SIST EN 939:2009
(Main)Chemicals used for treatment of water intended for human consumption - Hydrochloric acid
Chemicals used for treatment of water intended for human consumption - Hydrochloric acid
This European Standard is applicable to hydrochloric acid used for treatment of water intended for human consumption. It describes the characteristics of hydrochloric acid and specifies the requirements and the corresponding test methods for hydrochloric acid. It gives information on its use in water treatment. It also determines the rules relating to safe handling and use of hydrochloric acid (see Annex B).
Produkte zur Aufbereitung von Wasser für den menschlichen Gebrauch - Salzsäure
Diese Europäische Norm gilt für Salzsäure zur Aufbereitung von Wasser für den menschlichen Gebrauch. Sie
beschreibt die Eigenschaften von Salzsäure und legt die Anforderungen sowie die entsprechenden
Prüfverfahren für Salzsäure fest. Sie enthält Angaben zu deren Anwendung in der Wasseraufbereitung.
Darüber hinaus legt sie Regeln für die sichere Handhabung und Verwendung von Salzsäure fest (siehe
Anhang B).
Produits chimiques utilisés pour le traitement de l'eau destinée à la consommation humaine - Acide chlorhydrique
La présente norme européenne est applicable à l'acide chlorhydrique utilisé pour le traitement de l'eau destinée à la consommation humaine. Elle décrit les caractéristiques de l'acide chlorhydrique et spécifie les exigences et les méthodes d'essai correspondant à l'acide chlorhydrique. Elle donne des informations pour son emploi dans le traitement de l'eau. Elle définit également les règles relatives aux précautions d'emploi et de manipulation de l'acide chlorhydrique (voir Annexe B).
Kemikalije, ki se uporabljajo za pripravo pitne vode - Klorovodikova kislina
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN 939:2009
01-maj-2009
1DGRPHãþD
SIST EN 939:2000
Kemikalije, ki se uporabljajo za pripravo pitne vode - Klorovodikova kislina
Chemicals used for treatment of water intended for human consumption - Hydrochloric
acid
Produkte zur Aufbereitung von Wasser für den menschlichen Gebrauch - Salzsäure
Produits chimiques utilisés pour le traitement de l'eau destinée à la consommation
humaine - Acide chlorhydrique
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN 939:2009
ICS:
13.060.20 Pitna voda Drinking water
71.100.80 .HPLNDOLMH]DþLãþHQMHYRGH Chemicals for purification of
water
SIST EN 939:2009 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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SIST EN 939:2009
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SIST EN 939:2009
EUROPEAN STANDARD
EN 939
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
January 2009
ICS 71.100.80 Supersedes EN 939:1999
English Version
Chemicals used for treatment of water intended for human
consumption - Hydrochloric acid
Produits chimiques utilisés pour le traitement de l'eau Produkte zur Aufbereitung von Wasser für den
destinée à la consommation humaine - Acide chlorhydrique menschlichen Gebrauch - Salzsäure
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 5 December 2008.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European
Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national
standards may be obtained on application to the CEN Management Centre or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN Management Centre has the same status as the
official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland,
France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal,
Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels
© 2009 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN 939:2009: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
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SIST EN 939:2009
EN 939:2009 (E)
Contents Page
Foreword .3
Introduction .4
1 Scope .5
2 Normative references .5
3 Description .5
3.1 Identification .5
3.2 Commercial forms .6
3.3 Physical properties .6
3.4 Chemical properties .7
4 Purity criteria .8
4.1 General .8
4.2 Composition of commercial product .8
4.3 Impurities and main by-products .8
4.4 Chemical parameters .9
5 Test methods .9
5.1 Sampling .9
5.2 Analysis .9
6 Labelling – Transportation – Storage . 16
6.1 Means of delivery . 16
6.2 Risk and safety labelling according to the UE Directives . 16
6.3 Transportation regulations and labelling . 17
6.4 Marking . 17
6.5 Storage . 18
Annex A (informative) General information on hydrochloric acid . 19
A.1 Origin . 19
A.2 Use . 19
A.3 Routine analyses . 20
Annex B (normative) General rules relating to safety . 21
B.1 Rules for safe handling and use . 21
B.2 Emergency procedures . 21
Annex C (normative) Determination of arsenic, antimony and selenium (atomic absorption
spectrometry hydride technique) . 22
C.1 General principle. 22
C.2 Interferences . 22
C.3 Reagents . 22
C.4 Apparatus . 24
C.5 Procedure . 26
C.6 Calculation . 27
Bibliography . 28
2
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SIST EN 939:2009
EN 939:2009 (E)
Foreword
This document (EN 939:2009) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 164 “Water supply”, the
secretariat of which is held by AFNOR.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical
text or by endorsement, at the latest by July 2009, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the
latest by July 2009.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document supersedes EN 939:1999.
The significant technical differences between this edition and EN 939:1999 are as follows:
a) deletion of the reference to EU Directive 80/778/EEC of July, 15 1980 in order to take into account the
latest Directive in force (see [1]);
b) replacement of ISO 5666-1 by EN 1483.
Annex A is informative.
Annexes B and C are normative.
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following
countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech
Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia,
Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain,
Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.
3
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SIST EN 939:2009
EN 939:2009 (E)
Introduction
In respect of potential adverse effects on the quality of water intended for human consumption, caused by the
product covered by this European Standard:
a) this European Standard provides no information as to whether the product may be used without restriction
in any of the Member States of the EU or EFTA;
b) it should be noted that, while awaiting the adoption of verifiable European criteria, existing national
regulations concerning the use and/or the characteristics of this product remain in force.
NOTE Conformity with this European Standard does not confer or imply acceptance or approval of the product in any
of the Member States of the EU or EFTA. The use of the product covered by this European Standard is subject to
regulation or control by National Authorities.
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SIST EN 939:2009
EN 939:2009 (E)
1 Scope
This European Standard is applicable to hydrochloric acid used for treatment of water intended for human
consumption. It describes the characteristics of hydrochloric acid and specifies the requirements and the
corresponding test methods for hydrochloric acid. It gives information on its use in water treatment. It also
determines the rules relating to safe handling and use of hydrochloric acid (see Annex B).
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
EN 1483, Water quality - Determination of mercury - Method using atomic absorption spectrometry
EN ISO 3696, Water for analytical laboratory use — Specification and test methods (ISO 3696:1987)
ISO 904, Hydrochloric acid for industrial use — Determination of total acidity — Titrimetric method
ISO 3165, Sampling of chemical products for industrial use — Safety in sampling
ISO 6206, Chemical products for industrial use — Sampling — Vocabulary
ISO 6685, Chemical products for industrial use — General method for determination of iron content — 1,10-
Phenanthroline spectorphotometric method
ISO 8288:1986, Water quality — Determination of cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, cadmium and lead — Flame
atomic absorption spectrometric methods
ISO 9174, Water quality — Determination of chromium — Atomic absorption spectrometric methods
3 Description
3.1 Identification
3.1.1 Chemical name
Hydrochloric acid.
3.1.2 Synonym or common names
Muriatic acid, hydrogen chloride.
3.1.3 Relative molecular mass
36,46.
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EN 939:2009 (E)
3.1.4 Empirical formula
HCl
3.1.5 Chemical formula
HCl
1)
3.1.6 CAS Registry Number
7647-01-0.
2)
3.1.7 EINECS reference
231-595-7.
3.2 Commercial forms
The product is supplied as aqueous solutions of hydrochloric acid with mass fraction of 25 % to 38 %
(concentrated acid).
Dilutions of these solutions are also available.
3.3 Physical properties
3.3.1 Appearance
The solution is colourless to yellow and slightly fuming to strongly fuming, depending on concentration.
3.3.2 Density
The density is between 1,135 g/ml and 1,185 g/ml at 20 °C, depending on concentration.
3.3.3 Solubility
The product is miscible with water in any proportion.
3.3.4 Vapour pressure
The vapour pressure for HCl at mass fraction 30 % depending on temperature is given in Table 1.
Table 1 — Vapour pressure of hydrochloric acid solutions
Temperature p p p
total HCl H O
2
°C kPa kPa kPa
20 2,13 1,41 0,72
50 13,73 9,46 4,27
1 )
Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number
2 )
European Inventory of Existing Commercial Chemical Substances
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EN 939:2009 (E)
3.3.5 Boiling point at 100 kPa
The boiling point of HCl depending on concentration is given in Table 2.
Table 2 — Boiling point of hydrochloric acid solutions
a
Concentration Boiling point at 100 kPa
Mass fraction in % °C
25 104
30 90
38 50,5
a
100 kPa = 1 bar
3.3.6 Melting or freezing point
The melting or freezing point of HCl depending on concentration is given in Table 3.
Table 3 — Melting or freezing point
Concentration Melting or freezing point
Mass fraction in % °C
38 - 27
25 - 75
3.3.7 Specific heat
.
3,14 kJ/(kg K) at 18 °C for HCl at mass fraction 16,83 %.
3.3.8 Viscosity (dynamic)
The viscosity of a HCl at mass fraction 30 %, solution at 15 °C, is 1,9 mPa.s.
3.3.9 Critical temperature
Not applicable.
3.3.10 Critical pressure
Not applicable.
3.3.11 Physical hardness
Not applicable.
3.4 Chemical properties
The solution of hydrochloric acid is a strong mineral acid.
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EN 939:2009 (E)
4 Purity criteria
4.1 General
This European Standard specifies the minimum purity requirements for hydrochloric acid used for the
treatment of water intended for human consumption. Limits are given for impurities commonly present in the
product. Depending on the raw material and the manufacturing process other impurities may be present and,
if so, this shall be notified to the user and when necessary to relevant authorities.
NOTE Users of this product should check the national regulations in order to clarify whether it is of appropriate purity
for treatment of water intended for human consumption, taking into account raw water quality, required dosage, contents
of other impurities and additives used in the product not stated in this product standard.
Limits have been given for impurities and chemical parameters where these are likely to be present in
significant quantities from the current production process and raw materials. If the production process or raw
materials leads to significant quantities of impurities, by-products or additives being present, this shall be
notified to the user.
4.2 Composition of commercial product
As concentrated acid the concentration of HCl solution shall be at least at mass fraction of 25 %.
More diluted solutions are commercially available; the concentration of hydrochloric acid shall be equal to or
greater than the manufacturer specified value.
4.3 Impurities and main by-products
The product shall conform to the requirements specified in Table 4.
Table 4 — Impurities
Impurity Limit
mg/kg of HCl
mass fraction 100 %
Iron (Fe) max. 170
Halogenated organic
compounds (as Cl) max. 17
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4.4 Chemical parameters
The product shall conform to the requirements specified in Table 5.
Table 5 — Chemical parameters
Parameter Limit in mg/kg of HCl
mass fraction 100 %
Type 1 Type 2
Arsenic (As) max. 3 10
Cadmium (Cd) max. 1 5
Chromium (Cr) max. 3 10
Mercury (Hg) max. 0,5 3
Nickel (Ni) max. 3 10
Lead (Pb) max. 3 20
Antimony (Sb) max. 1 10
Selenium (Se) max. 5 10
NOTE Pesticides and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are not relevant in HCl.
Cyanide which does not exist in a very acidic media, such as hydrochloric acid, is
not a relevant chemical parameter. For parametric values of hydrochloric acid on
trace metal content in drinking water, see [1].
5 Test methods
5.1 Sampling
Observe the general recommendations of ISO 3165 and take account of ISO 6206.
5.2 Analysis
5.2.1 Determination of hydrochloric acid content (main product)
The determination of total acidity is carried out by titration in accordance with ISO 904.
5.2.2 Impurities
5.2.2.1 Determination of iron content
5.2.2.1.1 Preparation of the test solution
In accordance with ISO 6685.
5.2.2.1.2 Procedure
In accordance with ISO 6685.
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EN 939:2009 (E)
5.2.2.2 Determination of content of halogenated organic compounds
5.2.2.2.1 General
Halogenated organic compounds are determined as the extractable organic halogens (EOX). This method
applies to hydrochloric acid solutions with a content of EOX, expressed as chloride, exceeding 20 µg/l.
5.2.2.2.2 Principle
EOX are extracted from hydrochloric acid in two stages using heptane. The extract is burned in an oxy-
hydrogen flame. The mineralization products occurring in the condensate are determined on the basis of an
argentometric reaction or an equivalent method.
5.2.2.2.3 Reagents
5.2.2.2.3.1 All reagents shall be of a recognized analytical grade and the water used shall conform to
grade 3 in accordance with EN ISO 3696.
5.2.2.2.3.2 Sulfuric acid, (H SO , density (ρ) = 1,84 g/ml.
2 4)
5.2.2.2.3.3 Hydrochloric acid (HCl) pure.
5.2.2.2.3.4 Sodium sulfate, (Na SO
2 4)
Heat for 1 h at 600 °C to remove organic halogen compounds.
5.2.2.2.3.5 Heptane.
5.2.2.2.3.6 Oxygen, (O ).
2
5.2.2.2.3.7 Hydrogen, (H ).
2
5.2.2.2.3.8 Pentachlorophenol, (C Cl OH).
6 5
5.2.2.2.3.9 Halogen stock solution, c(Cl) = 100 mg/l.
Weigh 15,0 mg of pentachlorophenol (5.2.2.2.3.8) into a 100 ml volumetric flask; make up to volume with
heptane (5.2.2.2.3.5). This solution is stable for about one week.
5.2.2.2.3.10 Halogen standard solution, c(Cl) = 10 mg/l.
Pipette 10 ml of the halogen stock solution (5.2.2.2.3.9) into a 100 ml volumetric flask and make up to volume
with heptane (5.2.2.2.3.5). This solution is stable for about one week.
5.2.2.2.3.11 Sodium chloride, (NaCl).
5.2.2.2.3.12 Chloride stock solution, c(Cl) = 100 mg/l:
Dissolve 0,165 g of sodium chloride (5.2.2.2.3.11) in water and make up to volume with water in a 1000 ml
volumetric flask.
5.2.2.2.3.13 Chloride standard solution, c(Cl) = 1 000 µg/l
Pipette 10 ml of the chloride stock solution (5.2.2.2.3.12) into a 1 000 ml volumetric flask; make up to volume
with water.
Prepare a fresh solution prior to using.
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5.2.2.2.4 Apparatus
5.2.2.2.4.1 General
Ordinary laboratory apparatus and the following:
5.2.2.2.4.2 Dispenser with selectable volume capacity 50 ml.
-1
5.2.2.2.4.3 Magnetic stirrer, for rotational speeds up to 1 100 min .
5.2.2.2.4.4 Combustion apparatus.
5.2.2.2.4.5 Halide detection apparatus, e.g. coulometer, electrode, photometer.
5.2.2.2.5 Procedure
5.2.2.2.5.1 Test portion
Weigh, to the nearest 0,1 g, about 300 g (m) of hydrochloric acid from the laboratory sample.
5.2.2.2.5.2 Test solution
Transfer 20 g of sodium sulfate (5.2.2.2.3.4) and the test portion (5.2.2.2.5.1) to a 1 000 ml one mark
volumetric flask. Immerse the volumetric flask in an ice bath, in order to prevent any increase in the
temperature. Make up to the mark with water. Carry out a blank determination using pure hydrochloric acid
(5.2.2.2.3.3) and follow the same analytical procedure as given in the method referred to.
5.2.2.2.5.3 Extraction
After introducing a magnetic stirring rod, add 25 ml of heptane (5.2.2.2.3.5) to the test solution (5.2.2.2.5.2),
-1
close the volumetric flask and stir the mixture for 10 min at a speed of about 1 100 min .
After phase separation (about 10 min) pipette off the extract carefully and as completely as possible and
transfer to a 50 ml volumetric flask.
Add to the test solution remaining in the volumetric flask 25 ml of heptane.
After closing the volumetric flask, stir the mixture again for 10 min under the same conditions. After phase
separation, pipette off the second extract and combine it with the first in the volumetric flask.
Make up to volume the total extract with heptane.
Depending on the moisture content, add at least 4 g of sodium sulfate (5.2.2.2.3.4) to the volumetric flask;
shake for about 2 min. Then let the salt settle.
A recovery of the extraction medium greater than 80 % shall be aimed at. If the recovery is lower, this shall be
noted in the test report.
5.2.2.2.5.4 Combustion of the organic extract
Depending on the content of halogens, burn an aliquot part of the extract volume in conformity with the
instructions of the manufacturer of the combustion apparatus (see 5.2.2.2.4.4).
a) Cleaning and preparation of the combustion apparatus
If the apparatus has stood idle for some considerable time, take out the burner and substitute for it a
ground male tapered joint with tubing connector. Attach plastics tubing to the connector for washing out
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EN 939:2009 (E)
the apparatus. Using this tubing, wash out the apparatus with about 5 l of hot water. Insert the burner
again, close the intake tap and allow combustion to continue for about 10 min. Measure chloride in the
condensate and again allow combustion for about 10 min. Continue this procedure until the blank
readings remain constant. Keep a record of the blank readings so that any changes can be ascertained;
b) combustion
Take care that no sodium sulfate enters into the combustion space.
Adjust the intake rate so that the flame burns free of soot.
Use a volumetric flask of suitable volume, e.g. 50 ml, as receiver.
Dilute the condensate obtained to the volume with water.
5.2.2.2.5.5 Determination of halides in the combustion condensate
Determine the halides in the total volume, in an aliquot part, if necessary in the concentrate or in the
condensate.
To improve the limit of determination, the volume of the test solution, the volume of the extract and the volume
of the condensate can be chosen freely as a function of the content of halogenated organic compounds: this
shall be taken into account in the expression of results.
The ratio of the test solution volume to the volume of the extraction medium shall in any case be 20:1. For the
same reason, the aqueous solution of the mineralization products also can be evaporated in quartz vessels.
5.2.2.2.5.6 Checking the mineralization
For checking the functional efficiency of the whole apparatus and the detection method, carry out the
treatment described in 5.2.2.2.5.4 to 5.2.2.2.5.5 twice using 10 ml of the halogen standard solution each time.
The recovery in terms of organically bonded chlorine shall be not less than 90 % for both portions of standard
solution.
5.2.2.2.5.7 Blank test
For determining the blank reading in each series, add 50 ml of heptane or 25 ml of heptane and 25 ml of the
further extraction medium to the same mass of sodium sulfate as in the measurement procedure, mineralize
corresponding aliquots analogously and detect.
The blank chloride readings shall both be greater than 60 µg per 50 ml of extraction medium.
Carry out three blank determinations; use the mean of these blank determinations to correct the test solution
reading.
5.2.2.2.5.8 Calibration curve
To suit the expected content of extractable organic halogens, prepare 10 portions of calibration solution using
aqueous sodium chloride solutions such their concentrations in equidistant step cover the envisaged
measuring range. For example, for the range from 20 µg/l to 200 µg/l of extractable organic halogens (as
chloride) proceed as follows.
Pipette into ten 100 ml volumetric flasks, between 2 ml and 20 ml of the chloride standard solution
(5.2.2.2.3.13). Fill up the flasks to the mark with water. Determine the mass concentration of chloride in all 10
samples.
The calibration solutions so obtained shall have the following chloride concentrations: 20 µg/l, 40 µg/l, 60 µg/l,
80 µg/l, 100 µg/l, 120 µg/l, 140 µg/l, 160 µg/l, 180 µg/l and 200 µg/l.
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On the abscissa of a graph plot the mass concentrations of chloride in the calibration solutions. The mass
concentration of chloride c(Cl) in micrograms per liter in the calibration solution concerned is given by the
following equation:
V ×c
s s
c()Cl =
V
(1)
where
Vs is the volume in millilitres of the chloride standard solution used;
V is the maximum volume in millilitres of the calibration solution (here V = 1 000 ml);
c is the mass concentration in micrograms per litre of chloride in the chloride standard solution
s
used.
On the ordinate plot the corresponding measurement readings. For the series of readings so obtained,
determine the regression line (calibration line). The slope of this line gives the sensitivity b. The slope and the
ordinate intercept of the line shall be checked from time to time for any significant deviation, particularly when
a new batch of one of the reagents needed is brought into use. There shall be no significant deviation
between calculated blank readings (ordinate intercept of the calibration line) and measured blank readings.
For the part of the curve associated with the halide detected the value applying for the calibration is
c(EOX) = 0,015 mg/l to 0,020 mg/l.
5.2.2.2.5.9 Determination
Use a method based on argentometric reaction or an equivalent method.
5.2.2.2.6 Expression of results
The mass concentration of extractable organic halogens c(EOX) expressed as chloride in micrograms per litre
in the test solution is given by the following equation:
V ×V ×()c −c
1 3 1 0
c()EOX =
V ×V ×b
2 4
(2)
where
V is the total volume in millilitres of the organic extract, (here V = 50 ml);
1 1
V is the part of volume in millilitres of the extract used for combustion;
2
V is the volume in millilitres of the aqueous solution of the combustion products;
3
V is the part of volume in millilitres of the aqueous solution of the combustion products used for the
4
halide determination;
c is the halide reading in micrograms per litre of the test solution;
1
c is the calculated blank value in micrograms per litre of the calibration line;
0
b is the sensitivity (as specified in 5.2.2.2.5.8).
The concentration of halogenated organic compounds (EOX) expressed in milligrams per kilogram of HCl
100 % is given by the following equation:
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EN 939:2009 (E)
c
100
()EOX
= ×
()EOX
m c
(HCl )
(3)
where
m is the mass in grams of hydrochloric acid test portion (see 5.2.2.2.5.1);
c is the hydrochloric acid content in percentage by mass (5.2.1).
(HCl)
5.2.3 Chemical parameters
5.2.3.1 Determination of antimony (Sb), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), lead (Pb), nickel
(Ni) and selenium (Se)
5.2.3.1.1 Principle
The elements arsenic, antimony, cadmium, chromium, lead, nickel and selenium are determined by atomic
absorption spectrometry.
5.2.3.1.2 Reagents
5.2.3.1.2.1 All reagents shall be of a recognized analytical grade and the water used shall conform to the
grade 2 specified in EN ISO 3696.
5.2.3.1.2.2 Nitric acid, concentrated, density ρ = 1,42 g/ml.
5.2.3.1.3 Procedure
5.2.3.1.3.1 Test portion
Weigh, to the nearest 0,001 g, 20 g (m ) from the laboratory sample into a glass beaker.
1
5.2.3.1.3.2 Test solution
Evaporate until a wet residue is obtained, cool, add 1 ml of nitric acid (5.2.3.1.2.2), dilute with a few millilitres
of water, transfer quantitatively to a 100 ml volumetric flask, make up to the volume with water and mix.
Carry out the evaporation carefully and not to dryness in order to avoid possible losses of arsenic and
selenium.
5.2.3.1.3.3 Determination
Determine the content of elements in the test solution (5.2.3.1.3.2) in accordance with the following methods:
1) Cd, Ni and Pb: In accordance with ISO 8288:1986, Method A;
2) Cr: In accordance with ISO 9174;
3) As, Se and Sb: I
...
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