SIST EN 62146-1:2014

Grading capacitors for high-voltage alternating current circuit-breakers - Part 1: General

EN-IEC 62146-1 series is applicable to grading capacitors used on circuit-breakers. Their function is to control the voltage distribution across the individual interrupter units of a multi-break circuit-breaker. Grading capacitors can also be used in parallel to the interrupter unit on single break circuitbreakers to modify the Transient Recovery Voltage (TRV). The grading capacitor is a sub-component for the circuit-breaker and shall be specified in accordance with the circuit-breaker specifications. This standard applies to grading capacitors falling into one or both of the following categories for: - mounting on air-insulated circuit-breakers; - mounting on enclosed circuit-breakers (for example immersed in SF6, in oil, etc.). The testing for each of the above applications is in some cases different. The object of this standard is: - to define uniform rules regarding performances, testing and rating; - to define specific safety rules; - to provide a guidance for installation and operation.

/

Condensateurs de répartition pour disjoncteurs à courant alternatif haute tension - Partie 1: Généralités

La CEI 62146-1:2013 s'applique aux condensateurs de répartition utilisés sur les disjoncteurs. Ces condensateurs ont pour fonction de contrôler la répartition de la tension entre chaque interrupteur d'un disjoncteur à coupure multiple. Les condensateurs de répartition peuvent également être utilisés parallèlement à l'interrupteur de disjoncteurs à coupure unique afin de modifier la tension transitoire de rétablissement (TRV - Transient Recovery Voltage). Le condensateur de répartition est un sous-composant du disjoncteur et il est spécifié conformément aux spécifications des disjoncteurs. La présente norme s'applique aux condensateurs de répartition à l'huile, à gaz et céramique relevant de l'une ou des deux catégories suivantes pour:  - l'installation sur les disjoncteurs isolés dans l'air;  - l'installation sur des disjoncteurs protégés (par exemple, immergés dans du gaz SF6, dans l'huile, etc.). L'essai applicable à chacune des applications susmentionnées est différent dans certains cas. La présente norme a pour objet de:  - définir des règles uniformes concernant les performances, essais et caractéristiques assignées;  - définir des règles de sécurité spécifiques;  - fournir un guide d'installation et d'exploitation. Mots clés: Le condensateur de repartition, disjoncteurs

Kondenzatorji za izravnavo potenciala pri visokonapetostnih odklopnikih za izmenični tok - 1. del: Splošno (IEC 62146-1:2013)

Serija standardov EN-IEC 62146-1 se uporablja za kondenzatorje za izravnavo potenciala, ki se uporabljajo pri odklopnikih. Njihova naloga je, da nadzorujejo napetostne razdelilne sisteme v posameznih prekinitvenih enotah večprekinitvenega odklopnika. Kondenzatorji za izravnavo potenciala se lahko uporabijo tudi vzporedno s prekinitveno enoto enoprekinitvenih odklopnikov za izravnavo tranzientne povrnitve napetosti (TRV). Kondenzator za izravnavo potenciala je sestavni del odklopnika in se določi v skladu s specifikacijami odklopnika. Ta standard se uporablja za kondenzatorje za izravnavo potenciala, ki spadajo v eno ali v obe kategoriji za: – nameščanje na zračno izolirane odklopnike; – nameščanje na izolirane odklopnike (npr. potopljeni v SF6, olje itd.). Preskušanje za vsako zgoraj navedeno uporabo se v nekaterih primerih razlikuje. Namen tega standarda je: – določitev enotnih pravil glede lastnosti zmogljivosti, preskušanja in ocenjevanja; – določitev posebnih varnostnih pravil; – pomoč pri namestitvi in delovanju.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 10-Apr-2014
• ICS: 31.060.70 - Power capacitors
• Technical Committee: I09 - Imaginarni 09
• Current Stage: 6060 - National Implementation/Publication (Adopted Project)
• Start Date: 31-Mar-2014
• Due Date: 05-Jun-2014
• Completion Date: 11-Apr-2014
• Ref Project: EN 62146-1:2014 - Grading capacitors for high-voltage alternating current circuit-breakers - Part 1: General

Relations

• Amended By: SIST EN 62146-1:2014/A1:2016 - Grading capacitors for high-voltage alternating current circuit-breakers - Part 1: General (IEC 62146-1:2013/A1:2016)
• Effective Date: 24-Nov-2014

Standards Content (Sample)

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN 62146-1:2014
01-maj-2014
.RQGHQ]DWRUML]DL]UDYQDYRSRWHQFLDODSULYLVRNRQDSHWRVWQLKRGNORSQLNLK]D
L]PHQLþQLWRNGHO6SORãQR,(&
Grading capacitors for high-voltage alternating current circuit-breakers - Part 1: General
/
Condensateurs de répartition pour disjoncteurs à courant alternatif haute tension - Partie
1: Généralités
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN 62146-1:2014
ICS:
31.060.70 0RþQRVWQLNRQGHQ]DWRUML Power capacitors
SIST EN 62146-1:2014 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------

SIST EN 62146-1:2014

---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------

SIST EN 62146-1:2014

EUROPEAN STANDARD
EN 62146-1

NORME EUROPÉENNE
March 2014
EUROPÄISCHE NORM

ICS 31.060.01; 31.060.70


English version


Grading capacitors for high-voltage alternating current circuit-breakers -
Part 1: General
(IEC 62146-1:2013)


Condensateurs de répartition pour Spannungsausgleichskondensatoren für
disjoncteurs à courant alternatif haute Hochspannungs-Wechselstrom-
tension - Leistungsschalter -
Partie 1: Généralités Teiln 1: Allgemeines
(CEI 62146-1:2013) (IEC 62146-1:2013)





This European Standard was approved by CENELEC on 2013-10-30. CENELEC members are bound to comply
with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard
the status of a national standard without any alteration.

Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on
application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CENELEC member.

This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other
language made by translation under the responsibility of a CENELEC member into its own language and notified
to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.

CENELEC members are the national electrotechnical committees of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus,
the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany,
Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland,
Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom.

CENELEC
European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
Comité Européen de Normalisation Electrotechnique
Europäisches Komitee für Elektrotechnische Normung

CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B - 1000 Brussels


© 2014 CENELEC - All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CENELEC members.
Ref. No. EN 62146-1:2014 E

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SIST EN 62146-1:2014
EN 62146-1:2014 - 2 -

Foreword
The text of document 33/535/FDIS, future edition 1 of IEC 62146-1, prepared by IEC/TC 33, "Power
capacitors and their applications" was submitted to the IEC-CENELEC parallel vote and approved by
CENELEC as EN 62146-1:2014.

The following dates are fixed:
(dop) 2014-09-14
• latest date by which the document has
to be implemented at national level by
publication of an identical national
standard or by endorsement
• latest date by which the national (dow) 2016-10-30
standards conflicting with the
document have to be withdrawn

Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CENELEC [and/or CEN] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent
rights.
Endorsement notice
The text of the International Standard IEC 62146-1:2013 was approved by CENELEC as a European
Standard without any modification.
In the official version, for Bibliography, the following notes have to be added for the standards indicated:
IEC 60068-2-11 NOTE  Harmonized as EN 60068-2-11
IEC 60068-2-42 NOTE  Harmonized in EN 60068-2-42

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SIST EN 62146-1:2014
- 3 - EN 62146-1:2014

Annex ZA
(normative)

Normative references to international publications
with their corresponding European publications

The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated
references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.

NOTE  When an international publication has been modified by common modifications, indicated by (mod), the relevant EN/HD
applies.

Publication Year Title EN/HD Year


CISPR 18-2 1986 Radio interference characteristics of overhead - -
power lines and high-voltage equipment - Part
2: Methods of measurement and procedure
for determining limits


IEC Guide 109 Environmental aspects - Inclusion in - -
electrotechnical product standards


IEC 60050 (Series) International Electrotechnical Vocabulary - -
(IEV)


IEC 60060-1 2010 High-voltage test techniques - Part 1: General EN 60060-1 2010
definitions and test requirements


IEC 60068-2-17 1994 Environmental testing - Part 2: Tests - Test Q: EN 60068-2-17 1994
Sealing


IEC 60071-1 2006 Insulation co-ordination - Part 1: Definitions, EN 60071-1 2006
principles and rules


IEC 60270 2000 High-voltage test techniques - Partial EN 60270 2001
+ corr. October 2001 discharge measurements


IEC 60376 2005 Specification of technical grade sulfur EN 60376 2005
hexafluoride (SF6) for use in electrical
equipment


IEC 60507 1991 Artificial pollution tests on high-voltage EN 60507 1993
insulators to be used on a.c. systems


IEC 60567 2011 Oil-filled electrical equipment - Sampling of EN 60567 2011
gases and analysis of free and dissolved
gases - Guidance


IEC 60721-1 1990 Classification of environmental conditions - EN 60721-1 1995
+ A1 1992 Part 1: Environmental parameters and their - -
1)
+ A2 1995 severities + A2 1995


IEC/TS 60815 Selection and dimensioning of high-voltage - -
(series) insulators intended for use in polluted
conditions


IEC 61462 2007 Composite hollow insulators - Pressurized and EN 61462 2007
unpressurized insulators for use in electrical
equipment with rated voltage greater than 1
000 V - Definitions, test methods, acceptance
criteria and design recommendations



1)
EN 60721-1 includes A1 to IEC 60721-1.

---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------

SIST EN 62146-1:2014
EN 62146-1:2014 - 4 -
IEC 62155 (mod) 2003 Hollow pressurized and unpressurized EN 62155 2003
ceramic and glass insulators for use in
electrical equipment with rated voltages
greater than 1 000 V


IEC 62271-1 2007 High-voltage switchgear and controlgear - EN 62271-1 2008
Part 1: Common specifications


IEC 62271-100 2008 High-voltage switchgear and controlgear - EN 62271-100 2009
Part 100: Alternating current circuit-breakers


2)
IEC 62271-203 2003 High-voltage switchgear and controlgear - EN 62271-203 2004
Part 203: Gas-insulated metal-enclosed
switchgear for rated voltages above 52 kV


IEC/TR 62271-300 2006 High-voltage switchgear and controlgear - - -
Part 300: Seismic qualification of alternating
current circuit-breakers




2)
EN 62271-203 is superseded by EN 62271-203:2012, which is based on IEC 62271-203:2011.

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SIST EN 62146-1:2014



IEC 62146-1

®


Edition 1.0 2013-09




INTERNATIONAL



STANDARD




NORME



INTERNATIONALE











Grading capacitors for high-voltage alternating current circuit-breakers –

Part 1: General




Condensateurs de répartition pour disjoncteurs à courant alternatif haute

tension –

Partie 1: Généralités















INTERNATIONAL

ELECTROTECHNICAL

COMMISSION


COMMISSION

ELECTROTECHNIQUE

PRICE CODE
INTERNATIONALE

CODE PRIX W


ICS 31.060.01; 31.060.70 ISBN 978-2-8322-1109-0




Warning! Make sure that you obtained this publication from an authorized distributor.

Attention! Veuillez vous assurer que vous avez obtenu cette publication via un distributeur agréé.

® Registered trademark of the International Electrotechnical Commission
Marque déposée de la Commission Electrotechnique Internationale

---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------

SIST EN 62146-1:2014
– 2 – 62146-1 © IEC:2013
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 4
1 Scope . 6
2 Normative references . 6
3 Terms and definitions . 7
4 Abbreviations . 12
5 Normal and special service conditions . 13
5.1 General . 13
5.2 Normal service conditions . 13
5.2.1 Ambient temperature . 13
5.2.2 Mechanical stress and vibrations . 13
5.2.3 Additional service conditions for indoor and completely immersed
grading capacitor . 13
5.3 Special service conditions . 13
5.3.1 General . 13
5.3.2 Earthquakes . 13
6 Ratings . 14
6.1 Rated voltage (U ) . 14
cr
6.2 Rated insulation level . 14
6.3 Rated frequency (f ) . 15
r
7 Design and construction . 15
7.1 Capacitance tolerances . 15
7.2 Capacitor loss requirements . 15
7.3 Angle of mounting . 15
7.4 Minimum withstand value of mechanical bending load . 15
7.5 Requirements for impregnation medium in capacitor . 16
7.6 Protection against corrosion . 16
7.7 Nameplates . 16
7.8 Creepage distances for outdoor insulators . 16
7.9 Tightness . 16
7.9.1 Liquid tightness . 16
7.9.2 Gas tightness for grading capacitors immersed in gas . 17
8 Type tests . 17
8.1 Information for identification of specimens . 17
8.2 Information to be included in type-test reports . 17
8.3 Test conditions . 18
8.4 Dielectric tests . 18
8.4.1 General . 18
8.4.2 Capacitance measurement at power frequency . 19
8.4.3 Measurement of the tangent of the loss angle (tanδ) . 20
8.4.4 Partial discharge test . 20
8.4.5 Switching impulse voltage test . 21
8.4.6 Lightning and chopped impulse voltage test. 21
8.4.7 Power frequency voltage test. . 22
8.5 Voltage test at low and high temperature . 22
8.6 Radio interference voltage (RIV) test . 23
8.7 Resonance frequency measurements . 23

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SIST EN 62146-1:2014
62146-1 © IEC:2013 – 3 –
8.8 Mechanical bending test . 23
8.9 Tightness test at different temperatures . 23
8.10 Tightness test to check gas ingress from a pressurised environment . 24
8.11 Vibration test . 24
9 Routine tests . 25
9.1 General . 25
9.2 Test conditions . 25
9.3 Capacitance and loss angle measurement at power frequency . 25
9.4 Power frequency voltage test . 26
9.5 Partial discharge test . 26
9.6 Tightness test . 26
9.6.1 General . 26
9.6.2 Oil impregnated capacitor . 26
9.6.3 Tightness test for gas filled grading capacitors . 26
9.7 Visual inspection and dimensional check . 27
10 Recommendations for transport, storage, erection, operation and maintenance . 27
10.1 General . 27
10.2 Conditions during transport, storage and installation . 27
10.3 Installation. 27
10.4 Unpacking and lifting . 28
10.5 Assembly . 28
10.5.1 Mounting . 28
10.5.2 Connections to metal parts . 28
10.5.3 Final installation inspection . 28
10.6 Operation . 28
10.7 Maintenance . 28
10.7.1 General . 28
10.7.2 Recommendation for the installation and maintenance . 28
10.7.3 Recommendations for the user . 29
10.7.4 Failure report . 29
11 Safety . 30
11.1 General . 30
11.2 Precautions by manufacturers . 30
11.3 Precautions by users . 31
11.4 National regulations . 31
12 Environmental aspects . 31
Annex A (informative) Corrosion: Information regarding service conditions and
recommended test requirements . 32
Annex B (informative) Resonance frequency measurements . 33
Bibliography . 34

Figure 1 – Dielectric type tests . 19
Figure 2 – Dielectric routine test . 25
Figure B.1 – Example of resonance frequency measurement recording (see 8.7) . 33

Table 1 – Partial discharge test voltages and permissible levels . 21

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SIST EN 62146-1:2014
– 4 – 62146-1 © IEC:2013
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
____________

GRADING CAPACITORS FOR HIGH-VOLTAGE
ALTERNATING CURRENT CIRCUIT-BREAKERS –

Part 1: General

FOREWORD
1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote
international co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To
this end and in addition to other activities, IEC publishes International Standards, Technical Specifications,
Technical Reports, Publicly Available Specifications (PAS) and Guides (hereafter referred to as “IEC
Publication(s)”). Their preparation is entrusted to technical committees; any IEC National Committee interested
in the subject dealt with may participate in this preparatory work. International, governmental and non-
governmental organizations liaising with the IEC also participate in this preparation. IEC collaborates closely
with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by
agreement between the two organizations.
2) The formal decisions or agreements of IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, an international
consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation from all
interested IEC National Committees.
3) IEC Publications have the form of recommendations for international use and are accepted by IEC National
Committees in that sense. While all reasonable efforts are made to ensure that the technical content of IEC
Publications is accurate, IEC cannot be held responsible for the way in which they are used or for any
misinterpretation by any end user.
4) In order to promote international uniformity, IEC National Committees undertake to apply IEC Publications
transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and regional publications. Any divergence
between any IEC Publication and the corresponding national or regional publication shall be clearly indicated in
the latter.
5) IEC itself does not provide any attestation of conformity. Independent certification bodies provide conformity
assessment services and, in some areas, access to IEC marks of conformity. IEC is not responsible for any
services carried out by independent certification bodies.
6) All users should ensure that they have the latest edition of this publication.
7) No liability shall attach to IEC or its directors, employees, servants or agents including individual experts and
members of its technical committees and IEC National Committees for any personal injury, property damage or
other damage of any nature whatsoever, whether direct or indirect, or for costs (including legal fees) and
expenses arising out of the publication, use of, or reliance upon, this IEC Publication or any other IEC
Publications.
8) Attention is drawn to the Normative references cited in this publication. Use of the referenced publications is
indispensable for the correct application of this publication.
9) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this IEC Publication may be the subject of
patent rights. IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
International Standard IEC 62146-1 has been prepared by IEC technical committee 33: Power
capacitors and their applications.
The text of this standard is based on the following documents:
FDIS Report on voting
33/535/FDIS 33/541/RVD

Full information on the voting for the approval of this standard can be found in the report on
voting indicated in the above table.
This publication has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
A list of all parts in the IEC 62146 series, published under the general title Grading
capacitators for high-voltage alternating current circuit-breakers, can be found on the IEC
website.

---------------------- Page: 10 ----------------------

SIST EN 62146-1:2014
62146-1 © IEC:2013 – 5 –
The committee has decided that the contents of this publication will remain unchanged until
the stability date indicated on the IEC web site under "http://webstore.iec.ch" in the data
related to the specific publication. At this date, the publication will be
• reconfirmed,
• withdrawn,
• replaced by a revised edition, or
• amended.

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SIST EN 62146-1:2014
– 6 – 62146-1 © IEC:2013
GRADING CAPACITORS FOR HIGH-VOLTAGE
ALTERNATING CURRENT CIRCUIT-BREAKERS –

Part 1: General



1 Scope
This part of the IEC 62146 series is applicable to grading capacitors used on circuit-breakers.
Their function is to control the voltage distribution across the individual interrupter units of a
multi-break circuit-breaker.
Grading capacitors can also be used in parallel to the interrupter unit on single break circuit-
breakers to modify the Transient Recovery Voltage (TRV).
The grading capacitor is a sub-component for the circuit-breaker and shall be specified in
accordance with the circuit-breaker specifications.
This standard applies to grading capacitors falling into one or both of the following categories
for:
– mounting on air-insulated circuit-breakers;
– mounting on enclosed circuit-breakers (for example immersed in SF , in oil, etc.).
6
The testing for each of the above applications is in some cases different.
The object of this standard is:
– to define uniform rules regarding performances, testing and rating;
– to define specific safety rules;
– to provide a guidance for installation and operation.
2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and
are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any
amendments) applies.
IEC 60050 (all parts), International electrotechnical vocabulary (available at
http://www.electropedia.org)
IEC 60060-1:2010, High-voltage test techniques – Part 1: General definitions and test
requirements
IEC 60068-2-17:1994, Official version in Russian – Basic environmental testing procedures –
Part 2-17: Tests – Test Q: Sealing
IEC 60071-1:2006, Insulation co-ordination – Part 1: Definitions, principles and rules
IEC 60270:2000, High-voltage test techniques – Partial discharge measurements

---------------------- Page: 12 ----------------------

SIST EN 62146-1:2014
62146-1 © IEC:2013 – 7 –
IEC 60376:2005, Specification of technical grade sulfur hexafluoride (SF ) for use in electrical
6
equipment
IEC 60507-1:1991, Artificial pollution tests on high-voltage insulators to be used on a.c.
systems
IEC 60567:2011, Oil-filled electrical equipment – Sampling of gases and analysis of free and
dissolved gases – Guidance
IEC 60721-1:2002, Classification of environmental conditions – Part 1: Environmental
parameters and their severities
IEC 60815 (all parts), Selection and dimensioning of high-voltage insulators intended for use
in polluted conditions
IEC 61462:2007, Composite hollow insulators – Pressurized and unpressurized insulators for
use in electrical equipment with rated voltage greater than 1 000 V – Definitions, test
methods, acceptance criteria and design recommendations
IEC 62155:2003, Hollow pressurized and unpressurized ceramic and glass insulators for use
in electrical equipment with rated voltages greater than 1 000 V
IEC 62271-1:2007, High-voltage switchgear and controlgear – Part 1: Common specifications
IEC 62271-100:2008, High-voltage switchgear and controlgear – Part 100: Alternating current
circuit-breakers
IEC 62271-203:2003, High-voltage switchgear and controlgear – Part 203: Gas-insulated
metal-enclosed switchgear for rated voltages above 52 kV
IEC 62271-300:2006, High-voltage switchgear and controlgear – Part 300: Seismic
qualification of alternating current circuit-breakers
IEC Guide 109, Environmental aspects – Inclusion in electrotechnical product standards
CISPR 18-2:1986, Radio interference characteristics of overhead power lines and high-
voltage equipment – Part 2: Methods of measurement and procedure for determining limits
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
arcing distance
shortest distance in the air external to the insulator between the metallic parts which normally
have the operating voltage between them
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-471:2007, 471-01-01]
3.2
capacitor element
device consisting essentially of two electrodes separated by a dielectric
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-436:1990, 436-01-03]

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SIST EN 62146-1:2014
– 8 – 62146-1 © IEC:2013
3.3
capacitor losses
active power dissipated in the capacitor
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-436:1990, 436-04-10]
3.4
capacitor terminals
terminals intended for electrical and mechanical connection to the terminals of the interrupter
units of circuit-breakers
3.5
capacitance tolerance
permissible difference between the actual capacitance and the rated capacitance under
specified conditions
Note 1 to entry: The actual capacitance should be measured at, or referred to, the temperature at which the rated
capacitance is defined.
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-436:1990, 436-04-01, modified by addition of Note to entry]
3.6
capacitor unit
assembly of one or more capacitor elements in the same container with terminals brought out
Note 1 to entry: A common type of unit for grading capacitors has a cylindrical housing of insulating material and
metal end flanges which serve as terminals.
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-436:1990, 436-01-04, modified by addition of Note to entry]
3.7
completely immersed capacitor
capacitor, both ends of which are intended to be immersed in insulating media other than
ambient air (e.g. oil or gas)
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-471:2007, 471-02-04, modified (definition originally referred to
"bushing" instead of "capacitor")]
3.8
creepage distance
shortest distance along the surface of a solid insulating material between two conductive
pa
...