SIST EN 16603-10-04:2021

Space engineering - Space environment

This standard applies to all product types which exist or operate in space and defines the natural environment for all space regimes. It also defines general models and rules for determining the local induced environment.
Project-specific or project-class-specific acceptance criteria, analysis methods or procedures are not defined.
The natural space environment of a given item is that set of environmental conditions defined by the external physical world for the given mission (e.g. atmosphere, meteoroids and energetic particle radiation). The induced space environment is that set of environmental conditions created or modified by the presence or operation of the item and its mission (e.g. contamination, secondary radiations and spacecraft charging). The space environment also contains elements which are induced by the execution of other space activities (e.g. debris and contamination).
This standard may be tailored for the specific characteristic and constrains of a space project in conformance with ECSS-S-ST-00.

Raumfahrttechnik - Raumfahrtumweltbedingungen

Ingénierie spatiale - Environnement spatial

La présente norme s'applique à tous les types de produits existant ou fonctionnant dans l'espace, et définit l'environnement naturel de tous les régimes spatiaux. Elle définit également des règles et modèles généraux pour la détermination de l'environnement induit local.
Les critères d'acceptabilité, méthodes ou procédures d'analyse spécifiques aux projets ou aux catégories de projet ne sont pas définis.
L'environnement spatial naturel d'un élément donné est l'ensemble des conditions environnementales définies par le monde physique externe pour une mission donnée (par exemple : atmosphère, météoroïdes et rayonnement de particules énergétiques). L'environnement spatial induit est l'ensemble des conditions environnementales créées ou modifiées par la présence ou le fonctionnement de l'élément et par sa mission (par exemple : contamination, rayonnement secondaire et charge de l'engin spatial). L'environnement spatial contient également des éléments induits par l'exécution d'autres activités spatiales (par exemple : débris et contamination).
La présente norme peut être adaptée aux caractéristiques et contraintes spécifiques d’un projet spatial, conformément à l’ECSS-S-ST-00.

Vesoljska tehnika - Okolje v vesolju

General Information

• Status: Published
• Public Enquiry End Date: 28-Feb-2021
• Publication Date: 12-Sep-2021
• ICS: 49.140 - Space systems and operations
• Technical Committee: I13 - Imaginarni 13
• Current Stage: 6060 - National Implementation/Publication (Adopted Project)
• Start Date: 09-Sep-2021
• Due Date: 14-Nov-2021
• Completion Date: 13-Sep-2021
• Mandate: M/496 - Mandate addressed to CEN, CENELEC and ETSI to develop standardisation regarding space industry (Phase 3 of the process)
• Ref Project: EN 16603-10-04:2021 - Space engineering - Space environment

Relations

• Replaces: SIST EN 16603-10-04:2015 - Space engineering - Space environment
• Effective Date: 08-Sep-2021

Standards Content (Sample)

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-november-2021
Nadomešča:
SIST EN 16603-10-04:2015
Vesoljska tehnika - Okolje v vesolju
Space engineering - Space environment
Raumfahrttechnik - Raumfahrtumweltbedingungen
Ingénierie spatiale - Environnement spatial
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN 16603-10-04:2021
ICS:
49.140 Vesoljski sistemi in operacije Space systems and
operations
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

EUROPEAN STANDARD
EN 16603-10-04
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
September 2021
ICS 49.140
Supersedes EN 16603-10-04:2015
English version
Space engineering - Space environment
Ingénierie spatiale - Environnement spatial Raumfahrttechnik - Raumfahrtumweltbedingungen
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 23 June 2021.

CEN and CENELEC members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for
giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical
references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to
any CEN and CENELEC member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN and CENELEC member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC
Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.

CEN and CENELEC members are the national standards bodies and national electrotechnical committees of Austria, Belgium,
Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy,
Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia,
Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom.

CEN-CENELEC Management Centre:
Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2021 CEN/CENELEC All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means Ref. No. EN 16603-10-04:2021 E
reserved worldwide for CEN national Members and for
CENELEC Members.
Table of contents
European Foreword . 13
Introduction . 14
1 Scope . 15
2 Normative references . 16
3 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms . 19
3.1 Terms defined in other standards .19
3.2 Terms specific to the present standard .19
3.3 Abbreviated terms. 27
4 Gravity . 29
4.1 Introduction and description .29
4.1.1 Introduction .29
4.1.2 Gravity model formulation .29
4.1.3 Third body gravitation .31
4.1.4 Tidal effects.31
4.2 Requirements for model selection and application . 31
4.2.1 General requirements for gravity models . 31
4.2.2 Selection and application of gravity models . 32
5 Geomagnetic fields . 33
5.1 Introduction and description .33
5.1.1 The geomagnetic field and its sources . 33
5.1.2 The internal field .33
5.1.3 External field: ionospheric components . 33
5.1.4 External magnetic field: magnetospheric components . 34
5.1.5 Models of the internal and external geomagnetic fields . 34
5.2 Requirements for model selection and application . 35
5.2.1 The internal field .35
5.2.2 The external field .36
5.3 Tailoring guidelines .37
6 Natural electromagnetic radiation and indices . 38
6.1 Introduction and description .38
6.1.1 Introduction .38
6.1.2 Electromagnetic radiation and indices . 38
6.2 Requirements .41
6.2.1 Electromagnetic radiation . 41
6.2.2 Reference index values .41
6.2.3 Tailoring guidelines .42
6.3 Tables .42
7 Neutral atmospheres . 44
7.1 Introduction and description .44
7.1.1 Introduction .44
7.1.2 Structure of the Earth’s atmosphere . 44
7.1.3 Models of the Earth’s atmosphere . 44
7.1.4 Wind model of the Earth’s homosphere and heterosphere . 45
7.2 Requirements for atmosphere and wind model selection . 45
7.2.1 Earth atmosphere .45
7.2.2 Earth wind model .47
7.2.3 Models of the atmospheres of the planets and their satellites . 47
8 Plasmas . 48
8.1 Introduction and description .48
8.1.1 Introduction .48
8.1.2 Ionosphere .48
8.1.3 Plasmasphere .49
8.1.4 Outer magnetosphere .49
8.1.5 Solar wind .50
8.1.6 Magnetosheath .50
8.1.7 Magnetotail and L2.50
8.1.8 Planetary environments . 51
8.1.9 Induced environments .51
8.2 Requirements for model selection and application . 51
8.2.1 General . 51
8.2.2 Ionosphere .52
8.2.3 Auroral charging environment .52
8.2.4 Plasmasphere .53
8.2.5 Outer magnetosphere .54
8.2.6 The solar wind (interplanetary environment). 54
8.2.7 Other plasma environments .54
8.2.8 Tables .55
9 Energetic particle radiation . 56
9.1 Introduction and description .56
9.1.1 Introduction .56
9.1.2 Overview of energetic particle radiation environment and effects . 56
9.2 Requirements for energetic particle radiation environments . 59
9.2.1 Trapped radiation belt fluxes .59
9.2.2 Solar particle event models .61
9.2.3 Cosmic ray models .6 3
9.2.4 Geomagnetic shielding .63
9.2.5 Neutrons .63
9.2.6 <> .63
9.2.7 L2 and the Deep Magnetotail Environment . 63
9.3 Preparation of a radiation environment specification . 63
9.4 Tables .65
10 Space debris and meteoroids . 66
10.1 Introduction and description .66
10.1.1 The particulate environment in near Earth space . 66
10.1.2 Space debris .66
10.1.3 Meteoroids .67
10.2 Requirements for impact risk assessment and model selection . 67
10.2.1 General requirements for meteoroids and space debris . 67
10.2.2 Model selection and application . 67
10.2.3 <> .70
10.2.4 The meteoroid model .71
10.2.5 Impact risk assessment .71
10.2.6 Margins . 72
11 Contamination . 73
11.1 Introduction and description .73
11.1.1 Introduction .73
11.1.2 Description of molecular contamination . 73
11.1.3 Transport mechanisms .74
11.1.4 Description of particulate contamination . 74
11.1.5 Transport mechanisms .74
11.2 Requirements for on-orbit contamination assessment . 75
Annex A (normative) Natural electromagnetic radiation and indices . 76
A.1 Solar activity values for complete solar cycle . 76
A.2 Tables .77
Annex B (normative) Energetic particle radiation . 81
B.1 Historical dates of solar maximum and minimum . 81
B.2 GEO model (IGE-2006) .81
B.3 ONERA MEOv2 model .81
B.4 FLUMIC model .82
B.4.1 Overview . 82
B.4.2 Outer belt (L>2,5 Re) .82
B.4.3 Inner belt (L<2,5 Re) .83
B.5 NASA worst case GEO spectrum .83
B.6 ESP solar proton model specification.84
B.7 Solar ions model . 84
B.8 Geomagnetic shielding (Størmer theory) . 85
B.9 MOBE-DIC. 85
B.9.1 Overview .85
B.9.2 Spectral form .85
B.9.3 L-shell profile .86
B.9.4 Magnetic latitude profile . 87
B.10 Tables .88
Annex C (normative) Space debris and meteoroids . 100
C.1 Flux models . 100
C.1.1 <> . 100
C.1.2 <> . 100
C.1.3 <> . 100
C.1.4 Meteoroid streams . 100
C.1.5 Grün meteoroid model . 102
C.2 Tables .105
Annex D (informative) Gravitation . 109
D.1 Gravity models: background . 109
D.2 Guidelines for use .110
D.3 Availability of models . 112
D.4 Tables .112
D.5 Figures .113
Annex E (informative) Geomagnetic fields . 114
E.1 Overview of the effects of the geomagnetic field . 114
E.2 Models of the internal geomagnetic field . 114
E.3 Models of the external geomagnetic field . 115
E.4 Magnetopause boundary . 115
E.5 Geomagnetic coordinate system – B and L . 116
E.6 Tables .118
E.7 Figures .120
Annex F (informative) Natural electromagnetic radiation and indices . 122
F.1 Solar spectrum . 122
F.2 Solar and geomagnetic indices – additional information . 122
F.2.1 E10.7 .122
F.2.2 F10.7.122
F.2.3 S10.7 .122
F.2.4 M10.7 .123
F.3 Additional information on short-term variation . 123
F.4 Useful internet references for indices . 124
F.5 Earth electromagnetic radiation . 124
F.5.1 Earth albedo. 124
F.5.2 Earth infrared . 125
F.6 Electromagnetic radiation from other planets . 126
F.6.1 Planetary albedo . 126
F.6.2 Planetary infrared . 126
F.7 Activity indices information . 126
F.8 Tables .126
F.9 Figures .127
Annex G (informative) Neutral atmospheres . 130
G.1 Structure of the Earth’s atmosphere . 130
G.2 Development of models of the Earth’s atmosphere . 130
G.3 NRLMSISE-00 and JB-2006 - additional information . 131
G.4 The GRAM series of atmosphere models. . 132
G.5 Atmosphere model uncertainties and limitations . 132
G.6 HMW07 additional information . 132
G.7 Planetary atmospheres models. 133
G.7.1 Jupiter . 133
G.7.2 Venus.133
G.7.3 Mars .134
G.7.4 Saturn . 134
G.7.5 Titan .134
G.7.6 Neptune .13 4
G.7.7 Mercury .134
G.8 Reference data . 135
G.9 Tables .136
G.10 Figures .140
Annex H (informative) Plasmas . 144
H.1 Identification of plasma regions. 144
H.2 Plasma effects on spacecraft . 144
H.3 Reference data . 144
H.3.1 Introduction . 144
H.3.2 Ionosphere . 145
H.3.3 Plasmasphere . 145
H.3.4 Outer magnetosphere . 146
H.3.5 Magnetosheath . 147
H.3.6 Magnetotail and distant magnetosheath . 147
H.3.7 Planetary environments . 147
H.3.8 Induced environments . 148
H.4 Tables .149
H.5 Figures .152
Annex I (informative) Energetic particle radiation . 153
I.1 Trapped radiation belts . 153
I.1.1 Basic data . 153
I.1.2 Tailoring guidelines: orbital and mission regimes . 153
I.1.3 Existing trapped radiation models . 154
I.1.4 The South Atlantic Anomaly . 156
I.1.5 Dynamics of the outer radiation belt . 157
I.1.6 Internal charging . 157
I.2 Solar particle event models . 158
I.2.1 Overview .158
I.2.2 ESP model . 158
I.2.3 JPL models . 158
I.2.4 Spectrum of individual events . 159
I.2.5 Event probabilities . 160
I.2.6 Other SEP models . 161
I.3 Cosmic ray environment and effects models . 161
I.4 Geomagnetic shielding . 161
I.5 <> .162
I.6 Planetary environments . 162
I.6.1 Overview .162
I.6.2 Existing models . 162
I.7 Atmospheric albedo neutron models . 163
I.8 Interplanetary environments . 164
I.9 Tables .165
I.10 Figures .167
Annex J (informative) Space debris and meteoroids . 173
J.1 Reference data . 173
J.1.1 Trackable space debris . 173
J.1.2 Reference flux data for space debris and meteoroids . 173
J.2 Additional information on flux models. 174
J.2.1 Meteoroids . 174
J.2.2 Space debris flux models . 175
J.2.3 Model uncertainties . 177
J.3 Impact risk assessment . 177
J.3.1 Impact risk analysis procedure . 177
J.3.2 <> . 178
J.3.3 Damage assessment . 178
J.4 Analysis tools .180
J.4.1 General .180
J.4.2 Deterministic analysis . 180
J.4.3 Statistical analysis . 181
J.5 Tables .182
J.6 Figures .188
Annex K (informative) <> . 190

Figures
Figure D-1 : Graphical representation of the EIGEN-GLO4C geoid (note: geoid heights
are exaggerated by a factor 10 000). . 113
Figure E-1 : The IGRF-12 field strength (nT, at 2015) and predicted change in intensity
between 2015 and 2020 at the mean Earth radius. (Mercator projection
from [RN.38]) .120
Figure E-2 : The general morphology of model magnetospheric field lines, according to
the Tsyganenko 1989 model, showing the seasonal variation, dependent
on rotation axis tilt . 121
Figure F-1 : Solar spectral irradiance (in red, AM0 (Air Mass 0) is the radiation level
outside of the Earth's atmosphere (extraterrestrial), in blue, AM1,5 is the
radiation level after passing through the atmosphere 1,5 times, which is
about the level at solar zenith angle 48,19°s, an average level at the Earth's
surface (terrestrial)). . 127
Figure F-2 : Daily solar and geomagnetic activity indices over the last two solar
cycles .128
Figure F-3 : Monthly (27-day) mean solar and geomagnetic activity indices over the last
two solar cycles . 129
Figure G-1 : Temperature profile of the Earth’s atmosphere . 140
Figure G-2 : Variation of the JB-2006 mean air density with altitude for low, moderate,
high long and high short term solar and geomagnetic activities . 141
Figure G-3 : Variation of the NRLMSISE-00 mean atomic oxygen with altitude for low,
moderate and high long solar and geomagnetic activities . 142
Figure G-4 : Variation of the NRLMSISE-00 mean concentration profile of the
atmosphere constituents N , O, O , He, Ar, H, N and anomalous O with
2 2
altitude for moderate solar and geomagnetic activities (F10.7 = F10.7 =
avg
140, A = 15) .143
p
Figure H-1 : Profile of electron density for solar magnetic local time = 18 hr, solar
magnetic latitude=0, Kp =0 and 9 from the GCPM for 1/1/1999. . 152
Figure I-1 : Contour plots of the proton and electron radiation belts . 167
Figure I-2 : Electron (a) and proton (b) omnidirectional fluxes, integral in energy, on the
geomagnetic equator for various energy thresholds . 168
Figure I-3 : Integral omnidirectional fluxes of protons (>10 MeV) and electrons
(>10 MeV) at 400 km altitude showing the inner radiation belt’s “South
Atlantic anomaly” and, in the case of electrons, the outer radiation belt
encountered at high latitudes . 169
Figure I-4 : Comparison of POLE with AE8 (flux vs. Energy) for 15 year mission (with
worst case and best case included) . 170
Figure I-5 : Comparison of ONERA/GNSS model from 0,28 MeV up to 1,12 MeV (best
case, mean case and worst case) with AE8 (flux vs. Energy) for 15 yr
mission (with worst case & best case) . 170
Figure I-6 : Albedo neutron spectra at 100 km altitude at solar maximum . 171
Figure I-7 : Albedo neutron spectra at 100 km altitude at solar minimum . 171
Figure I-8 : Jupiter environment model (proton & electron versions) . 172
Figure J-1 : Time evolution of the number of trackable objects in orbit (as of May 2018).
Regular updates available online:
https://discosweb.esoc.esa.int/web/guest/statistics . 188
Figure J-2 : Semi-major axis distribution of trackable objects in LEO orbits (as of May
2018) .188
Figure J-3 : Distribution of trackable objects as function of their inclination (as of May
2018) .189
Figure J-4 : The HRMP velocity distribution for different altitudes from the Earth
surface .189

Tables
Table 6-1: Conversion from K to a .42
p p
Table 6-2: Electromagnetic radiation values .43
Table 6-3: Reference fixed index values .43
Table 6-4: Reference index values for variations of a . 43
p
Table 8-1: Worst-case bi-Maxwellian environment . 55
Table 8-2: Solar wind parameters .55
Table 9-1: Standard field models to be used with AE8 and AP8 . 65
Table 11-1: Contamination levels - interaction with the space environment
components . 75

Table A-1 : Solar cycle 23 solar activity indices averaged over 30-day (1 month)
intervals.77
Table B-1 : A and E for three confidence levels .86
Table B-2 : Minima and maxima of sunspot number cycles . 88
-1 -2 -1 -1
cm s sr ) according to
Table B-3 : IGE-2006 GEO average model – electron flux (kev
year in the solar cycle (referred to solar min: 0) and for different energies
for a mission duration of 1 year. .89
-1 -2 -1 -1
Table B-4 : IGE-2006 GEO upper case model - maximum electron flux (kev cm s sr )
according to year in the solar cycle (referred to solar min: 0) and for
different energies for a mission duration of 1 year. . 90
-1 -2 -1 -1
Table B-5 : MEOv2 average case model - average electron flux (Mev cm s sr )
according to year in the solar cycle (referred to solar min: 0) and for
different energies for a mission duration of 1 year. . 92
-1 -2 -1 -1
Table B-6 : MEOv2 upper case model - maximum electron flux (Mev cm s sr )
according to year in the solar cycle (referred to solar min: 0) and for
different energies for a mission duration of 1 year. . 92
Table B-7 : Worst case spectrum for geostationary orbits . 93
Table B-8 : Values of the parameters for the ESP model . 93
Table B-9 : Values to scale fluence from >100 MeV to >300 MeV . 94
Table B-10 : CREME-96 solar ion worst 5-minute fluxes in an interplanetary
environment . 94
Table B-11 : CREME-96 solar ion worst day fluxes in an interplanetary environment . 96
Table B-12 : CREME-96 solar ion worst week fluxes in an interplanetary
environment . 98
Table C-1 : Normalized meteoroid velocity distribution . 105
Table C-2 : The annual meteor streams . 107
Table D-1 : Degree power attenuation for an orbit at 25 000 km altitude . 112
Table D-2 : Coefficients of the EIGEN-GL04C model up to degree and order 8 × 8. 113
Table E-1 : Magnetic pole positions since 1900 as determined from IGRF-12 in WGS84
geodetic latitude (taken from [RN.38]) . 118
Table E-2 : Sibeck et al. Magnetopause model . 119
Table F-1 : Reference values for average planetary albedo and infra-red radiation . 126
Table G-1 : Altitude profiles of the atmosphere constituents N , O, O , He, Ar, H, N and
2 2
anomalous O for low solar and geomagnetic activities (NRLMSISE-00
model - F10.7 = F10.7 = 65, A = 0) . 136
avg p
Table G-2 : Altitude profiles of the atmosphere constituents N , O, O , He, Ar, H, N and
2 2
anomalous O for mean solar and geomagnetic activities (NRLMSISE-00
model - F10.7 = F10.7 = 140, A = 15) . 137
avg p
Table G-3 : Altitude profiles of the atmosphere constituents N , O, O , He, Ar, H, N and
2 2
anomalous O for high long term solar and geomagnetic activities
(NRLMSISE-00 model - F10.7 = F10.7 = 250, A = 45) . 138
avg p
-3
] for low, moderate, high long and
Table G-4 : Altitude profiles of total density ρ [kg m
high short term solar and geomagnetic activities (JB-2006 model) . 139
Table H-1 : Worst-case 3-Maxwellian environment . 146
Table H-2 : Regions encountered by different mission types . 149
Table H-3 : Main engineering concerns due to space plasmas . 149
Table H-4 : Ionospheric electron density profiles derived from IRI-2016 for date
01/01/2016, lat=0, long=0. . 150
Table H-5 : Profile of densities for solar magnetic local time = 18 hr, solar magnetic
latitude=0, Kp = 5,0 from the GCPM for 1/1/1999 . 150
Table H-6 : Typical plasma parameters at geostationary orbit . 151
Table H-7 : Typical magnetosheath plasma parameters . 151
Table H-8 : Typical plasma parameters around L2 . 151
Table H-9 : Worst-case environments for eclipse charging near Jupiter and Saturn . 151
Table H-10 : Photoelectron sheath parameters . 152
Table H-11 : Some solar UV photoionization rates at 1 AU . 152
Table I-1 : Example albedo neutron environment at 450 km altitude [RD.151] . 164
Table I-2 : Characteristics of typical radiation belt particles . 165
Table I-3 : Recommended updated values of the parameters of the JPL model . 165
Table I-4 : Proton fluence levels for energy, mission duration and confidence levels
from the ESP model with the NASA parameters from Table B-8. . 166
Table I-5 : Parameters for the fit to the peak fluxes from the October 1989 events. . 166
Table J-1 : Approximate flux ratios for meteoroids for 400 km and 800 km altitudes . 182
Table J-2 : Cumulative number of impacts, N, to a randomly tumbling plate for a range
of minimum particle sizes using the MASTER-8 model (version 8.0.0) . 183
Table J-3 : Cumulative number of impacts, N, to a randomly tumbling plate for a range
of minimum particle sizes using the MASTER-8 model (version 8.0.0) . 184
Table J-4 : Cumulative number of impacts, N, to a randomly tumbling plate for a range
of minimum particle sizes using the MASTER-8 model (version 8.0.0) . 185
Table J-5 : Cumulative number of impacts, N, to a randomly tumbling plate for a range
of minimum particle masses . 186
Table J-6 : Parameters (appearing in Eq. ) to account for modified meteoroid fluxes
encountered by spacecraft in circular Earth orbits at various altitudes . 187
European Foreword
This document (EN 16603-10-04:2021) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN-CENELEC/TC 5
“Space”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN.
This standard (EN 16603-10-04:2021) originates from ECSS-E-ST-10-04C Rev.1.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by March 2022, and conflicting national standards shall
be withdrawn at the latest by March 2022.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such
patent rights.
This document supersedes EN16603-10-04:2015.
The main changes with respect to EN16603-10-04:2015 are listed below:
• Implementation of Change requests
• Update of Terms, definitions and abbreviated term in clause 3
• Addition of new Annex B.9 “MOBE-DIC”
• Addition of new Annex I.7 “Atmospheric albedo neutron models”

This document has been prepared under a standardization request given to CEN by the European
Commission and the European Free Trade Association.
This document has been developed to cover specifically space systems and has therefore precedence
over any EN covering the same scope but with a wider domain of applicability (e.g. : aerospace).
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia,
France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta,
Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden,
Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom.

Introduction
This standard forms part of the System Engineering branch (ECSS-E-10) of the
Engineering area of the ECSS system. As such it is intended to assist in the
consistent application of space environment engineering to space products
through specification of required or recommended methods, data and models to
the problem of ensuring best performance, problem avoidance or survivability of
a product in the space environment.
The space environment can cause severe problems for space systems. Proper
assessment of the potential effects is part of the system engineering process as
defined in ECSS-E-ST-10. This is performed in the early phases of a mission when
consideration is given to e.g. orbit selection, mass budget, thermal protection,
and component selection policy. As the design of a space system is developed,
further engineering iteration is normally necessary with more detailed analysis.
In this Standard, each component of the space environment is treated separately,
although synergies and cross-linking of models are specified. Informative
annexes are provided as explanatory background information associated with
each clause.
Scope
This standard applies to all product types which exist or operate in space and
defines the natural environment for all space regimes. It also defines general
models and rules for determining the local ind
...