SIST EN IEC 62127-3:2023
(Main)Ultrasonics - Hydrophones - Part 3: Properties of hydrophones for ultrasonic fields (IEC 62127-3:2022)
Ultrasonics - Hydrophones - Part 3: Properties of hydrophones for ultrasonic fields (IEC 62127-3:2022)
IEC 62127-3:2022 is available as IEC 62127-3:2022 which contains the International Standard and its Redline version, showing all changes of the technical content compared to the previous edition.IEC 62127-3:2022 specifies relevant hydrophone characteristics. This document is applicable to:
- hydrophones employing piezoelectric sensor elements, designed to measure the pulsed and continuous wave ultrasonic fields generated by ultrasonic equipment;
- hydrophones used for measurements made in water;
- hydrophones with or without an associated pre-amplifier.
IEC 62127-3:2022 cancels and replaces the first edition published in 2007 and Amendment 1:2013. This edition constitutes a technical revision. This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition.
a) The upper frequency limit of 40 MHz has been removed.
b) Hydrophone sensitivity definitions have been changed to recognize sensitivities as complex-valued quantities.
c) Procedures to determine the effective hydrophone size have been changed according to the rationale outlined in Annex B.
d) Requirements on the frequencies for which the effective hydrophone size shall be provided have been changed to achieve practicality for increased frequency bands.
e) The new Annex B and Annex C have been added.
f) Annex A has been updated to reflect the changes of the normative parts.
Ultraschall - Hydrophone - Teil 3: Eigenschaften von Hydrophonen zur Verwendung in Ultraschallfeldern (IEC 62127-3:2022)
Ultrasons - Hydrophones - Partie 3: Propriétés des hydrophones pour les champs ultrasoniques (IEC 62127-3:2022)
IEC 62127-3:2022 est disponible sous forme de IEC 62127-3:2022 RLV qui contient la Norme internationale et sa version Redline, illustrant les modifications du contenu technique depuis l'édition précédente.
L'IEC 62127-3:2022 spécifie les caractéristiques pertinentes des hydrophones. Le présent document s'applique:
- aux hydrophones qui utilisent des capteurs piézoélectriques conçus pour mesurer les champs ultrasoniques à ondes par impulsions et entretenues générés par les appareils à ultrasons;
- aux hydrophones utilisés pour les mesurages réalisés dans l'eau;
- aux hydrophones avec ou sans préamplificateur associé.
L'IEC 62127-3:2022 annule et remplace la première édition parue en 2007 et son amendement 1:2013. Cette édition constitue une révision technique. Cette édition inclut les modifications techniques majeures suivantes par rapport à l'édition précédente.
a) La limite de fréquence supérieure de 40 MHz a été supprimée.
b) Les définitions de la sensibilité de l'hydrophone ont été modifiées afin de reconnaître les sensibilités comme des grandeurs à valeur complexe.
c) Les procédures de détermination de la taille efficace de l'hydrophone ont été modifiées conformément à la justification donnée à l'Annexe B.
d) Les exigences relatives aux fréquences pour lesquelles doit être fournie la taille efficace de l'hydrophone ont été modifiées afin de tenir compte des bandes de fréquences supérieures.
e) De nouvelles annexes ont été ajoutées (Annexe B et Annexe C).
f) L'Annexe A a été mise à jour afin de refléter les modifications apportées aux parties normatives.
Ultrazvok - Hidrofoni - 3. del: Lastnosti hidrofonov za ultrazvočna polja (IEC 62127-3:2022)
Standard IEC 62127-3:2022 je na voljo kot IEC 62127-3:2022, ki vsebuje mednarodni standard in njegovo različico z revizijami, ki prikazujejo vse spremembe tehnične vsebine v primerjavi s prejšnjo izdajo. Standard IEC 62127-3:2022 določa ustrezne lastnosti hidrofonov. Ta dokument se uporablja za:
– hidrofone, ki uporabljajo piezoelektrične senzorne elemente in so zasnovani za merjenje ultrazvočnih polj z impulznimi in neprekinjenimi valovi, ki jih ustvari ultrazvočna oprema;
– hidrofone, ki se uporabljajo za izvajanje meritev v vodi;
– hidrofone s povezanim predojačevalnikom ali brez njega.
Standard IEC 62127-3:2022 razveljavlja in nadomešča prvo izdajo, objavljeno leta 2007 in dopolnilo 1:2013. Ta izdaja je tehnično popravljena izdaja. Ta izdaja v primerjavi s prejšnjo vključuje naslednje pomembne tehnične spremembe:
a) Zgornja mejna vrednost frekvence 40 MHz je bila odpravljena.
b) Opredelitve občutljivosti hidrofonov so bile spremenjene tako, da so občutljivosti prepoznane kot kompleksno ovrednotene količine.
c) Postopki za določitev efektivne velikosti hidrofonov so bili spremenjeni v skladu z utemeljitvijo, opisano v dodatku B.
d) Zahteve glede frekvenc, za katere je treba zagotoviti efektivno velikost hidrofonov, so bile spremenjene, da se doseže praktičnost za povečane frekvenčne pasove.
e) Dodan je bil nov dodatek B in dodatek C.
f) Dodatek A je bil posodobljena tako, da odraža spremembe normativnih delov.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN IEC 62127-3:2023
01-april-2023
Ultrazvok - Hidrofoni - 3. del: Lastnosti hidrofonov za ultrazvočna polja (IEC 62127-
3:2022)
Ultrasonics - Hydrophones - Part 3: Properties of hydrophones for ultrasonic fields (IEC
62127-3:2022)
Ultraschall - Hydrophone - Teil 3: Eigenschaften von Hydrophonen zur Verwendung in
Ultraschallfeldern (IEC 62127-3:2022)
Ultrasons - Hydrophones - Partie 3: Propriétés des hydrophones pour les champs
ultrasoniques (IEC 62127-3:2022)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN IEC 62127-3:2023
ICS:
11.040.01 Medicinska oprema na Medical equipment in general
splošno
17.140.50 Elektroakustika Electroacoustics
SIST EN IEC 62127-3:2023 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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SIST EN IEC 62127-3:2023
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SIST EN IEC 62127-3:2023
EUROPEAN STANDARD EN IEC 62127-3
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM January 2023
ICS 17.140.50 Supersedes EN 62127-3:2007; EN 62127-3:2007/A1:2013
English Version
Ultrasonics - Hydrophones - Part 3: Properties of hydrophones
for ultrasonic fields
(IEC 62127-3:2022)
Ultrasons - Hydrophones - Partie 3: Propriétés des Ultraschall - Hydrophone - Teil 3: Eigenschaften von
hydrophones pour les champs ultrasoniques Hydrophonen zur Verwendung in Ultraschallfeldern
(IEC 62127-3:2022) (IEC 62127-3:2022)
This European Standard was approved by CENELEC on 2023-01-23. CENELEC members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC
Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration.
Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC
Management Centre or to any CENELEC member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CENELEC member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the
same status as the official versions.
CENELEC members are the national electrotechnical committees of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, the Czech Republic,
Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the
Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
Türkiye and the United Kingdom.
European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
Comité Européen de Normalisation Electrotechnique
Europäisches Komitee für Elektrotechnische Normung
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2023 CENELEC All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CENELEC Members.
Ref. No. EN IEC 62127-3:2023 E
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SIST EN IEC 62127-3:2023
EN IEC 62127-3:2023 (E)
European foreword
The text of document 87/818/FDIS, future edition 2 of IEC 62127-3, prepared by IEC/TC 87
"Ultrasonics" was submitted to the IEC-CENELEC parallel vote and approved by CENELEC as
EN IEC 62127-3:2023.
The following dates are fixed:
• latest date by which the document has to be implemented at national (dop) 2023-10-23
level by publication of an identical national standard or by endorsement
• latest date by which the national standards conflicting with the (dow) 2026-01-23
document have to be withdrawn
This document supersedes EN 62127-3:2007 and all of its amendments and corrigenda (if any).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
Any feedback and questions on this document should be directed to the users’ national committee. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found on the CENELEC website.
Endorsement notice
The text of the International Standard IEC 62127-3:2022 was approved by CENELEC as a European
Standard without any modification.
In the official version, for Bibliography, the following notes have to be added for the standard indicated:
IEC 60565-1 NOTE Approved as EN IEC 60565-1
IEC 60565-2 NOTE Approved as EN IEC 60565-2
2
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SIST EN IEC 62127-3:2023
EN IEC 62127-3:2023 (E)
Annex A
(normative)
Normative references to international publications
with their corresponding European publications
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments)
applies.
NOTE 1 Where an International Publication has been modified by common modifications, indicated by (mod), the
relevant EN/HD applies.
NOTE 2 Up-to-date information on the latest versions of the European Standards listed in this annex is available
here: www.cenelec.eu.
Publication Year Title EN/HD Year
IEC 62127-1 - Ultrasonics - Hydrophones - Part 1: EN IEC 62127-1 -
Measurement and characterization of
medical ultrasonic fields
IEC 62127-2 - Ultrasonics - Hydrophones - Part 2: EN 62127-2 -
Calibration for ultrasonic fields up to 40
MHz
3
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SIST EN IEC 62127-3:2023
IEC 62127-3
®
Edition 2.0 2022-12
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
colour
inside
Ultrasonics – Hydrophones –
Part 3: Properties of hydrophones for ultrasonic fields
Ultrasons – Hydrophones –
Partie 3: Propriétés des hydrophones pour les champs ultrasoniques
INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
COMMISSION
ELECTROTECHNIQUE
INTERNATIONALE
ICS 17.140.50 ISBN 978-2-8322-6210-8
Warning! Make sure that you obtained this publication from an authorized distributor.
Attention! Veuillez vous assurer que vous avez obtenu cette publication via un distributeur agréé.
® Registered trademark of the International Electrotechnical Commission
Marque déposée de la Commission Electrotechnique Internationale
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– 2 – IEC 62127-3:2022 © IEC 2022
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 4
INTRODUCTION . 6
1 Scope . 7
2 Normative references . 7
3 Terms, definitions and symbols. 7
4 List of symbols . 11
5 Hydrophone characteristics . 11
5.1 General . 11
5.2 Basic information . 11
5.3 Sensitivity . 12
5.4 Frequency response . 13
5.4.1 Stated frequency band . 13
5.4.2 Frequency dependence . 13
5.5 Directional response . 13
5.5.1 General . 13
5.5.2 Determination of the directional response . 13
5.5.3 Symmetry of directional response . 14
5.6 Effective hydrophone size . 15
5.6.1 General . 15
5.6.2 Model of directional response . 15
5.6.3 Fitting of experimental response to theoretical predictions . 16
5.7 Dynamic range, linearity and electromagnetic interference . 16
5.8 Electric output characteristics . 17
5.8.1 Hydrophone without pre-amplifier . 17
5.8.2 Hydrophone assembly . 18
5.8.3 Output lead configuration . 18
5.9 Environmental aspects . 18
5.9.1 Temperature range . 18
5.9.2 Water tightness . 18
5.9.3 Water properties and incompatible materials . 18
5.9.4 Exposed material . 18
5.10 Guidance manual . 19
5.11 List of hydrophone characteristics . 19
Annex A (informative) Examples of information on hydrophone properties . 20
A.1 General . 20
A.2 Basic information . 20
A.3 Sensitivity and frequency response . 20
A.4 Directional response . 23
A.5 Effective dimension . 23
A.6 Dynamic range, linearity and electromagnetic interference . 25
A.6.1 Lower dynamic limit . 25
A.6.2 Upper dynamic limit . 25
A.7 Electric output characteristics . 25
A.8 Environmental aspects . 25
Annex B (informative) Rationale . 27
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IEC 62127-3:2022 © IEC 2022 – 3 –
B.1 General . 27
B.2 Changes to the determination of directional response . 27
B.3 Changes to the determination of effective radius . 27
Annex C (informative) Membrane hydrophone directivity model . 29
C.1 General . 29
C.2 Details of model . 29
Bibliography . 30
Figure A.1 – Frequency response of 0,2 mm needle hydrophone in the range 1 MHz to
40 MHz . 21
Figure A.2 – Frequency response of 0,2 mm needle hydrophone in the range 100 kHz
to 1 MHz . 22
Figure A.3 – Directional response of 0,2 mm needle hydrophone . 23
Figure A.4 – Effective radius of 0,2 mm needle hydrophone . 24
Figure A.5 – Comparison of modelled and experimentally derived directional response . 24
Table A.1 – Example of basic information for 0,2 mm needle hydrophone assembly . 20
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INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
____________
ULTRASONICS – HYDROPHONES –
Part 3: Properties of hydrophones for ultrasonic fields
FOREWORD
1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote international
co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To this end and
in addition to other activities, IEC publishes International Standards, Technical Specifications, Technical Reports,
Publicly Available Specifications (PAS) and Guides (hereafter referred to as “IEC Publication(s)”). Their
preparation is entrusted to technical committees; any IEC National Committee interested in the subject dealt with
may participate in this preparatory work. International, governmental and non-governmental organizations liaising
with the IEC also participate in this preparation. IEC collaborates closely with the International Organization for
Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by agreement between the two organizations.
2) The formal decisions or agreements of IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, an international
consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation from all
interested IEC National Committees.
3) IEC Publications have the form of recommendations for international use and are accepted by IEC National
Committees in that sense. While all reasonable efforts are made to ensure that the technical content of IEC
Publications is accurate, IEC cannot be held responsible for the way in which they are used or for any
misinterpretation by any end user.
4) In order to promote international uniformity, IEC National Committees undertake to apply IEC Publications
transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and regional publications. Any divergence between
any IEC Publication and the corresponding national or regional publication shall be clearly indicated in the latter.
5) IEC itself does not provide any attestation of conformity. Independent certification bodies provide conformity
assessment services and, in some areas, access to IEC marks of conformity. IEC is not responsible for any
services carried out by independent certification bodies.
6) All users should ensure that they have the latest edition of this publication.
7) No liability shall attach to IEC or its directors, employees, servants or agents including individual experts and
members of its technical committees and IEC National Committees for any personal injury, property damage or
other damage of any nature whatsoever, whether direct or indirect, or for costs (including legal fees) and
expenses arising out of the publication, use of, or reliance upon, this IEC Publication or any other IEC
Publications.
8) Attention is drawn to the Normative references cited in this publication. Use of the referenced publications is
indispensable for the correct application of this publication.
9) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this IEC Publication may be the subject of patent
rights. IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
IEC 62127-3 has been prepared by IEC technical committee 87: Ultrasonics. It is an
International Standard.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition published in 2007 and
Amendment 1:2013. This edition constitutes a technical revision.
This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous
edition.
a) The upper frequency limit of 40 MHz has been removed.
b) Hydrophone sensitivity definitions have been changed to recognize sensitivities as complex-
valued quantities.
c) Procedures to determine the effective hydrophone size have been changed according to the
rationale outlined in Annex B.
d) Requirements on the frequencies for which the effective hydrophone size shall be provided
have been changed to achieve practicality for increased frequency bands.
e) The new Annex B and Annex C have been added.
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SIST EN IEC 62127-3:2023
IEC 62127-3:2022 © IEC 2022 – 5 –
f) Annex A has been updated to reflect the changes of the normative parts.
The text of this International Standard is based on the following documents:
Draft Report on voting
87/818/FDIS 87/824/RVD
Full information on the voting for its approval can be found in the report on voting indicated in
the above table.
The language used for the development of this International Standard is English.
This document was drafted in accordance with ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2, and developed in
accordance with ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1 and ISO/IEC Directives, IEC Supplement, available
at www.iec.ch/members_experts/refdocs. The main document types developed by IEC are
described in greater detail at www.iec.ch/publications.
A list of all parts of IEC 62127 series, published under the general title Ultrasonics –
Hydrophones, can be found on the IEC website.
NOTE Words in bold in the text are defined in Clause 3.
The committee has decided that the contents of this document will remain unchanged until the
stability date indicated on the IEC website under webstore.iec.ch in the data related to the
specific document. At this date, the document will be
• reconfirmed,
• withdrawn,
• replaced by a revised edition, or
• amended.
IMPORTANT – The "colour inside" logo on the cover page of this document indicates that it
contains colours which are considered to be useful for the correct understanding of its
contents. Users should therefore print this document using a colour printer.
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INTRODUCTION
The spatial and temporal distribution of acoustic pressure in an ultrasonic field in a liquid
medium is commonly determined using miniature ultrasonic hydrophones. The properties of
these hydrophones have been dealt with in a number of IEC standards in various aspects. The
purpose of this document is to bring together all these specifications and to establish a common
standard on the properties of ultrasonic hydrophones. The main hydrophone application in
this context is the measurement of ultrasonic fields emitted by medical diagnostic equipment in
water. Other medical applications are field measurements for therapy equipment such as that
used in lithotripsy, high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) and physiotherapy. Hydrophones
are also used extensively in non-medical applications for both product development and quality
control including:
– mapping of the ultrasound field within ultrasonic cleaning baths;
– characterization of acoustic fields used in transmission measurement systems
(e.g. ultrasonic spectrometers, ultrasonic attenuation meters and velocimeters);
– characterization of acoustic fields used in reflection measurement systems (e.g. Doppler
flowmeters).
While the term hydrophone can be used in a wider sense, it is understood here as referring to
miniature piezoelectric hydrophones. It is this instrument type that is used today in various
areas of ultrasonics and, in particular, to quantitatively characterize the field structure of
medical diagnostic instruments. With regard to other pressure sensor types, such as those
based on fibre optics, some of the requirements of this document are applicable to these as
well but others are not. If in the future these other hydrophone types gain more importance in
field measurement practice, their properties will have to be dealt with in a revised version of
this document or in a separate one.
Underwater hydrophones as covered by IEC 60500, IEC 60565-1, and IEC 60565-2 are not
included in this document, although there is an overlap in the frequency ranges. Underwater
hydrophones are used in natural waters, even in the ocean, and this leads to different technical
concepts and requirements. In addition, the main direction of acoustic incidence in underwater
applications is at various angles and often at right angles to the hydrophone axis, whereas in
this document it is assumed that the main direction of acoustic incidence is in the direction of
the hydrophone axis.
Historically, ultrasonic hydrophones were used almost exclusively as amplitude sensors.
However, the complex-valued nature of a hydrophone’s system response function is well
understood and IEC 62127-1:2022 makes use of this within the deconvolution procedures it
contains. In this document, requirements are specified for the amplitude aspect of the
hydrophone sensitivity and recommendations are provided for the phase aspect which can be
derived either via calibration, or via calculation methods that are discussed in
IEC 62127-1:2022.
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IEC 62127-3:2022 © IEC 2022 – 7 –
ULTRASONICS – HYDROPHONES –
Part 3: Properties of hydrophones for ultrasonic fields
1 Scope
This part of IEC 62127 specifies relevant hydrophone characteristics.
This document is applicable to:
– hydrophones employing piezoelectric sensor elements, designed to measure the pulsed
and continuous wave ultrasonic fields generated by ultrasonic equipment;
– hydrophones used for measurements made in water;
– hydrophones with or without an associated pre-amplifier.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies.
For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any
amendments) applies.
IEC 62127-1, Ultrasonics – Hydrophones – Part 1: Measurement and characterization of
medical ultrasonic fields
IEC 62127-2, Ultrasonics – Hydrophones – Part 2: Calibration for ultrasonic fields up to 40 MHz
3 Terms, definitions and symbols
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in IEC 62127-1, IEC 62127-2
and the following apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following
addresses:
• IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/
• ISO Online browsing platform: available at http://www.iso.org/obp
3.1
acoustic pulse waveform
temporal waveform of the instantaneous acoustic pressure at a specified position in an
acoustic field and displayed over a period sufficiently long to include all significant acoustic
information in a single pulse or tone-burst, or one or more cycles in a continuous wave
Note 1 to entry: Temporal waveform is a representation (e.g. oscilloscope presentation or formula) of the
instantaneous acoustic pressure.
[SOURCE: IEC 62127-1:2022, 3.1]
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3.2
directional response
description of the response of a hydrophone, as a function of direction of propagation of the
incident plane sound wave, in a specified plane through the reference centre and at a specified
frequency
Note 1 to entry: Although directional response is a complex-valued function, it is generally the modulus of
directional response that is of most interest and this is commonly presented graphically.
[SOURCE: IEC 60565:2006, 3.5, modified – In the definition, ", generally presented
graphically," has been deleted; "electro-acoustic transducer" has been replaced by
"hydrophone"; and "radiated or incident sound" has been replaced by "incident plane sound
wave,".]
3.3
effective hydrophone size
a
h
size of a theoretical receiver hydrophone that has a predicted directional response function
with an angular width equal to the observed angular width
Note 1 to entry: The size is usually a function of frequency. For representative experimental data, see [1].
Note 2 to entry: The effective hydrophone size is expressed in metres (m).
Note 3 to entry: For hydrophones with a circular geometry, the effective hydrophone size is a radius.
Note 4 to entry: For hydrophones with a rectangular geometry, the effective hydrophone size is the half of the
largest value of the length or width.
[SOURCE: IEC 62127-1:2022, 3.20]
3.4
electric load impedance
Z
L
complex electric input impedance (consisting of a real and an imaginary part) to which the
hydrophone unit output cable is connected or is intended to be connected
Note 1 to entry: The electric load impedance is expressed in ohms (Ω).
[SOURCE: IEC 62127-1:2022, 3.22]
3.5
end-of-cable
relating to the end of the
integral output cable
3.6
end-of-cable
relating to the output
connector firmly connected with the hydrophone or hydrophone assembly and not to an extra
cable
3.7
end-of-cable loaded sensitivity
M (f)
L
quotient of the Fourier transformed hydrophone
voltage-time signal (u (t)) at the end of any integral cable or output connector of a
L
hydrophone or hydrophone assembly, when connected to a specified electric load
impedance, to the Fourier transformed acoustic pulse waveform (p(t)) in the undisturbed
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free field of a plane wave in the position of the reference centre of the hydrophone if the
hydrophone were removed
ut
()
( )
L
Mf( )=
(1)
L
pt
( ())
Note 1 to entry: The end-of-cable loaded sensitivity is a complex-valued parameter. Its modulus is expressed in
units of volt per pascal (V/Pa), its phase angle is expressed in degrees, and represents the phase difference between
the electrical voltage and the sound pressure.
3.8
end-of-cable open-circuit sensitivity
M (f)
c
quotient of the Fourier transformed hydrophone open-circuit voltage-time
(u (t)) at the end of any integral cable or output connector of a hydrophone to the
signal
c
Fourier transformed acoustic pulse waveform (p(t)) in the undisturbed free field of a plane
wave in the position of the reference centre of the hydrophone if the hydrophone were
removed
ut
( ())
c
Mf =
( ) (2)
c
pt
()
( )
Note 1 to entry: The end-of-cable open-circuit sensitivity is a complex-valued parameter. Its modulus is
expressed in units of volt per pascal (V/Pa), its phase angle is expressed in degrees, and represents the phase
difference between the electrical voltage and the sound pressure.
3.9
end-of-cable loaded sensitivity level
Lf
( )
M
L
twenty times the logarithm to the base 10 of the
quotient of the modulus of the end-of-cable loaded sensitivity |M (f)| to a reference sensitivity
L
M
ref
M ( f)
L
Lf = 20log dB (3)
( )
M 10
L
M
ref
Note 1 to entry: Commonly used values of the reference sensitivity M are 1 V/µPa or 1 V/Pa.
ref
Note 2 to entry: The end-of-cable loaded sensitivity level is expressed in decibels (dB).
3.10
free field
sound field in a homogeneous and isotropic medium in which the effects of boundaries are
negligible
[SOURCE: IEC 60565:2006, 3.13]
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3.11
hydrophone geometrical size
geometrical size of a hydrophone active element
a
g
size defined by the lateral extents of the active element of a hydrophone
Note 1 to entry: The hydrophone geomet
...
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
oSIST prEN IEC 62127-3:2022
01-maj-2022
Ultrazvok - Hidrofoni - 3. del: Lastnosti hidrofonov za ultrazvočna polja
Ultrasonics - Hydrophones - Part 3: Properties of hydrophones for ultrasonic fields
Ultraschall - Hydrophone - Teil 3: Eigenschaften von Hydrophonen zur Verwendung in
Ultraschallfeldern
Ultrasons - Hydrophoes - Partie 3: Propriétés des hydrophones pour les champs
ultrasoniques jusqu'à 40 MHz
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: prEN IEC 62127-3:2022
ICS:
11.040.01 Medicinska oprema na Medical equipment in general
splošno
17.140.50 Elektroakustika Electroacoustics
oSIST prEN IEC 62127-3:2022 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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oSIST prEN IEC 62127-3:2022
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oSIST prEN IEC 62127-3:2022
87/786/CDV
COMMITTEE DRAFT FOR VOTE (CDV)
PROJECT NUMBER:
IEC 62127-3 ED2
DATE OF CIRCULATION: CLOSING DATE FOR VOTING:
2022-02-25 2022-05-20
SUPERSEDES DOCUMENTS:
87/751/CD, 87/782/CC
IEC TC 87 : ULTRASONICS
SECRETARIAT: SECRETARY:
United Kingdom Mr Petar Luzajic
OF INTEREST TO THE FOLLOWING COMMITTEES: PROPOSED HORIZONTAL STANDARD:
Other TC/SCs are requested to indicate their interest, if any, in
this CDV to the secretary.
FUNCTIONS CONCERNED:
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The attention of IEC National Committees, members of
CENELEC, is drawn to the fact that this Committee Draft
for Vote (CDV) is submitted for parallel voting.
The CENELEC members are invited to vote through the
CENELEC online voting system.
This document is still under study and subject to change. It should not be used for reference purposes.
Recipients of this document are invited to submit, with their comments, notification of any relevant patent rights of which they
are aware and to provide supporting documentation.
TITLE:
Ultrasonics - Hydrophones - Part 3: Properties of hydrophones for ultrasonic fields
PROPOSED STABILITY DATE: 2025
NOTE FROM TC/SC OFFICERS:
Copyright © 2022 International Electrotechnical Commission, IEC. All rights reserved. It is permitted to download this
electronic file, to make a copy and to print out the content for the sole purpose of preparing National Committee positions.
You may not copy or "mirror" the file or printed version of the document, or any part of it, for any other purpose without
permission in writing from IEC.
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1 CONTENTS
2 1 Scope . 7
3 2 Normative references . 7
4 3 Terms, definitions and symbols . 7
5 4 List of symbols . 10
6 5 Hydrophone characteristics . 11
7 5.1 General . 11
8 5.2 Basic information . 11
9 5.3 Sensitivity . 11
10 5.4 Frequency response . 12
11 5.4.1 Stated frequency band . 12
12 5.4.2 Frequency dependence . 12
13 5.5 Directional response . 13
14 5.5.1 General . 13
15 5.5.2 Determination of the direction response . 13
16 5.5.3 Symmetry of directional response . 14
17 5.6 Effective hydrophone size . 14
18 5.6.1 General . 14
19 5.6.2 Model of directional response . 14
20 5.6.3 Fitting of experimental response to theoretical predictions . 15
21 5.7 Dynamic range, linearity and electromagnetic interference . 16
22 5.8 Electric output characteristics . 16
23 5.8.1 Hydrophone without pre-amplifier . 16
24 5.8.2 Hydrophone assembly . 17
25 5.8.3 Output lead configuration . 17
26 5.9 Environmental aspects . 17
27 5.9.1 Temperature range . 17
28 5.9.2 Water tightness . 17
29 5.9.3 Water properties and incompatible materials . 17
30 5.9.4 Exposed material . 18
31 5.10 Guidance manual . 18
32 5.11 List of hydrophone characteristics . 18
33 Annex A (informative) Examples of information on hydrophone properties . 19
34 A.1 General . 19
35 A.2 Basic information . 19
36 A.3 Sensitivity and frequency response . 19
37 A.4 Directional response . 22
38 A.5 Effective dimension . 23
39 A.6 Dynamic range, linearity and electromagnetic interference . 24
40 A.6.1 Lower dynamic limit . 24
41 A.6.2 Upper dynamic limit . 24
42 A.7 Electric output characteristics . 24
43 A.8 Environmental aspects . 24
44 Annex B (informative) Rationale. 26
45 B.1 General . 26
46 B.2 Changes to the determination of directional response . 26
47 B.3 Changes to the determination of effective radius . 26
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48 Annex C (informative) Membrane hydrophone directivity model . 28
49 C.1 General . 28
50 C.2 Details of model . 28
51
52 Figure A.1 – Frequency response of 0,2 mm needle hydrophone . 20
53 Figure A.2 – Directional response of 0,2 mm needle hydrophone . 22
54
55 Table A.1 – Example of basic information for 0,2 mm needle hydrophone assembly . 19
56
57
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58 INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
59 ____________
60
61 ULTRASONICS – HYDROPHONES –
62
63 Part 3: Properties of hydrophones for ultrasonic fields
64
65 FOREWORD
66 1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
67 all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote
68 international co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To
69 this end and in addition to other activities, IEC publishes International Standards, Technical Specifications,
70 Technical Reports, Publicly Available Specifications (PAS) and Guides (hereafter referred to as “IEC
71 Publication(s)”). Their preparation is entrusted to technical committees; any IEC National Committee interested
72 in the subject dealt with may participate in this preparatory work. International, governmental and non-
73 governmental organizations liaising with the IEC also participate in this preparation. IEC collaborates closely
74 with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by
75 agreement between the two organizations.
76 2) The formal decisions or agreements of IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, an international
77 consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation from all
78 interested IEC National Committees.
79 3) IEC Publications have the form of recommendations for international use and are accepted by IEC National
80 Committees in that sense. While all reasonable efforts are made to ensure that the technical content of IEC
81 Publications is accurate, IEC cannot be held responsible for the way in which they are used or for any
82 misinterpretation by any end user.
83 4) In order to promote international uniformity, IEC National Committees undertake to apply IEC Publications
84 transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and regional publications. Any divergence
85 between any IEC Publication and the corresponding national or regional publication shall be clearly indicated in
86 the latter.
87 5) IEC provides no marking procedure to indicate its approval and cannot be rendered responsible for any
88 equipment declared to be in conformity with an IEC Publication.
89 6) All users should ensure that they have the latest edition of this publication.
90 7) No liability shall attach to IEC or its directors, employees, servants or agents including individual experts and
91 members of its technical committees and IEC National Committees for any personal injury, property damage or
92 other damage of any nature whatsoever, whether direct or indirect, or for costs (including legal fees) and
93 expenses arising out of the publication, use of, or reliance upon, this IEC Publication or any other IEC
94 Publications.
95 8) Attention is drawn to the Normative references cited in this publication. Use of the referenced publications is
96 indispensable for the correct application of this publication.
97 9) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this IEC Publication may be the subject of
98 patent rights. IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
99 This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition published in 2007-08 and its
100 amendment 1 (2013-05). This edition constitutes a technical revision.
101 This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous
102 edition:
103 a) The upper frequency limit of 40 MHz has been removed;
104 b) Hydrophone sensitivity definitions have been changed to recognize sensitivities as
105 complex-valued quantities;
106 c) Procedures to determine the effective hydrophone size have been changed according to
107 the rationale outlined in Annex B;
108 d) Requirements on the frequencies for which the effective hydrophone size shall be
109 provided have been changed to achieve practicality for increased frequency bands;
110 e) The new Annexes B and C have been added;
111 f) Annex A has been updated to reflect the changes of the normative parts.
112
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113 International Standard IEC 62127-3 has been prepared by IEC technical committee 87:
114 Ultrasonics.
115 This publication has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
116 A list of all parts of IEC 62127 series, published under the general title Ultrasonics –
117 Hydrophones, can be found on the IEC website.
118 NOTE Words in bold in the text are defined in Clause 3.
119 The committee has decided that the contents of the base publication and its amendment will
120 remain unchanged until the maintenance result date indicated on the IEC website under
121 "http://webstore.iec.ch" in the data related to the specific publication. At this date, the
122 publication will be
123 • reconfirmed,
124 • withdrawn,
125 • replaced by a revised edition, or
126 • amended.
127
IMPORTANT – The “colour inside” logo on the cover page of this publication indicates
that it contains colours which are considered to be useful for the correct understanding
of its contents. Users should therefore print this publication using a colour printer.
128
129
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130 INTRODUCTION
131 The spatial and temporal distribution of acoustic pressure in an ultrasonic field in a liquid
132 medium is commonly determined using miniature ultrasonic hydrophones. The properties of
133 these hydrophones have been dealt with in a number of IEC standards in various aspects.
134 The purpose of this part of IEC 62127 is to bring together all these specifications and to
135 establish a common standard on the properties of ultrasonic hydrophones. The main
136 hydrophone application in this context is the measurement of ultrasonic fields emitted by
137 medical diagnostic equipment in water. Other medical applications are field measurements for
138 therapy equipment such as that used in lithotripsy, high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU)
139 and physiotherapy. Hydrophones are also used extensively in non-medical applications for
140 both product development and quality control including:
141 – mapping of the ultrasound field within ultrasonic cleaning baths;
142 – characterization of acoustic fields used in transmission measurement systems (e.g.
143 ultrasonic spectrometers, ultrasonic attenuation meters and velocimeters);
144 – characterization of acoustic fields used in reflection measurement systems (e.g. Doppler
145 flowmeters).
146 While the term "hydrophone" can be used in a wider sense, it is understood here as referring
147 to miniature piezoelectric hydrophones. It is this instrument type that is used today in various
148 areas of ultrasonics and, in particular, to quantitatively characterize the field structure of
149 medical diagnostic instruments. With regard to other pressure sensor types, such as those
150 based on fibre optics, some of the requirements of this standard are applicable to these as
151 well but others are not. If in the future these other "hydrophone" types gain more importance
152 in field measurement practice, their properties will have to be dealt with in a revised version of
153 this document or in a separate one.
154 Underwater hydrophones as covered by IEC 60500, IEC 60565-1, and IEC 60565-2 are not
155 included in this document, although there is an overlap in the frequency ranges. Underwater
156 hydrophones are used in natural waters, even in the ocean, and this leads to different
157 technical concepts and requirements. In addition, the main direction of acoustic incidence in
158 underwater applications is at various angles and often at right angles to the hydrophone
159 axis, whereas this standard it is assumed that the main direction of acoustic incidence is in
160 the direction of the hydrophone axis.
161 Historically, ultrasonic hydrophones were used almost exclusively as amplitude sensors.
162 However, the complex-valued nature of a hydrophone’s system response function is well
163 understood and IEC 62127-1 Ed 2 makes use of this within the deconvolution procedures it
164 contains. In this document, requirements are specified for the amplitude aspect of the
165 hydrophone sensitivity and recommendations are provided for the phase aspect which can
166 be derived either via calibration, or via calculation methods that are discussed in IEC 62127-1
167 Ed 2.
168
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169 ULTRASONICS – HYDROPHONES –
170
171 Part 3: Properties of hydrophones for ultrasonic fields
172
173 1 Scope
174 This part of IEC 62127 specifies relevant hydrophone characteristics.
175 This standard is applicable to:
176 – hydrophones employing piezoelectric sensor elements, designed to measure the pulsed
177 and continuous wave ultrasonic fields generated by ultrasonic equipment;
178 – hydrophones used for measurements made in water;
179 – hydrophones with or without an associated pre-amplifier.
180 2 Normative references
181 The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document.
182 For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition
183 of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
184 IEC 62127-1, Ultrasonics – Hydrophones – Part 1: Measurement and characterization of
185 medical ultrasonic fields up to 40 MHz
186 IEC 62127-2, Ultrasonics – Hydrophones – Part 2: Calibration for ultrasonic fields up to
187 40 MHz
188 3 Terms, definitions and symbols
189 For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in IEC 62127-1,
190 IEC 62127-2 and the following apply.
191 ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following
192 addresses:
193 • IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/
194 • ISO Online browsing platform: available at http://www.iso.org/obp
195 3.1
196 acoustic pulse waveform
197 temporal waveform of the instantaneous acoustic pressure at a specified position in an
198 acoustic field and displayed over a period sufficiently long to include all significant acoustic
199 information in a single pulse or tone-burst, or one or more cycles in a continuous wave
200 Note 1 to entry: Temporal waveform is a representation (e.g. oscilloscope presentation or formula) of the
201 instantaneous acoustic pressure.
202 [SOURCE: IEC 62127-1:2007 and Amendment 1:2013, definition 3.1]
203 3.2
204 directional response
205 description of the response of a hydrophone, as a function of direction of propagation of the
206 incident plane sound wave, in a specified plane through the reference centre and at a
207 specified frequency
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208 NOTE 1 Definition adopted from IEC 60565:2006.
209 NOTE 2 Whilst directional response is a complex-valued function, it is generally the magnitude of directional
210 response that is of most interest and this commonly presented graphically.
211 3.3
212 effective hydrophone size
213 a
h
214 size of a theoretical receiver hydrophone that has a predicted directional response function
215 with an angular width equal to the observed angular width
216 NOTE 1 The size is usually the function of frequency. For representative experimental data, see [1].
217 NOTE 2 The effective hydrophone size is expressed in metres (m).
218 NOTE 3 For hydrophones with a circular geometry, the effective hydrophone size is a radius.
219 NOTE 4 For hydrophones with a rectangular geometry, the effective hydrophone size is the half the greatest
220 value of the length or width.
221 3.4
222 electric load impedance
223 Z
L
224 complex electric input impedance (consisting of a real and an imaginary part) to wh ich the
225 hydrophone or hydrophone assembly output is connected or is to be connected
226 NOTE The electric load impedance is expressed in ohms ().
227 3.5
228 end-of-cable
229 specification that relates to the end of the integral output cable if the hydrophone or
230 hydrophone assembly is provided with such a cable and if the hydrophone or hydrophone
231 assembly is not provided with an integral output cable, the specification relates to the output
232 connector firmly connected with the hydrophone or hydrophone assembly, not to an extra
233 cable
234 3.6
235 end-of-cable loaded sensitivity
236 M (f)
L
237 quotient of the Fourier transformed
238 hydrophone voltage-time signal (u (t)) at the end of any integral cable or output connector
L
239 of a hydrophone or hydrophone-assembly, when connected to a specified electric load
240 impedance, to the Fourier transformed acoustic pulse waveform (p(t)) in the undisturbed
241 free field of a plane wave in the position of the reference centre of the hydrophone if the
242 hydrophone were removed
ut
( ( ))
L
243 Mf = (1)
( )
L
pt
( ( ))
244 Note 1 to entry: The end-of-cable loaded sensitivity is a complex-valued parameter. Its modulus is expressed
245 in units of volt per pascal (V/Pa), its phase angle is expressed in degrees, and represents the phase difference
246 between the electrical voltage and the sound pressure.
247 3.7
248 end-of-cable open-circuit sensitivity
249 M (f)
c
250 quotient of the Fourier transformed hydrophone open-circuit voltage-
251 time signal (u (t)) at the end of any integral cable or output connector of a hydrophone to
c
252 the Fourier transformed acoustic pulse waveform (p(t)) in the undisturbed free field of a
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253 plane wave in the position of the reference centre of the hydrophone if the hydrophone
254 were removed
ut
( ( ))
C
255 Mf( )= (2)
C
pt
( ( ))
256 Note 1 to entry: The end-of-cable open-circuit sensitivity is a complex-valued parameter. Its modulus is
257 expressed in units of volt per pascal (V/Pa), its phase angle is expressed in degrees, and represents the phase
258 difference between the electrical voltage and the sound pressure.
259 3.8
260 end-of-cable loaded sensitivity level
Lf
( )
M
L
261
262 twenty times the logarithm to the base 10 of
263 the quotient of the modulus of the end-of-cable loaded sensitivity |M (f)| to a reference
L
264 sensitivity M
ref
Mf
( )
L
265 Lf( )= 20log dB (3)
M 10
L
M
ref
266 Note 1 to entry: Commonly used values of the reference sensitivity M are 1V/µPa or 1V/Pa.
ref
267 Note 2 to entry: The end-of-cable loaded sensitivity level is expressed in decibels (dB).
268 3.9
269 free field
270 sound field in a homogeneous and isotropic medium in which the effects of boundaries are
271 negligible
272 Note 1 to entry: Definition adopted from IEC 60565:2006, 3.13.
273 3.10
274 hydrophone geometrical size
275 geometrical size of a hydrophone active element
276 a
g
277 size defined by the lateral extents of the active element of a hydrophone
278 Note 1 to entry: The hydrophone geometrical size is expressed in metres (m).
279 Note 2 to entry: For hydrophones with a circular geometry, the hydrophone geometrical size is a radius.
280 Note 3 to entry: For hydrophones with a rectangular geometry, the hydrophone geometrical size is a half the
281 greatest value of the length or width.
282 3.11
283 hydrophone
284 transducer that produces electric signals in response to waterborne acoustic signals
285 SOURCE: IEV 801-32-26
286 3.12
287 hydrophone assembly
288 combination of hydrophone and hydrophone pre-amplifier
289 3.13
290 hydrophone axis
291 nominal symmetry axis of the hydrophone active element
292 Note 1 to entry: Unless stated otherwise (explicitly and quantitatively) by the manufacturer, it is understood for
293 the purposes of this standard that this is given by the apparent geometrical symmetry axis of the hydrophone.
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294 3.14
295 hydrophone pre-amplifier
296 active electronic device connected to, or to be connected to, a particular hydrophone and
297 reducing its output impedance
298 Note 1 to entry: A hydrophone pre-amplifier requires a supply voltage (or supply voltages).
299 Note 2 to entry: The hydrophone pre-amplifier may have a forward voltage transmission factor of less than one,
300 i.e. it need not necessarily be a voltage amplifier in the strict sense.
301 3.15
302 reference centre
303 point on or near a hydrophone about which its acoustic receiving sensitivity is defined
304 Note 1 to entry: Unless stated otherwise (explicitly and quantitatively) by the manufacturer, it is understood for
305 the purposes of this standard that this is given by the geometrical centre of the front surface of the hydrophone
306 active element.
307 Note 2 to entry: Definition adopted from IEC 60565:2006, 3.25.
308 3.16
309 uncertainty
310 parameter, associated with the result of a measurement, that characterizes the dispersion of
311 the values that could reasonably be attributed to the measurand
312 Note 1 to entry: See the ISO Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement [2], 2.2.3
313 Note 2 to entry: Definition adopted from IEC 62127-1.
314
315
316 4 List of symbols
317 a hydrophone geometrical size
g
318 a effective hydrophone size
h
319 c speed of sound in a medium
320 D model function used during the determination of effective hydrophone size from
H
321 a measured directional response of a hydrophone
322 f frequency
323 k wavenumber = 2π / λ
Lf
( )
M
L end-of-cable loaded sensitivity level
324
325 M general symbol for the complex hydrophone sensitivity, M =M being its
326 modulus and arg(M) being its argument (= phase angle)
327 M end-of-cable open-circuit sensitivity
c
328 M end-of-cable loaded sensitivity
L
329 Z complex electric output impedance of a hydrophone or hydrophone assembly
h
330 Z electric load impedance
L
331 angle of incidence of an ultrasonic wave with respect to the hydrophone axis
332
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333 5 Hydrophone characteristics
334 5.1 General
335 For a full characterization of the hydrophone performance in the frequency range of this
336 standard, the following information is required. Examples of information on hydrophone
337 characteristics are provided in Annex A.
338 NOTE Determination methods are covered in IEC 62127-2.
339 5.2 Basic information
340 The following shall be briefly stated:
341 – the basic physical principles of the transduction process, the type of sensor material
342 involved, the form and geometrical dimensions (diameter, thickness) of the hydrophone
343 active element and the needle diameter in case of a needle hydrophone;
344 – the configuration and design of the hydrophone;
345 – whether or not a pre-amplifier is associated with the hydrophone; if the pre-amplifier can
346 be disconnected from the hydrophone, clear information shall be given as to which pre-
347 amplifier type belongs to which hydrophone type;
348 – the nominal direction of ultrasonic incidence in relation to the hydrophone.
349 NOTE The last point is important, as it has been found in the literature [ 3] that even with membrane
350 hydrophones, the response might change upon reversal of the ultrasonic propagation direction in relation to the
351 hydrophone.
352 The following should be briefly stated:
353 – the lateral and thickness dimensions of the hydrophone active element;
354 – the frequency of the fundamental thickness resonance of the hydrophone active element;
355 – the size and weight of the hydrophone;
356 – the recommended directional response model (see clause 5.6.2) appropriate for the
357 hydrophone;
358 – in the case of a membrane hy
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