SIST EN ISO 4498:2007
(Main)Sintered metal materials, excluding hardmetals - Determination of apparent hardness and microhardness (ISO 4498:2005)
Sintered metal materials, excluding hardmetals - Determination of apparent hardness and microhardness (ISO 4498:2005)
This International Standard specifies methods of hardness testing of sintered metal materials, excluding hardmetals. Procedure 1 determines the apparent hardness of the whole material. Procedure 1 - applies to sintered metal materials which have either not been subjected to any heat treatment, or which have been heat treated in such a way that the hardness is essentially uniform to a depth of at least 5 mm below the surface, - applies to the surfaces of sintered metal materials which have been treated in such a way that the hardness is not uniform in the section to a depth of 5 mm below the surface, - therefore applies to materials in which the hardness is obtained essentially by surface enrichment by carbon, or by carbon and nitrogen (for example, and by carburising, carbonitriding, nitrocarburising or sulphidising), and - applies to materials which have been induction hardened. Procedure 2 determines the microhardness of the metal phase. Procedure 2 - applies to all types of sintered metal materials. - is used, in particular, to determine the hardness profile of case-hardened or carbonitrided materials according to the method described in ISO 4507. - also applies to any sintered metallic materials which have been subjected to surface treatments such as electrodeposited plating, chemical coating, chemical vapour deposition (CVD), physical vapour deposition (PVD), laser, ion bombardment, etc. To determine the microhardness of treated surfaces, Procedure 2 applies.
Metallische Sinterwerkstoffe, ausgenommen Hartmetalle - Bestimmung der Sinterhärte und der Mikrohärte (ISO 4498:2005)
1.1 Allgemeines
Diese Internationale Norm legt Verfahren zur Prüfung der Härte von metallischen Sinterwerkstoffen, aus¬genommen Hartmetalle, fest.
1.2 Durch Verfahren 1 wird die Sinterhärte des ganzen Werkstoffes bestimmt.
Verfahren 1
gilt für metallische Sinterwerkstoffe, die entweder keiner Wärmebehandlung ausgesetzt oder einer solchen Wärmebehandlung unterzogen wurden, dass ihre Härte bis in eine Tiefe von mindestens 5 mm unterhalb der Oberfläche im Wesentlichen gleichförmig ist;
gilt für die Oberflächen von metallischen Sinterwerkstoffen, die so behandelt wurden, dass ihre Härte im Schliff bis in eine Tiefe von 5 mm unterhalb der Oberfläche nicht gleichförmig ist;
gilt daher für Werkstoffe, bei denen die Härte im Wesentlichen durch Anreicherung der Oberfläche mit Kohlenstoff oder Kohlenstoff und Stickstoff (z. B. durch Aufkohlen, Carbonitrieren, Nitrocarburieren oder Sulfonitrocarburieren) erzielt wurde;
gilt für Werkstoffe, die induktionsgehärtet wurden.
1.3 Durch Verfahren 2 wird die Mikrohärte der Metallphase bestimmt.
Verfahren 2
gilt für alle Arten von metallischen Sinterwerkstoffen;
wird insbesondere zur Bestimmung des Härteprofils von einsatzgehärteten oder carbonitrierten Werk¬stoffen nach dem in ISO 4507 beschriebenen Verfahren angewendet;
gilt auch für metallische Sinterwerkstoffe, die Oberflächenbehandlungen unterzogen wurden wie Galva¬nisieren, chemische Beschichtung, CVD Verfahren, PVD Verfahren, Laser, Ionenbeschuss, usw. Für die Bestimmung der Mikrohärte von behandelten Oberflächen gilt Verfahren 2.
ANMERKUNG Es sollte jedoch beachtet werden, dass über eine Anzahl von Faktoren im Bereich der Mikrohärte¬prüfung international noch keine Einigung erzielt wurde. Dennoch sind die nach Verfahren 2 festgelegten Parameter von hinreichender Bedeutung, um ein erhebliches Maß an Übereinstimmung bei den in der Praxis im großen Umfang angewandten Techniken zu ermöglichen.
Matériaux métalliques frittés, a l'exclusion des métaux-durs - Détermination de la dureté apparente et de la microdureté (ISO 4498:2005)
Sintrane kovine brez trdin - Določevanje trdote in mikrotrdote (ISO 4498:2005)
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN ISO 4498:2007
01-maj-2007
1DGRPHãþD
SIST EN 24498-1:2000
6LQWUDQHNRYLQHEUH]WUGLQ'RORþHYDQMHWUGRWHLQPLNURWUGRWH ,62
Sintered metal materials, excluding hardmetals - Determination of apparent hardness
and microhardness (ISO 4498:2005)
Metallische Sinterwerkstoffe, ausgenommen Hartmetalle - Bestimmung der Sinterhärte
und der Mikrohärte (ISO 4498:2005)
Matériaux métalliques frittés, a l'exclusion des métaux-durs - Détermination de la dureté
apparente et de la microdureté (ISO 4498:2005)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO 4498:2007
ICS:
77.040.10 Mehansko preskušanje kovin Mechanical testing of metals
77.160 Metalurgija prahov Powder metallurgy
SIST EN ISO 4498:2007 en;fr;de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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EUROPEAN STANDARD
EN ISO 4498
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
February 2007
ICS 77.160; 77.040.10 Supersedes EN 24498-1:1993
English Version
Sintered metal materials, excluding hardmetals - Determination
of apparent hardness and microhardness (ISO 4498:2005)
Matériaux métalliques frittés, à l'exclusion des métaux-durs Metallische Sinterwerkstoffe, ausgenommen Hartmetalle -
- Détermination de la dureté apparente et de la microdureté Bestimmung der Sinterhärte und der Mikrohärte (ISO
(ISO 4498:2005) 4498:2005)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 28 December 2006.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European
Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national
standards may be obtained on application to the CEN Management Centre or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN Management Centre has the same status as the
official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland,
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Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
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© 2007 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 4498:2007: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
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EN ISO 4498:2007 (E)
Foreword
The text of ISO 4498:2005 has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 119 "Powder
metallurgy” of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and has been taken over
as EN ISO 4498:2007 by Technical Committee CEN/SS M11 "Powder metallurgy", the
secretariat of which is held by CMC.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of
an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by August 2007, and conflicting national
standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by August 2007.
This document supersedes EN 24498-1:1993.
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of
the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium,
Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece,
Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United
Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO 4498:2005 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO 4498:2007 without any
modifications.
2
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INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 4498
First edition
2005-06-01
Sintered metal materials, excluding
hardmetals — Determination of apparent
hardness and microhardness
Matériaux métalliques frittés, à l'exclusion des métaux-durs —
Détermination de la dureté apparente et de la microdureté
Reference number
ISO 4498:2005(E)
©
ISO 2005
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ISO 4498:2005(E)
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ii © ISO 2005 – All rights reserved
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ISO 4498:2005(E)
Contents Page
Foreword. iv
Introduction . v
1 Scope. 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Apparatus. 2
4 Sampling and preparation of test pieces. 2
5 Test procedures . 3
5.1 Procedure 1 — Determination of apparent hardness. 3
5.2 Procedure 2 — Determination of microhardness . 3
6 Expression of results. 5
6.1 Apparent hardness . 5
6.2 Microhardness. 6
7 Repeatability and reproducibility . 6
7.1 Vickers apparent hardness . 6
7.2 Rockwell apparent hardness . 6
7.3 Vickers microhardness. 6
7.4 Precision statement . 6
8 Test report. 7
Annex A (normative) Test conditions and test loads as well as symbols and designations for
microhardness values . 8
Annex B (informative) Repeatability and reproducibility . 10
Bibliography . 12
© ISO 2005 – All rights reserved iii
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ISO 4498:2005(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 4498 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 119, Powder metallurgy, Subcommittee SC 3,
Sampling and testing methods for sintered metal materials (excluding hardmetals).
This first edition of ISO 4498 cancels and replaces: ISO 4498-1:1990, and ISO 4498-2:1981.
iv © ISO 2005 – All rights reserved
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ISO 4498:2005(E)
Introduction
Sintered metal materials generally have a porous structure. Therefore, they can be understood as composite
metal/pore materials. That is why this International Standard describes two procedures to determine their
hardness:
Procedure 1 for the macro hardness (this is the apparent hardness);
Procedure 2 for the micro hardness (this is the hardness of the metallic phase only).
Tests in Procedure 1 determine Vickers, Brinell and/or Rockwell macrohardnesses — their acronyms are: HV,
HB, and HR. These tests determine the apparent hardness (macrohardness) of the materials because
indentations generally include both the solid phase and a number of pores. The usual test forces applied to an
indenter are from 10 N to 2 000 N.
The apparent hardness value is often used as an expression of the mechanical strength of the material as a
whole; it is usually lower than that of a solid material of the same composition and metallurgical condition.
However, this does not imply that the functional characteristics (for example wear resistance) are necessarily
inferior to those of an equivalent full-density material.
The apparent hardness is a macrostructural property. It characterises the material taken as a whole.
Tests in Procedure 2 determine the Vickers and/or Knoop microhardnesses of the material — their acronyms
1)
are: HVa, HKa . The usual test forces applied to an indenter are from 0,147 N to 1,960 N for Vickers, and
0,981 N for Knoop.
The microhardness is a microstructural property used to control chemical composition, heat treatment or
surface treatment. For these purposes, it is necessary to ensure that hardness test indentations are small
enough not to include any visible pores, but only the solid phase.
1) Where a is the test load, in kilograms.
© ISO 2005 – All rights reserved v
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 4498:2005(E)
Sintered metal materials, excluding hardmetals —
Determination of apparent hardness and microhardness
1 Scope
This International Standard specifies methods of hardness testing of sintered metal materials, excluding
hardmetals.
1.1 Procedure 1 determines the apparent hardness of the whole material.
Procedure 1
applies to sintered metal materials which have either not been subjected to any heat treatment, or which
have been heat treated in such a way that the hardness is essentially uniform to a depth of at least 5 mm
below the surface,
applies to the surfaces of sintered metal materials which have been treated in such a way that the
hardness is not uniform in the section to a depth of 5 mm below the surface,
therefore applies to materials in which the hardness is obtained essentially by surface enrichment by
carbon, or by carbon and nitrogen (for example, and by carburising, carbonitriding, nitrocarburising or
sulphidising), and
applies to materials which have been induction hardened.
1.2 Procedure 2 determines the microhardness of the metal phase.
Procedure 2
applies to all types of sintered metal materials.
is used, in particular, to determine the hardness profile of case-hardened or carbonitrided materials
according to the method described in ISO 4507.
also applies to any sintered metallic materials which have been subjected to surface treatments such as
electrodeposited plating, chemical coating, chemical vapour deposition (CVD), physical vapour deposition
(PVD), laser, ion bombardment, etc. To determine the microhardness of treated surfaces, Procedure 2
applies.
NOTE However, it should be noted that international agreement has not yet been reached on a number of factors
involved in microhardness testing. Nevertheless, the parameters defined in Procedure 2 are important enough to enable a
considerable measure of standardisation of extensively used practices.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 4507:2000, Sintered ferrous materials, carburized or carbonitrided — Determination and verification of
case-hardening depth by a micro-hardness test.
ISO 4516:2002, Metallic and other inorganic coatings — Vickers and Knoop microhardness tests
© ISO 2005 – All rights reserved 1
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ISO 4498:2005(E)
ISO 6506-1:1999, Metallic materials — Brinell hardness test — Part 1: Test method
2)
ISO 6507-1— , Metallic materials — Vickers hardness test — Part 1: Test method
ISO 6508-1:1999, Metallic materials — Rockwell hardness test — Part 1: Test method (scales A, B, C, D, E, F,
G, H, K, N, T)
3 Apparatus
Procedure 1: Vickers, Brinell and Rockwell hardness testing machines and test methods meeting the
requirements of ISO 6506-1, ISO 6507-1 and ISO 6508-1, respectively.
Procedure 2: Vickers and Knoop microhardness testing machines and test methods meeting the
requirements of ISO 4516.
4 Sampling and preparation of test pieces
4.1 Since the apparent hardness of a sintered material is affected by density, which can vary throughout a
part, the position of the hardness indentations, for the purpose of quality control, shall be agreed between the
parties.
4.2 The sintered metal surface shall be clean, smooth and flat to obtain well-defined hardness indentations.
Test samples will have anvil support surfaces filed or ground flat wherever practicable, so as to prevent burrs
from affecting results. This is particularly important when determining Vickers and Brinell hardness. Emery
paper of 180 to 240 grit is acceptable for grinding. It is generally found sufficient to clean the surface with a
suitable solvent. If not, the surface may be lightly polished, provided that laboratory measurements have
shown that the influence of such polishing is insignificant.
NOTE This polishing may be carried out, for example, by using metallographic paper or a 6 µm diamond paste.
4.3 Microhardness can be measured either on the surface of a part or on a cross-section of the part normal
to the surface. For microhardness determinations, it is necessary to ensure that the surface is smooth enough
to allow measurement of the indentation diagonal length accurately. The sample may then be chemically
cleaned, electrochemically or mechanically polished to reveal porosity. Mechanical polishing should involve
minimum local heating or working, so as not to affe
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