SIST EN 12697-26:2012
(Main)Bituminous mixtures - Test methods for hot mix asphalt - Part 26: Stiffness
Bituminous mixtures - Test methods for hot mix asphalt - Part 26: Stiffness
This European specifies the methods for characterising the stiffness of bituminous mixtures by alternative tests, including bending tests and direct and indirect tensile tests. The tests are performed on compacted bituminous material under a sinusoidal loading or other controlled loading, using different types of specimens and supports.
The procedure is used to rank bituminous mixtures on the basis of stiffness, as a guide to relative performance in the pavement, to obtain data for estimating the structural behaviour in the road and to judge test data according to specifications for bituminous mixtures.
As this standard does not impose a particular type of testing device the precise choice of the test conditions depends on the possibilities and the working range of the used device.
For the choice of specific test conditions, the requirements of the product standards for bituminous mixtures should be respected.
The applicability of this document is described in the product standards for bituminous mixtures.
Asphalt - Prüfverfahren für Heißasphalt - Teil 26: Steifigkeit
Diese Europäische Norm legt die Verfahren zur Charakterisierung der Steifigkeit von Asphalt durch
verschiedene Prüfungen, einschließlich Biegeprüfungen und Prüfungen der direkten sowie der indirekten
Zugfestigkeit fest. Die Prüfungen werden an verdichtetem Asphalt unter sinusförmiger oder einer anderen
kontrollierten Belastung unter Verwendung verschiedener Probekörpertypen und Auflagerungen
vorgenommen.
Das Verfahren dient zur Einstufung von Asphalt auf der Grundlage seiner Steifigkeit als Hinweis auf sein
relatives Leistungsvermögen in der Fahrbahnbefestigung, um Daten zur Abschätzung des Tragverhaltens in
der Straße zu erhalten und um die Prüfdaten nach den für Asphalt geltenden Festlegungen zu beurteilen.
Da diese Norm keinen bestimmten Prüfgerätetyp vorschreibt, hängt die genaue Auswahl der Prüfbedingungen
von den Möglichkeiten und dem Arbeitsbereich des im betreffenden Fall verwendeten Prüfgeräts ab.
Bei der Auswahl der jeweiligen Prüfbedingungen sollten die Anforderungen der Produktnormen für Asphalt
berücksichtigt werden.
Die Anwendbarkeit dieses Dokumentes ist in den Produktnormen für Asphalt beschrieben.
Mélanges bitumineux - Méthodes d'essai pour mélange hydrocarboné à chaud - Partie 26: Module de rigidité
La présente Norme européenne spécifie les méthodes de caractérisation de la rigidité des mélanges
hydrocarbonés à l'aide d'essais au choix, comprenant des essais de flexion et des essais de traction directe et
indirecte. Les essais sont réalisés sur un matériau bitumineux compacté soumis à une charge sinusoïdale ou
à d'autres charges contrôlées, utilisant différents types d'éprouvettes et de supports.
La procédure est utilisée pour classer les mélanges hydrocarbonés en fonction de leur module de rigidité,
pour servir de guide pour les performances relatives dans les chaussées, pour disposer de données utilisées
pour estimer le comportement structurel des chaussées et juger les résultats d'essais en fonction des
spécifications concernant les mélanges hydrocarbonés.
La présente norme n'imposant pas de type particulier d'appareillage d'essai, le choix spécifique des
conditions d'essai dépend des capacités et du domaine d’emploi de l'appareillage utilisé.
Pour le choix des conditions d'essai spécifiques, il convient de respecter les exigences des normes produit
sur les mélanges hydrocarbonés.
L'applicabilité du présent document est décrite dans les normes produit sur les mélanges hydrocarbonés.
Bitumenske zmesi - Preskusne metode za vroče asfaltne zmesi - 26. del: Togost
Ta evropski standard določa metode za karakterizacijo togosti bitumenskih zmesi z alternativnimi preskusi, skupaj s preskusi upogiba in preskusi direktne ter indirektne nateznosti. Preskusi se izvajajo na zgoščenem bitumenskem materialu pod sinusnim obremenjevanjem ali pod nadzorovanim obremenjevanjem z različnimi vrstami preskušancev in podpor. Postopek se uporablja za razvrščanje bitumenskih zmesi na podlagi togosti kot smernica v zvezi z relativnimi lastnostmi v voziščni konstrukciji za pridobivanje podatkov z namenom vrednotenja strukturnega obnašanja na cesti ter za ocenjevanje preskusnih podatkov glede na specifikacije bitumenskih zmesi. Ker ta standard ne predpisuje posebne preskusne naprave, je natančna izbira preskusnih pogojev odvisna od možnosti in delovnega obsega uporabljene naprave. Pri izbiri specifičnih preskusnih pogojev je treba upoštevati standarde za izdelke za bitumenske zmesi. Uporabnost tega dokumenta je opisana v standardih za izdelke za bitumenske zmesi.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.Asphalt - Prüfverfahren für Heißasphalt - Teil 26: SteifigkeitMélanges bitumineux - Méthodes d'essai pour mélange hydrocarboné à chaud - Partie 26: Module de rigiditéBituminous mixtures - Test methods for hot mix asphalt - Part 26: Stiffness93.080.20Materiali za gradnjo cestRoad construction materialsICS:Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z:EN 12697-26:2012SIST EN 12697-26:2012en,fr,de01-junij-2012SIST EN 12697-26:2012SLOVENSKI
STANDARDSIST EN 12697-26:20051DGRPHãþD
SIST EN 12697-26:2012
EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPÉENNE EUROPÄISCHE NORM
EN 12697-26
March 2012 ICS 93.080.20 Supersedes EN 12697-26:2004English Version
Bituminous mixtures - Test methods for hot mix asphalt - Part 26: Stiffness
Mélanges bitumineux - Méthodes d'essai pour enrobés à chaud - Partie 26: Rigidité
Asphalt - Prüfverfahren für Heißasphalt - Teil 26: SteifigkeitThis European Standard was approved by CEN on 18 September 2011.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre:
Avenue Marnix 17,
B-1000 Brussels © 2012 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 12697-26:2012: ESIST EN 12697-26:2012
EN 12697-26:2012 (E) 2 Contents PageForeword .41Scope .72Normative references .73Terms, definitions and symbols .73.1Terms and definitions .73.2Symbols .94Principle . 105Sample preparation . 105.1Age of the specimens . 105.2Drying of the specimen . 105.3Dimensions and bulk density of the specimens . 105.4Temperature of the specimen before testing . 105.5Number of test specimens . 106Checking of the testing equipment . 107Test methods . 117.1General . 117.2Tests with sinusoidal or pulse loading. 117.3Controlled strain rate loading . 128Temperatures . 139Expression of results . 1410Test report . 1610.1General . 1610.2Information on specimen . 1610.3Information on test method . 1710.4Information on the test and results . 1710.5Optional information . 1711Precision . 17Annex A (normative)
Two point bending test on trapezoidal specimens (2PB-TR) or on prismatic specimens (2PB-PR) . 18A.1Principle . 18A.2Equipment . 18A.3Specimen preparation . 19A.4Procedure . 20Annex B (normative)
Three point bending test on prismatic specimens (3PB-PR) and four point bending test on prismatic specimens (4PB-PR) . 21B.1Principle . 21B.2Equipment . 22B.3Specimen preparation . 23B.4Procedure . 23Annex C (normative)
Test applying indirect tension to cylindrical specimens (IT-CY) . 25C.1Principle . 25C.2Equipment . 25C.3Specimen preparation . 30SIST EN 12697-26:2012
EN 12697-26:2012 (E) 3 PageC.4Mode of operation .31Annex D (normative)
Direct tension-compression test on cylindrical specimens (DTC-CY) . 33D.1Principle. 33D.2Equipment . 33D.3Specimen preparation . 33D.4Mode of operation . 34Annex E (normative)
Test applying direct tension to cylindrical specimens (DT-CY) or to prismatic specimens (DT-PR) . 36E.1Principle. 36E.2Equipment . 36E.3Specimen preparation . 36E.4Mode of operation . 37E.5Derivation of the master-curve . 38E.6Determination of the stiffness modulus for the fixed loading time . 41Annex F (normative)
Test applying Cyclic indirect tension to cylindrical specimens (CIT-CY) . 42F.1Principle. 42F.2Equipment . 42F.3Specimen preparation . 44F.4Mode of operation . 45Annex G (informative)
Derivation of the master curve . 47G.1Principle. 47G.2Theoretical background . 48G.3Experimental data . 49G.4Test report . 50
SIST EN 12697-26:2012
EN 12697-26:2012 (E) 4 Foreword This document (EN 12697-26:2012) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 227 “Road materials”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by September 2012, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by September 2012. This document will supersede EN 12697-26:2004. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. The main changes deal with putting similar procedures in all the test in the general part of the standard. Also the correct wording is applied within all the test procedures. This document is one of a series of standards as listed below: EN 12697-1, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 1: Soluble binder content EN 12697-2, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 2: Determination of particle size distribution EN 12697-3, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 3: Bitumen recovery: Rotary evaporator EN 12697-4, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 4: Bitumen recovery: Fractionating column EN 12697-5, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 5: Determination of the maximum density EN 12697-6, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 6: Determination of bulk density of bituminous specimens EN 12697-7, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 7: Determination of bulk density of bituminous specimens by gamma rays EN 12697-8, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 8: Determination of void characteristics of bituminous specimens EN 12697-10, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 10: Compactability EN 12697-11, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 11: Determination of the affinity between aggregate and bitumen EN 12697-12, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 12: Determination of the water sensitivity of bituminous specimens EN 12697-13, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 13: Temperature measurement EN 12697-14, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 14: Water content SIST EN 12697-26:2012
EN 12697-26:2012 (E) 5 EN 12697-15, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 15: Determination of the segregation sensitivity EN 12697-16, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 16: Abrasion by studded tyres EN 12697-17, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 17: Particle loss of porous asphalt specimen EN 12697-18, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 18: Binder drainage EN 12697-19, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 19: Permeability of specimen EN 12697-20, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 20: Indentation using cube or Marshall specimens EN 12697-21, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 21: Indentation using plate specimens EN 12697-22, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 22: Wheel tracking EN 12697-23, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 23: Determination of the indirect tensile strength of bituminous specimens EN 12697-24, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 24: Resistance to fatigue EN 12697-25, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 25: Cyclic compression test EN 12697-26, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 26: Stiffness EN 12697-27, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 27: Sampling EN 12697-28, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 28: Preparation of samples for determining binder content, water content and grading EN 12697-29, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 29: Determination of the dimensions of a bituminous specimen EN 12697-30, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 30: Specimen preparation by impact compactor EN 12697-31, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 31: Specimen preparation by gyratory compactor EN 12697-32, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 32: Laboratory compaction of bituminous mixtures by a vibratory compactor EN 12697-33, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 33: Specimen prepared by roller compactor EN 12697-34, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 34: Marshall test EN 12697-35, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 35: Laboratory mixing EN 12697-36, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt− Part 36: Determination of the thickness of a bituminous pavement EN 12697-37, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 37: Hot sand test for the adhesivity of binder on precoated chippings for HRA SIST EN 12697-26:2012
EN 12697-26:2012 (E) 6 EN 12697-38, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 38: Common equipment and calibration EN 12697-39, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 39: Binder content by ignition EN 12697-40, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 40: In situ drainability EN 12697-41, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 41: Resistance to de-icing fluids EN 12697-42, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 42: Amount of foreign matters in reclaimed asphalt EN 12697-43, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 43: Resistance to fuel EN 12697-44, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 44; Crack propagation by semi-circular bending test
prEN 12697-45, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 45: Saturation ageing tensile stiffness (SATS) conditioning test prEN 12697-46, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 46: Low temperature cracking and properties by uniaxial tension tests EN 12697-47, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 47: Determination of the ash content of natural asphalts prEN 12697-48, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 48: Inter-layer bond strength1) prEN 12697-49, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 49: Skid resistance of asphalt in the laboratory1) prEN 12697-50, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 50: Scuffing resistance of surface course1) According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom.
1) In preparation SIST EN 12697-26:2012
EN 12697-26:2012 (E) 7 1 Scope This European Standard specifies the methods for characterising the stiffness of bituminous mixtures by alternative tests, including bending tests and direct and indirect tensile tests. The tests are performed on compacted bituminous material under a sinusoidal loading or other controlled loading, using different types of specimens and supports. The procedure is used to rank bituminous mixtures on the basis of stiffness, as a guide to relative performance in the pavement, to obtain data for estimating the structural behaviour in the road and to judge test data according to specifications for bituminous mixtures. As this standard does not impose a particular type of testing device the precise choice of the test conditions depends on the possibilities and the working range of the used device. For the choice of specific test conditions, the requirements of the product standards for bituminous mixtures should be respected. The applicability of this document is described in the product standards for bituminous mixtures. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN 12697-6, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 6: Determination of bulk density of bituminous specimens EN 12697-27, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 27: Sampling EN 12697-29, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 29: Determination of the dimensions of a bituminous specimen EN 12967-31, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 31: Specimen preparation by gyratory compactor EN 12967-33, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 33: Specimen prepared by roller compactor 3 Terms, definitions and symbols 3.1 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 3.1.1 stiffness
εσ=E SIST EN 12697-26:2012
EN 12697-26:2012 (E) 8 3.1.2 complex modulus relationship between stress and strain for a linear visco-elastic material submitted to a sinusoidal load wave form at time, t, where applying a stress σ × sin (ω × t) results in a strain ε × sin (ω × (t − Φ)) that has a phase angle, Φ, with respect to the stress NOTE 1 The amplitude of strain and the phase angle are functions of the frequency, f, and the test temperature, Θ. NOTE 2 The stress strain ratio defines the complex modulus E* as: ))(sin)(cos(**Φ+Φ=××iEE (1) The complex modulus is characterised by a pair of two components. This pair can be expressed in two ways: the real component E1 and the imaginary components E2: )(cos*1Φ×=EE (2) )(sin*2Φ×=EE (3) the absolute value of the complex modulus E* and the phase angle, Φ: 2221*EEE+= (4) =Φ12arctanEE (5) NOTE 3 This second characterisation is more often used in practice. In linear elastic multi-layer calculations for instance the E* modulus is generally used as input value for Young's modulus. NOTE 4 For purely elastic materials, the phase angle is zero and then the complex modulus reduces to the Young's modulus. This happens when bituminous materials are at very low temperatures. Then the complex modulus reaches its highest possible value noted E∞. 3.1.3 secant modulus relationship between stress and strain at the loading time, t, for a material subjected to controlled strain rate loading: )()()(tttEεσ= (6) with stress, σ(t), and strain, ε(t), at time t NOTE 1 The strain law is: ni)(tt×=αε (7) where αi and n are constants. NOTE 2 Several successive tests may be carried out on the same specimen for different values αi. For linear visco-elastic materials, the secant modulus obtained for different values of αi at the same temperature depends on the loading time, t, only. SIST EN 12697-26:2012
EN 12697-26:2012 (E) 9 3.2 Symbols For the purposes of this document, the following symbols apply: E the stiffness (modulus), in megapascals (MPa); E* the complex modulus, in megapascals (MPa); E1 the real component of the complex modulus, in megapascals (MPa); E2 the imaginary component of the complex modulus, in megapascals (MPa); E∞ the highest possible value of the complex modulus, in megapascals (MPa); F the loading force, in newtons (N); h the mean thickness of the specimen, in millimetres (mm); H
the height of a cylindrical specimen, in millimetres (mm); k the load area factor; l0 the original length of the measurement area in millimetres (mm); ∆l the elongation of the measurement area in micrometers (µm); L the span length between outer supports in bending tests, in millimetres (mm); t the loading time, in seconds (s); Θ the test temperature, in degrees celsius (°C); z the displacement, in millimetres (mm); f the test frequency in Hertz (Hz); 1 the applied stress, in megapascals (MPa); 0 the applied strain, in micrometer per meter or in microstrain (µm/m); ω the angular speed, in radians per second (rad/s); Φ the phase angle, in degrees (°); γ the form factor which is a function of specimen size and form (1/mm or mm-1); µ the mass factor which is a function of the mass of the specimen and the mass of the movable parts that influence the resultant force by their inertial effects (in g); ν the Poisson's ratio; ∅ the diameter of a cylindrical specimen, in millimetres (mm). SIST EN 12697-26:2012
EN 12697-26:2012 (E) 10 4 Principle Suitable shaped samples are deformed in their linear range, under repeated loads or controlled strain rate loads. The amplitudes of the stress and strain are measured, together with the phase difference between stress and strain. 5 Sample preparation 5.1 Age of the specimens Prior to the start of testing, the specimens shall be stored on a flat surface at a temperature of not more than 25 °C for between 14 days and 42 days from the time of their manufacture. In the case of samples requiring cutting and/or gluing, the cutting shall be performed no more than 8 days after compaction of the asphalt and the gluing shall be performed at least 2 weeks from cutting. The time of manufacture for these samples is the time when they are cut. 5.2 Drying of the specimen After sawing and before gluing and/or testing, the specimens shall be dried to constant mass in air at a relative air humidity of less than 80 % at a temperature not more than 20 °C. A test specimen shall be considered to be dry after at least 8 h drying time and when two weighings performed minimum 4 h apart differ by less than 0,1 %. 5.3 Dimensions and bulk density of the specimens The dimensions of the specimens shall be measured according to EN 12697-29. The bulk density shall be determined in accordance with EN 12697-6 or EN 12697-7. The bulk density of each specimen shall not differ by more than 1 % from the average apparent density of the batch. Otherwise, the specimen shall be rejected. 5.4 Temperature of the specimen before testing The test shall not be started until the specimen has reached the required test temperature. NOTE The specimen temperature can monitored using a dummy specimen or the required temperature conditioning time can be evaluated in pre-tests. The needed conditioning time depends on the test equipment, specimen size and tested material. 5.5 Number of test specimens For all the mentioned tests, the minimum amount of specimens that need to be tested to get one test result (=one stiffness modulus) is 4 specimens. 6 Checking of the testing equipment The complete testing equipment shall be checked periodically with at least one reference specimen with a known stiffness modulus (modulus and phase lag). To check the test equipment for Annexes A, B, C, or D, the bending moment (E.I) of the specimen(s) shall be chosen to be equal to the bending moment of a normal asphalt test specimen (adopting a stiffness modulus for the asphalt in the range of 3 GPa to 14 GPa); for Annex E and Annex F an appropriate checking specimen with a known stiffness between 3 GPa and 14 GPa shall be used. The reference specimen shall be tested at not less than 6 frequencies and 2 deflection levels. The back-calculated stiffness moduli shall be within 2 % with respect to the known modulus and within 1,0° for SIST EN 12697-26:2012
EN 12697-26:2012 (E) 11 the known phase lag. If, due to the electronic components or mechanical equipment, systematic deviations (or larger deviations) of: the stiffness modulus is observed, all electronic components and mechanical equipment shall be checked for proper working and no procedure for the back-calculation software is permitted; the phase angle is observed, a correction procedure for the back-calculation software is permitted. NOTE The geometry of the reference specimen should be selected so that it will lead to a mass comparable with the mass of an asphalt specimen. The clamping of the reference specimen should be equal to the procedure for an asphalt specimen. A reference material with a phase lag unequal to zero is preferred but a material like aluminium (E around 70 GPa, phase lag is zero) is also acceptable. 7 Test methods 7.1 General The following test methods can be adopted by use of the relative form and mass factor (see Clause 9). The testing procedures that shall be followed are described in Annexes A, B, C, D, E and F. If other test procedures are used to characterise stiffness properties of bituminous mixtures, the equivalence shall first by verified by comparison with one of these procedures and a statement on that equivalence shall be attached to test reports. NOTE Inter-laboratory tests have shown that the following mentioned bending tests are in good agreement provided that the equipment is carefully calibrated and that some basic guidelines are strictly followed. 7.2 Tests with sinusoidal or pulse loading 7.2.1 Bending tests The bending test options are: 2PB-TR: test applying two point bending to trapezoidal specimens, see Annex A; 2PB-PR: test applying two point bending to prismatic specimens, see Annex A; 3PB-PR: test applying three point bending to prismatic specimens, see Annex B; 4PB-PR: test applying four point bending to prismatic specimens, see Annex B. 7.2.2 lndirect tensile test The indirect tensile test options are: IT-CY: test applying indirect tension to cylindrical specimens, see Annex C; CIT-CY: test applying cyclic in
...
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.Asphalt - Prüfverfahren für Heißasphalt - Teil 26: SteifigkeitMélanges bitumineux - Méthodes d'essai pour mélange hydrocarboné à chaud - Partie 26: Module de rigiditéBituminous mixtures - Test methods for hot mix asphalt - Part 26: Stiffness93.080.20Materiali za gradnjo cestRoad construction materialsICS:Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z:FprEN 12697-26kSIST FprEN 12697-26:2011en,fr,de01-maj-2011kSIST FprEN 12697-26:2011SLOVENSKI
STANDARD
kSIST FprEN 12697-26:2011
EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPÉENNE EUROPÄISCHE NORM
FINAL DRAFT
FprEN 12697-26
March 2011 ICS 93.080.20 Will supersede EN 12697-26:2004English Version
Bituminous mixtures - Test methods for hot mix asphalt - Part 26: Stiffness
Mélanges bitumineux - Méthodes d'essai pour mélange hydrocarboné à chaud - Partie 26: Module de rigidité
Asphalt - Prüfverfahren für Heißasphalt - Teil 26: SteifigkeitThis draft European Standard is submitted to CEN members for unique acceptance procedure. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/TC 227.
If this draft becomes a European Standard, CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration.
This draft European Standard was established by CEN in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
Recipients of this draft are invited to submit, with their comments, notification of any relevant patent rights of which they are aware and to provide supporting documentation.
Warning : This document is not a European Standard. It is distributed for review and comments. It is subject to change without notice and shall not be referred to as a European Standard.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre:
Avenue Marnix 17,
B-1000 Brussels © 2011 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. FprEN 12697-26:2011: EkSIST FprEN 12697-26:2011
FprEN 12697-26:2011 (E) 2 Contents PageForeword .41 Scope .72 Normative references .73 Terms, definitions and symbols .73.1 Terms and definitions .73.2 Symbols .94 Principle .95 Sample preparation . 105.1 Age of the specimens . 105.2 Drying of the specimen . 105.3 Dimensions and bulk density of the specimens . 105.4 Temperature of the specimen before testing . 106 Checking of the testing equipment . 107 Test methods . 117.1 General . 117.2 Tests with sinusoidal loading . 117.2.1 Bending tests . 117.2.2 lndirect tensile test . 117.2.3 Direct uniaxial tests . 117.2.4 Loading conditions . 117.2.5 Load amplitudes . 117.2.6 Loading frequencies . 127.3 Controlled strain rate loading . 127.3.1 Test method . 127.3.2 Loading conditions . 127.3.3 Strain amplitudes . 138 Temperatures . 139 Expression of results . 1410 Test report . 1610.1 General . 1610.2 Information on specimen . 1610.3 Information on test method . 1710.4 Information on the test and results . 1710.5 Optional information . 1711 Precision . 17Annex A (normative)
Two point bending test on trapezoidal specimens (2PB-TR) or on prismatic specimens (2PB-PR) . 18A.1 Principle . 18A.2 Equipment . 18A.3 Specimen preparation . 19A.4 Mode of operation . 20Annex B (normative)
Three point bending test on prismatic specimens (3PB-PR) and four point bending test on prismatic specimens (4PB-PR) . 21B.1 Principle . 21kSIST FprEN 12697-26:2011
FprEN 12697-26:2011 (E) 3 PageB.2 Equipment .22B.3 Specimen preparation . 23B.4 Mode of operation . 23Annex C (normative)
Test applying Indirect tension to cylindrical specimens (IT-CY). 25C.1 Principle. 25C.2 Equipment . 25C.3 Specimen preparation . 30C.4 Mode of operation . 31Annex D (normative)
Direct tension-compression test on cylindrical specimens (DTC-CY) . 34D.1 Principle. 34D.2 Equipment . 34D.3 Specimen preparation . 34D.4 Mode of operation . 35Annex E (normative)
Test applying direct tension to cylindrical specimens (DT-CY) or to prismatic specimens (DT-PR) . 36E.1 Principle. 36E.2 Equipment . 36E.3 Specimen preparation . 36E.4 Mode of operation . 37E.5 Derivation of the master-curve . 38E.6 Determination of the stiffness modulus for the fixed loading time . 40Annex F (normative)
Test applying Cyclic indirect tension to cylindrical specimens (CIT-CY) . 41F.1 Principle. 41F.2 Equipment . 41F.3 Specimen preparation . 43F.4 Mode of operation . 44Annex G (informative)
Derivation of the master curve . 46G.1 Principle. 46G.2 Theoretical background . 47G.3 Experimental data . 48G.4 Test report . 49
kSIST FprEN 12697-26:2011
FprEN 12697-26:2011 (E) 4 Foreword This document (FprEN 12697-26:2011) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 227 “Road materials”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN. This document is currently submitted to the Unique Acceptance Procedure. This document will supersede EN 12697-26:2004. This document is one of a series of standards as listed below: EN 12697-1, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 1: Soluble binder content EN 12697-2, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 2: Determination of particle size distribution EN 12697-3, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 3: Bitumen recovery: Rotary evaporator EN 12697-4, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 4: Bitumen recovery: Fractionating column EN 12697-5, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 5: Determination of the maximum density EN 12697-6, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 6: Determination of bulk density of bituminous specimens EN 12697-7, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 7: Determination of bulk density of bituminous specimens by gamma rays EN 12697-8, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 8: Determination of void characteristics of bituminous specimens EN 12697-10, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 10: Compactability EN 12697-11, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 11: Determination of the affinity between aggregate and bitumen EN 12697-12, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 12: Determination of the water sensitivity of bituminous specimens EN 12697-13, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 13: Temperature measurement EN 12697-14, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 14: Water content EN 12697-15, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 15: Determination of the segregation sensitivity EN 12697-16, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 16: Abrasion by studded tyres EN 12697-17, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 17: Particle loss of porous asphalt specimen kSIST FprEN 12697-26:2011
FprEN 12697-26:2011 (E) 5 EN 12697-18, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 18: Binder drainage EN 12697-19, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 19: Permeability of specimen EN 12697-20, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 20: Indentation using cube or Marshall specimens EN 12697-21, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 21: Indentation using plate specimens EN 12697-22, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 22: Wheel tracking EN 12697-23, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 23: Determination of the indirect tensile strength of bituminous specimens EN 12697-24, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 24: Resistance to fatigue EN 12697-25, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 25: Cyclic compression test EN 12697-26, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 26: Stiffness EN 12697-27, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 27: Sampling EN 12697-28, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 28: Preparation of samples for determining binder content, water content and grading EN 12697-29, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 29: Determination of the dimensions of a bituminous specimen EN 12697-30, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 30: Specimen preparation by impact compactor EN 12697-31, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 31: Specimen preparation by gyratory compactor EN 12697-32, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 32: Laboratory compaction of bituminous mixtures by a vibratory compactor EN 12697-33, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 33: Specimen prepared by roller compactor EN 12697-34, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 34: Marshall test EN 12697-35, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 35: Laboratory mixing EN 12697-36, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt− Part 36: Determination of the thickness of a bituminous pavement EN 12697-37, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 37: Hot sand test for the adhesivity of binder on precoated chippings for HRA EN 12697-38, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 38: Common equipment and calibration EN 12697-39, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 39: Binder content by ignition EN 12697-40, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 40: In situ drainability kSIST FprEN 12697-26:2011
FprEN 12697-26:2011 (E) 6 EN 12697-41, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 41: Resistance to de-icing fluids EN 12697-42, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 42: Amount of foreign matters in reclaimed asphalt EN 12697-43, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 43: Resistance to fuel EN 12697-44, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 44; Crack propagation by semi-circular bending test
prEN 12697-45, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 45: Saturation ageing tensile stiffness (SATS) conditioning test prEN 12697-46, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 46: Low temperature cracking and properties by uniaxial tension tests EN 12697-47, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 47: Determination of the ash content of natural asphalts prEN 12697-48, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 48: Inter-layer bond strength1) prEN 12697-49, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 49: Skid resistance of asphalt in the laboratory1)
prEN 12697-50, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 50: Scuffing resistance of surface course1)
1) In preparation kSIST FprEN 12697-26:2011
FprEN 12697-26:2011 (E) 7 1 Scope This European specifies the methods for characterising the stiffness of bituminous mixtures by alternative tests, including bending tests and direct and indirect tensile tests. The tests are performed on compacted bituminous material under a sinusoidal loading or other controlled loading, using different types of specimens and supports. The procedure is used to rank bituminous mixtures on the basis of stiffness, as a guide to relative performance in the pavement, to obtain data for estimating the structural behaviour in the road and to judge test data according to specifications for bituminous mixtures. As this standard does not impose a particular type of testing device the precise choice of the test conditions depends on the possibilities and the working range of the used device. For the choice of specific test conditions, the requirements of the product standards for bituminous mixtures should be respected. The applicability of this document is described in the product standards for bituminous mixtures. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
EN 12697-6, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 6: Determination of bulk density of bituminous specimens EN 12697-27, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 27: Sampling EN 12697-29, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 29: Determination of the dimensions of a bituminous specimen EN 12967-31, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 31: Specimen preparation by gyratory compactor EN 12967-33, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 33: Specimen prepared by roller compactor 3 Terms, definitions and symbols 3.1 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 3.1.1 complex modulus relationship between stress and strain for a linear visco-elastic material submitted to a sinusoidal load wave form at time, t, where applying a stress σ × sin (ω × t) results in a strain ε × sin (ω × (t − Φ)) that has a phase angle, Φ, with respect to the stress NOTE 1 The amplitude of strain and the phase angle are functions of the frequency, f, and the test temperature, Θ. NOTE 2 The stress strain ratio defines the complex modulus E* as: kSIST FprEN 12697-26:2011
FprEN 12697-26:2011 (E) 8 ))(sin)(cos(**Φ+Φ=××iEE (1) The complex modulus is characterised by a pair of two components. This pair can be expressed in two ways: the real component E1 and the imaginary components E2 : )(cos*1Φ×=EE (2) )(sin*2Φ×=EE (3) the absolute value of the complex modulus E* and the phase angle, Φ: 2221*EEE+= (4) =Φ12arctanEE (5) NOTE 3 This second characterisation is more often used in practice. In linear elastic multi-layer calculations for instance the E* modulus is generally used as input value for Young's modulus. NOTE 4 For purely elastic materials, the phase angle is zero and then the complex modulus reduces to the Young's modulus. This happens when bituminous materials are at very low temperatures (Φ ≤ –20 °C). Then the complex modulus reaches its highest possible value noted E∞. 3.1.2 stiffness modulus absolute value of the complex modulus E* or the value of the secant modulus 3.1.3 secant modulus relationship between stress and strain at the loading time, t, for a material subjected to controlled strain rate loading: )()()(tttEεσ= (6) with stress, σ(t), and strain, ε(t), at time t NOTE 1 The strain law is: ni)(tt×=αε (7) where αi and n are constants. NOTE 2 Several successive tests may be carried out on the same specimen for different values αi. For linear visco-elastic materials, the secant modulus obtained for different values of αi at the same temperature depends on the loading time, t, only. kSIST FprEN 12697-26:2011
FprEN 12697-26:2011 (E) 9 3.2 Symbols For the purposes of this document, the following symbols apply: E* the complex modulus, in megapascals (MPa); E1 the real component of the complex modulus, in megapascals (MPa); E2 the imaginary component of the complex modulus, in megapascals (MPa); E∞ the highest possible value of the complex modulus, in megapascals (MPa); F the loading force, in newtons (N); h the mean thickness of the specimen, in millimetres (mm); H
the height of a cylindrical specimen, in millimetres (mm); k the load area factor; l0 the original length of the measurement area in millimetres (mm); ∆l the elongation of the measurement area in micrometers (µm); L the span length between outer supports in bending tests, in millimetres (mm); t the loading time, in seconds (s); Sm the stiffness modulus, in megapascals (MPa); Θ the test temperature, in degrees celsius (°C); z the displacement, in millimetres (mm); f the test frequency in Hertz (Hz); ω the angular speed, in radians per seconds (rad/s); Φ the phase angle, in degrees (°); γ the form factor (a function of specimen size and form); µ the mass factor (a function of the mass of the specimen and the mass of the movable parts that influence the resultant force by their inertial effects); ν the Poisson's ratio; ∅ the diameter of a cylindrical specimen, in millimetres (mm). 4 Principle Suitable shaped samples are deformed in their linear range, under repeated loads or controlled strain rate loads. The amplitudes of the stress and strain are measured, together with the phase difference between stress and strain. kSIST FprEN 12697-26:2011
FprEN 12697-26:2011 (E) 10 5 Sample preparation 5.1 Age of the specimens Prior to the start of testing, the specimens shall be stored on a flat surface at a temperature of not more than 20 °C for between 14 days and 42 days from the time of their manufacture. In the case of samples requiring cutting and/or gluing, the cutting shall be performed no more than 8 days after compaction of the asphalt and the gluing shall be performed at least 2 weeks from cutting. The time of manufacture for these samples is the time when they are cut. 5.2 Drying of the specimen After sawing and before gluing and/or testing, the specimens shall be dried to constant mass in air at a relative air humidity of less than 80 % at a temperature not more than 20 °C. A test specimen shall be considered to be dry after at least 8 h drying time and when two weightings performed minimum 4 h apart differ by less than 0,1 % 5.3 Dimensions and bulk density of the specimens The dimensions of the specimens shall be measured according to EN 12697-29.
The bulk density shall be determined in accordance with EN 12697-6. The bulk density of each specimen shall not differ by more than 1 % from the average apparent density of the batch. Otherwise, the specimen shall be rejected. 5.4 Temperature of the specimen before testing The test shall not be started until the specimen has reached the required test temperature. NOTE The specimen temperature can monitored using dummy specimen. Alternatively, the temperature can be taken as having returned to the test temperature if the time between the alignment of the specimen in the test equipment and the actual testing is (1,5 ± 0,5) h. 6 Checking of the testing equipment The complete testing equipment shall be checked with at least one reference specimen with a known stiffness modulus (modulus and phase lag). To check the test equipment for Annex A, B, C, or D, the bending moment (E.I) of the specimen(s) shall be chosen to be equal to the bending moment of a normal asphalt test specimen (adopting a stiffness modulus for the asphalt in the range of 3 GPa to 14 GPa); for Annex E and Annex F an appropriate checking specimen with a known stiffness between 3 and 14 GPa shall be used. The reference specimen shall be tested at not less than 6 frequencies and 2 deflection levels. The back-calculated stiffness moduli shall be within 2 % with respect to the known modulus and within 1,0° for the known phase lag. If, due to the electronic components or mechanical equipment, systematic deviations (or larger deviations) of: the stiffness modulus is observed, all electronic components and mechanical equipment shall be checked for proper working and no procedure for the back-calculation software is permitted; the phase angle is observed, a correction procedure for the back-calculation software is permitted. NOTE The geometry of the reference specimen should be selected so that it will lead to a weight comparable with the weight of an asphalt specimen. The clamping of the reference specimen should be equal to the procedure for an asphalt specimen. A reference material with a phase lag unequal to zero is preferred but a material like aluminium (E around 70 GPa, phase lag is zero) is also acceptable. kSIST FprEN 12697-26:2011
FprEN 12697-26:2011 (E) 11 7 Test methods 7.1 General The following test methods can be adopted by use of the relative form and mass factor (see Clause 8). The testing procedures that shall be followed are described in Annexes A, B, C, D, E and F. If other test procedures are used to characterise stiffness properties of bituminous mixtures, the equivalence shall first by verified by comparison with one of these procedures and a statement on that equivalence shall be attached to test reports. NOTE Inter-laboratory tests have shown that the following mentioned bending tests are in good agreement provided that the equipment is carefully calibrated and that some basic guidelines are strictly followed. 7.2 Tests with sinusoidal loading 7.2.1 Bending tests The bending test options are: 2PB-TR: test applying two point bending to trapezoidal speci
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