 11064-4:2013(E)
3.3
legibility
ability for unambiguous identification of single characters or symbols that may be presented in a non-
contextual format
[SOURCE: ISO 9241-302:2008, 3.3.35.]
3.4
line-of-sight
line connecting the point of fixation and the centre of the pupil
Note 1 to entry: The line-of-sight with two eyes is the line connecting the point of fixation and the midpoint
between the two pupils
[SOURCE: ISO 9241-302:2008, 3.3.36.]
3.5
nearpoint
nearest viewing distance to which the eye accommodates
3.6
normal line-of-sight
inclination of the line-of-sight with respect to the horizontal plane, when the muscles assigned for the
orientation of the eyes are relaxed
3.7
percentile
value of a variable below which a certain percentage of observations fall
3.8
reach envelope
three-dimensional space in which an operator can comfortably reach and manipulate controls by either
hand while assuming a posture normally anticipated for the task
3.9
task zone
space determined by the equipment and activities required for the conduct of a particular task
3.10
visual angle
angle subtended at the eye by the viewed object, e.g. a character or symbol
3.11
visual field, field of vision
physical space visible to an eye in a given position
[SOURCE: ISO 8995:1989, 3.1.10.]
Note 1 to entry: In this standard the use of both eyes is assumed for visual field considerations.
Note 2 to entry: The position of the visual field depends on the direction of the line-of-sight.
Note 3 to entry: Separate, distinct stimuli in the visual field will be detected even if they appear simultaneously.
Note 4 to entry: While the extent of the visual field is approximately ± 35° around the line-of-sight, only between
1° and 2° of these are for sharp vision.
3.12
work environment
physical, chemical, biological, organizational, social and cultural factors surrounding a worker
[SOURCE: ISO 6385:2004, 2.6.]
2 © ISO 2013 – All rights reserved
ISO 11064-4:2013(E)
3.13
work space
volume allocated to one or more persons in the work system to complete the work task
[SOURCE: ISO 6385:2004, 2.15.]
3.14
workstation
combination of work equipment for a particular person in a work space
[SOURCE: ISO 11064-2:2000, 3.5.]
Note 1 to entry: It is possible that several persons may share a particular control workstation, or that several
persons alternate several workstations within any period of time (i.e. on an hourly, daily, weekly basis).
3.15
work task
activity or set of activities required by the worker to achieve an intended outcome
[SOURCE: ISO 6385:2004, 2.17.]
4 Initial control workstation layout considerations
The starting point for control workstation design (shape and dimensions) is a list of work tasks and
related work characteristics. The human operator may need certain facilities, such as displays, input
devices and communication equipment. Work space may also be required for special control-room-
related tasks such as paper work. For each task, a compilation of the requirements of the associated
devices is needed. By taking account of job designs, task zones are combined together into control
workstation arrangements. The grouping of control workstations into control room layouts is discussed
in ISO 11064-2 and ISO 11064-3.
Requirements identified for each task zone are inputs for the detailed engineering of control workstations.
A systematic approach to designing control workstations is presented in Figure 1. The sequence of
stages involved in this process may vary as a result of iterations, and this may have an impact on the
appropriate tasks which need to be undertaken at each stage.
ISO 11064-4:2013(E)
Design steps
Conditions
System objectives
Starting Point (see Clause 4)
· List all tasks to be accomplished at the
Situation analysis
control workstation
· List all physical constraints that may inluence the design i.e.
Task analysis
room shape, supporting ceiling columns, passageways etc.
Tasks to be accomplished at
possible operation modes
Determine the information and control
Area of operator´s responsibility
functions required at control workstation.
Determine and specify the required
Suitable products for
instruments and other materials at each
displays and controls
control workstation (displays, controls,
communication equipment, documents, etc.
Determine the expected work postures
User population (sitting, standing) and the anthropometric
data of the expected user population (ethnic,
Duration of tasks
male and/or female, disabled)
Design the workstation in plan and
elevation. Design for viewing irst , then check
Dimensions of equipment
for control activities. Check for unobstructed
view to all information sources (displays,
persons, windows, etc.) Consider space for
documents, telecom equipment.
Verify and validate the layout and
Design speciication
dimensioning. Involve user participants in
checking designs such as through mock ups and
Maintainability (e.g. access
selecting the preferred option.
to wiring, space for parts re-
Check for maintainability requirements, i.e.
moval etc.)
access from front or rear to exchange parts, etc.
Document the designs, constraints,
Record adopted
alter-native considerations and
compromise
recommendations for future projects.
NOTE Each design stage in the process may result in a feedback loop to one of the earlier steps.
Figure 1 — Control workstation design steps
5 Factors determining control workstation design
This clause is mainly concerned with control workstations with one or more visual displays,
communication tools and space for administrative functions and documentation.
4 © ISO 2013 – All rights reserved
ISO 11064-4:2013(E)
5.1 General user considerations
5.1.1 General requirements
Workstations shall be designed to accommodate from the 5th to the 95th percentiles of dimensions
of the intended user population. When considering the user population, account shall be taken of
the demographic characteristics of the intended users, including gender, age, ethnic background and
disabilities.
Workstations shall be designed according to human capabilities, limitations and needs. Consequently,
the design shall take into consideration the physical characteristics of the user population, including
working postures, visual and aural needs, reach envelopes and their collective influences on control
workstation layout and dimensions.
5.1.2 User requirements
The layout and dimensioning of control workstations shall be governed by the anthropometric dimensions
of the user and any requirements for movement to accomplish his/her tasks. Anthropometric data are
usually given in terms of percentiles.
General anthropometric requirements are the following.
a) The percentile values referred to in this part of ISO 11064 shall be computed from the set of
anthropometric data of the expected user population.
b) Control workstation dimensions shall accommodate at least a range from the 5th to the 95th
percentile of the user population.
c) The following anthropometric data shall be used to primarily determine the control workstation
dimensions:
— reach envelope: 5th percentile of the user population, e.g. reach to critical equipment;
— clearances: 95th percentile of the user population, e.g. clearances under work surfaces.
The key anthropometric dimensions for consideration of a seated operator (in elevation) are shown in
Figure 2. Figure 3 shows the anthropometric dimensions (in elevation) for consideration for a standing
operator, and Figure 4 shows the dimensions in plan view for seated and standing operators. Any design
solution selected should not unnecessarily disadvantage members presenting extreme anthropometric
dimensions of the user population. Design parameters proposed should be checked against the relevant
characteristics of the user population.
ISO 11064-4:2013(E)
o
A
V
m
a
c
b
J
e E
g
G
F
f
j
W
C
d
h
k K
Anthropometric measurements Control workstation dimensions
Symbol Description ISO 7250-1:2008 Symbol Description Calculation
subclause
a
a Eye height, sitting 4.2.2 A Viewing distance
C = d plus shoe heel height minus
b
b Elbow height, sitting 4.2.5 C Seat pan height range
comfort factor
c
Horizontal clearance under
c Shoulder height, sitting 4.2.4 E E = h minus g
work surface at knee height
F = d plus e plus shoe heel height
Lower leg length (pop-
d j
d 4.2.12 F Work surface height plus seat cushion thickness plus
liteal height)
work surface thickness
Vertical clearance under G = d plus e plus shoe heel height
e Thigh clearance 4.2.13 G
e 10
work surface plus seat cushion thickness
Armrest height (from seat
f Top of thigh height 4.2.14 J J = b plus seat cushion thickness
f
pan)
Buttock abdomen depth Horizontal clearance at foot
g 4.2.17 K K = j minus g plus k
g k
sitting level
h
h Buttock knee length 4.4.7 V Usable work surface depth
i
j Buttock popliteal length 4.4.6 W Seat pan depth W = j
k Foot length 4.3.7
o Grip reach 4.4.2
m Shoulder elbow length 4.2.6
a
Function of eye height, sitting and task requirements and equipment.
b
Range — 5th percentile to 95th percentile.
c
Use largest h minus smallest g.
d
Fixed work surface height — use largest d plus largest e. Adjustable work surface height — range of F calculated using (small-
est d and smallest e) and (largest d and largest e).
e
Fixed work surface height — use largest d added to largest e. Adjustable work surface height — range of G calculated using
(smallest d and smallest e) and (largest d and largest e).
f
Range — use 5th percentile b to 95th percentile b.
g
Use largest j minus smallest g plus largest k.
h
V = derived from task and control equipment requirements.
i
Use smallest j.
j
Maximum recommended work surface thickness 40 mm.
k
This calculation will give maximum values — see recommendation in 5.4.2 for leg and feet clearances.
Figure 2 — Illustration of key anthropometric and control workstation dimensions associated
with seated control workstation in elevation
6 © ISO 2013 – All rights reserved
ISO 11064-4:2013(E)
For standing vertical panels (see Figure 3), controls should not be so low that the standing-tall user must
stoop to reach down to them.
Where no clothing allowances are specified in the anthropometric database, the dimensional effects of
footwear and clothing shall be considered.
The effects of different postures shall be considered.
If it is impossible to cope with this range from the 5th percentile to the 95th with a fixed control
workstation, an adjustable workstation shall be considered.
It may be necessary to combine anthropometric data, though caution should be exercised when doing this.
Usually, the native anthropometric data set is based on naked subjects. Some data sources, however,
include clothing allowance on certain dimensions. The implications of wearing personal protective
equipment should also be considered if a task analysis reveals that this is required.
The control workstation designers shall take account of the changes in eye position, relative to the
location of equipment and the view over the workstation, when different postures are adopted by the
operator (see Table 2).
NOTE Changing between the four postures of “bent forward”, “erect”, “reclined” and “relaxed” results in
changes in the vertical position of the eyes and their relative position relative to the front edge of the workstation,
Another allowance concerns the so-called slump factor (a correction made to measurements taken from
an erect posture), an attempt to simulate more natural and relaxed postures. In some sources, this factor
is included; in others, not. Therefore, data sources should be checked carefully before being applied.
Typically, control workstations will be operated by multiple users who might exhibit a range of
anthropometric features. Control workstation design and layout should take account of this variable
user population.
Adjustable control workstations should be considered and accommodate at least a range from the 5th
percentile to the 95th percentile of the determining body dimensions of the user population (see 7.2).
Adjustment devices should be easy and safe to use from a seated position.
NOTE Reliability is an important design feature when incorporating adjustability in workstations
ISO 11064-4:2013(E)
o
A
N
V
s
Q
P
p
q
O
r
k k
Anthropometric measurements Control workstation dimensions
Symbol Description ISO 7250-1:2008 Symbol Description Calculation
subclause
a
p Eye height 4.1.3 A Viewing distance
b
q Shoulder height 4.1.4 O Work surface height O = r plus shoe heel height
c
r Elbow height 4.1.5 P Work surface thickness
d
o Grip reach 4.4.2 Q Knee and footwell
e
s Body depth, 4.1.10 V Usable work surface depth
standing
f
k Foot length 4.3.7 N Maximum reach distance N = o minus s
a
Function of eye height and task requirements and equipment.
b
Fixed work surface height — use 0,5* (5th percentile r and 95th percentile r). Adjustable work surface height —
5th percentile r and 95th percentile r.
c
Recommended value not greater than 40mm.
d
Allow 300mm for shod feet and knee flexion.
e
V = derived from task and control equipment requirements.
f
Use shortest o and largest s.
Figure 3 — Illustration of key anthropometric and control workstation dimensions associated
with standing control workstation in elevation
8 © ISO 2013 – All rights reserved
ISO 11064-4:2013(E)
5.2 Visual tasks
The basic visual tasks are detection and identification (see Annex A).
5.2.1 General visual considerations
When arranging displays, the following factors and their interrelationships should be taken into account.
a) Eye heights, which depend on
— anthropometric data of the user population, and
— the postures (cf. Figure 3 and Table 2) of the users while accomplishing their tasks (e.g.
monitoring, interacting).
The influence of work surface adjustability, i.e. chair height on the eye height, shall be considered.
Refer to the appropriate anthropometric data set for input to the calculations.
b) Viewing distances should be chosen taking full account of
— eye strain,
— the nearpoint of the eye,
— the visual angle required to identify the characters on the screen, and
— the task.
c) The normal line-of-sight (see Table 2).
NOTE See Annex A for guidance on determining the arrangement of control workstation displays.
5.2.2 General visual recommendations
Accurate identification of a character depends on its legibility (its contrast, font style, colour, size, etc.),
as well as the viewing distance (see Annex A for further details).
The viewing distance shall be based on the following considerations concerning character height.
— For VDUs (visual display units), the minimum height of monochrome Latin characters shall subtend
15 min of angle (in accordance with ISO 9355-2). Recommended Latin character heights are,
1)
however, 18 to 20 min of angle .
For a quick approximation, the following calculation shall be used:
— maximum viewing distance (for rectangular view on the middle of a display area) = 215 × Latin
character’s height
NOTE For a detailed calculation of the arrangement of displays, see Annex A.
— Character height is given by the height of capitals and numerals of the smallest font size in use
on the screen.
— Viewing distance for identification of characters and symbols shall be > 500 mm, since large groups
of users (e.g. older users without spectacles) will have difficulty accommodating their eyes to
shorter distances.
— For minimizing eye strain, the viewing distance should be 700 mm or greater (see Bibliography [9]).
Larger viewing distances improve depth of focus.
1) Taken from ISO 9241-3:1992, Ergonomic requirements for office work with visual display terminals (VDTs) —
Part 3: Visual display requirements. Cancelled and replaced by References [15] to [19].
ISO 11064-4:2013(E)
NOTE Typically, control workstations need to accommodate writing areas, keyboards, phones and
communication equipment, etc. in front of the display. For this reason, larger viewing distances may be
required which would have an impact on, for example, font sizes, display formats.
Assuming a reclined seated position, the normal line-of-sight is straight forward in the horizontal plane
and approximately 15° below the horizontal in the vertical plane (see Table 1). This is the starting point
for the following requirements
— Displays (see ISO 11064-3) requiring frequent or critical monitoring (e.g. operator working screens)
shall be arranged in front of the operator in the primary display zone. The primary display zone,
when the line-of-sight direction is not imposed by external task requirements, is in the vertical plane
within an angle of 40° above and below the normal line-of-sight. In the horizontal plane, this range
will be approximately 35° left and right of the line-of-sight for monitoring tasks (see ISO 11428) and
more if head and body movement are taken into account.
— Where information from off-workstation displays (large screens, wall and mimic panels, etc.) is
required for the operator’s task, this shall be fully visible from all expected working positions in the
control room (see ISO 11064-3).
5.3 Auditory tasks
5.3.1 General auditory considerations
Control workstations may be equipped with a variety of sound-generating devices. They may be used
in alerting operators to normal (e.g. feedback, phone) and abnormal events, providing feedback to
keyboard operations, and conveying person-to-person messages. Unlike the visual systems that require
direct lines-of-sight to be effective, audible devices, e.g. speakers, bells and buzzers. can be mounted in
a variety of locations and still be effective in conveying information to the operator (for guidance on
auditory alarms, see ISO 11064-5). The location of the devices is often governed by operating practices,
areas of responsibility, shared or dedicated control workstation allocations, etc.
5.3.2 General auditory requirements and recommendations
General auditory requirements and recommendations include the following.
a) Sound-producing devices (e.g. speakers) shall be located and mounted such that their function is
not compromised.
b) Where alarm indications can be provided by other than auditory means, silencing may be permissible.
Silencing should be possible from the normal working position of the operator.
c) It shall be possible to readily associate a particular audible signal with a unique workstation in
multiple control workstation configurations.
d) Use of spatial separation to aid identification when multiple auditory sources are present.
e) The impact of background noise should be considered when designing auditory alarms (see ISO 11064-6)
5.4 Working postures
5.4.1 Posture considerations
An operator assumes several postures while accomplishing a task: seated, standing or alternating
between seated and standing positions. The design implications of these alternatives on general control
workstation arrangements are presented in Clause 7.
As a general principle, seated workstations are appropriate for lengthy periods of operation and standing
control workstations for occasional use. Sit/stand control workstations may provide an alternative
solution when the duration of the anticipated tasks is taken into account and a standing-only control
10 © ISO 2013 – All rights reserved
ISO 11064-4:2013(E)
workstation is not appropriate. The ergonomic requirements are determined by the nature of the task
and operator needs for postural change. As an overall principle, any solution should allow for postural
variation. See Table 1.
Table 1 — Ergonomic requirements for control workstations
Ergonomic requirements Type of control workstation
Posture Duration
Sit Continuous Seated workstation
Sit and stand Mainly seated with occasional stand- Sit/stand workstation
ing
Sit or stand Mixture of tasks of variable duration Adjustable workstation
Stand Continuous Stand workstation
Also considered are the postures associated with the seated operating condition. When a seated
posture is adopted, this may include bent forward (monitoring at a high level of attention), erect (typing,
operating controls), reclined (monitoring) and relaxed (monitoring) postures. See Table 2 and Figure 3.
Table 2 shows the effect on the operator’s eye position as a consequence of varying postures; the actual
dimensions to be used shall be derived from the anthropometric data of the intended user population.
There are corresponding effects regarding reach envelopes, body clearances, etc.
5.4.2 Posture requirements and recommendations
General posture requirements and recommendations include the following.
a) The design shall accommodate the different viewing distances and the inclination of the normal
line-of-sight for the varying postures.
b) The leg and feet clearances should accommodate a 120° knee bend and a 10° ankle bend, and the
geometric effects of these joint extensions should be considered.
c) Operator chairs shall be height-adjustable. For details concerning control room operator chair
requirements, see ISO 9241-5.
d) Adequate forearm support should be provided.
e) The quality of chairs used, and their durability, should take into account that operator chairs are
normally used 24 h per day, 7 d per week.
f) The geometric effects of joint extensions, resulting from the differing postures, need to be considered
when clearances for legs and feet are considered.
ISO 11064-4:2013(E)
Table 2 — Operations and postures
Normal line-of-
Posture Corresponding operations Remarks
sight inclination
A: Bent forward 20°± 5° Monitoring at high level of atten- — shoulder joint
tion above edge of console
Operation of controls — applicable for
short periods of time
— max. handreach
determined by 5th percen-
tile
B: Erect 30°± 5° Typing — handreach of the
5th percentile up to 50 cm
Handwriting
from edge of console
Operation of controls
— eyes just above
edge of console
C: Reclined 15°± 5° Monitoring — eyes up to 18 cm
(95th percentile) away
from edge of console
D: Relaxed 15°± 5° Long-term monitoring — eyes up to 35 cm
(95th percentile) away
Talking to others
from edge of console
6 Control workstation layout
Control workstation layout shall take account of the tasks to be carried out at the workstation. In addition
to the task analysis, design considerations such as user population, working postures and equipment to
be housed will dictate the physical shape and dimensions of the workstation.
It is recommended that the design be planned such that it can accommodate future changes and
additional equipment.
12 © ISO 2013 – All rights reserved
ISO 11064-4:2013(E)
6.1 General layout considerations
6.1.1 Displays
The arrangement of particular task areas and equipment should consider both the horizontal (plan view)
and vertical (elevation view) planes. The resulting work space bounded by these horizontal and vertical
planes should be located central to the position of the operator. In practice, the operator shall not be
required to fixate in one location. The overall design should accommodate the operator’s visual, tactile
and aural needs in relation to the display, control and communication tasks, as well as consideration for
operator’s physical postures (sitting, standing, etc.).
Emphasis should be placed on centrally locating those visual displays and indicators that present primary
information, the most frequently used displays or those associated with high-priority information such
as alarms, overviews and interactive control displays. The method given in Annex A covers all these
aspects in combination. Care should be given to avoid distractions, while at the same time making
secondary information accessible in a convenient way.
Viewing angles should be assessed at various vertical and horizontal planes to verify compliance with
those recommended in relation to the operator’s working position and postures (see Annex A). The
operator should preferably look directly at the centre of the primary information and towards the
frequently used ancillary equipment, i.e. pushbutton/switch arrays, security systems, etc.
If the operator is temporarily at a secondary location [i.e. discussion, desk (administrative tasks), printer,
etc.], he/she should be able to look back at primary displays.
Control workstations equipped with multiple displays, i.e. typical table top or console mounted VDUs
(CRTs, Flat Panel LCDs) and the like, require special attention regarding placement and layout.
The maximum number of displays which can be used at a single control workstation is a major
consideration which shall be based on a task analysis. It is generally considered that, from a dedicated
operator’s working position, and with current technology, not more than four displays (up to 25 inch
diagonal) can be satisfactorily monitored and operated. Where monitoring of the general situation is
concerned, it may be possible for an additional number of monitors to be viewed, though this would
be likely to involve the operator moving away from the front edge of the control console. Where there
is a need to monitor and operate more than four displays, a secondary work position may need to be
provided alongside the main position. This will ensure acceptable viewing angles relative to shared
controlling devices such as keyboards, mice and trackballs. Where the operator has no fixed location,
more displays may be placed in a row and acceptable legibility will still be ensured. The cross-section
analysis described above may suggest employing a curved or segmented design.
A full range of operational scenarios, e.g. start-up, shut-down, disturbances, outage operation, etc., should
be considered when determining the quantity and arrangement of the displays and associated controls.
The selection of display types and quantities has an impact on the control workstation layout. Attributes
such as size, weight, heat dissipation and electromagnetic interference/radio frequency interference
susceptibility are factors to consider when selecting display technology for a control workstation.
The use of wall-mounted displays and their associated visual requirements are covered in ISO 11064-3. In
general, any large wall-mounted or projected display may be used for primary or secondary information
and its design and specification should take account of the information presented on associated control
workstations as well as any constraints created by the vertical dimensions of thes
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