SIST ISO 18523-2:2020
Energy performance of buildings -- Schedule and condition of building, zone and space usage for energy calculation -- Part 2: Residential buildings
Energy performance of buildings -- Schedule and condition of building, zone and space usage for energy calculation -- Part 2: Residential buildings
ISO 18523-2:2018 specifies the formats to present the schedule and conditions of zone and space usage (referred to as input data of energy calculations) for residential buildings.
The schedule and conditions include schedules of occupancy, operation of technical building systems, ventilation rates, hot water usage, usage of appliances and internal heat gains due to occupancy, lighting and appliances. The schedule and conditions for lighting are applicable to fixed installed lighting fixtures.
ISO 18523-2:2018 also gives categories of residential building, zone and space according to differentiating schedule and condition. For residential buildings or its housing units which contain any category of space or zone of non-residential buildings, ISO 18523‑1 applies.
Depending on necessary minuteness of the energy calculation, different levels of schedule and condition from the view point of time and space averaging are specified.
The values and categories for the schedule and condition are included informatively.
NOTE The schedule and condition in this document is basically different from assumptions in order to determine the size of technical building systems in the process of design, where possible largest or smallest values are assumed. Instead, most usual and average values, which are assumed for the building energy calculation, are dealt with in this document.
Performance énergétique des bâtiments -- Plan et conditions d'utilisation des espaces, zones et bâtiments pour le calcul d'énergie -- Partie 2: Bâtiments résidentiels
Energijske lastnosti stavb - Urniki in pogoji uporabe stavbe, con in prostorov za izračun rabe energije - 2. del: Stanovanjske stavbe
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-junij-2020
Energijske lastnosti stavb - Urniki in pogoji uporabe stavbe, con in prostorov za
izračun rabe energije - 2. del: Stanovanjske stavbe
Energy performance of buildings -- Schedule and condition of building, zone and space
usage for energy calculation -- Part 2: Residential buildings
Performance énergétique des bâtiments -- Plan et conditions d'utilisation des espaces,
zones et bâtiments pour le calcul d'énergie -- Partie 2: Bâtiments résidentiels
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ISO 18523-2:2018
ICS:
91.040.30 Stanovanjske stavbe Residential buildings
91.120.10 Toplotna izolacija stavb Thermal insulation of
buildings
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 18523-2
First edition
2018-02
Energy performance of buildings —
Schedule and condition of building,
zone and space usage for energy
calculation —
Part 2:
Residential buildings
Performance énergétique des bâtiments — Plan et conditions
d'utilisation des espaces, zones et bâtiments pour le calcul
d'énergie —
Partie 2: Bâtiments résidentiels
Reference number
©
ISO 2018
© ISO 2018
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Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
3.1 Space . 2
3.2 Schedule . 3
3.3 Parameters for conditions of building, zone and space usage . 4
3.4 Descriptions for daily schedule . 5
4 Framework of the schedule and condition for building energy calculation .7
4.1 Indispensable schedules . 7
4.2 Daily schedule . 7
4.3 Division of year and daily, weekly, monthly, seasonal and annual allocations of
daily schedules . 9
5 Conditions for energy calculation included in the schedule and condition of zone
and space usage .11
5.1 Energy needs and uses .11
5.2 Condition .11
5.2.1 Occupancy or occupancy density .11
5.2.2 Operation of technical building systems and requirement for their services .12
5.2.3 Internal heat gains .14
5.2.4 Operation of movable fittings .15
5.3 Process for determining schedule and condition in housing units .15
5.3.1 Family structure .15
5.3.2 Time use of daily life of family member(s) .15
5.3.3 Schedule and area for space heating and cooling .16
5.3.4 Schedule and area of overall ventilation .16
5.3.5 Schedule and area of local exhaust ventilation .17
5.3.6 Amount of domestic hot water usage .17
5.3.7 Possession and usage of appliances .17
6 Category of residential building, zone and space .17
6.1 General .17
6.2 Category of space or zone .18
6.2.1 Categories of space or zone inside housing unit .18
6.2.2 Categories of space or zone outside housing unit .18
Annex A (informative) Examples of time use as daily life of family .19
Annex B (informative) Format of annual schedule by daily allocation of daily schedules .23
Annex C (informative) Examples of schedules for space heating and cooling .24
Annex D (informative) Example of schedule and area for local ventilation .25
Annex E (informative) Examples of schedule and condition for domestic hot water .26
Annex F (informative) Example of schedule and condition for usage of electric appliances .27
Annex G (informative) Examples of categories of space and zone of residential buildings .31
Bibliography .32
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following
URL: www .iso .org/ iso/ foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 163, Thermal performance and energy use
in the built environment.
A list of all parts in the ISO 18523 series can be found on the ISO website.
iv © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved
Introduction
There is a strong need to improve the environment to make the evaluation of energy performance of
buildings more reliable and practical, so that energy efficiency of buildings is improved by referring
to the evaluation results. There have been no international standards prescribing building use in this
area. This document prescribes the indispensable information on the conditions for zone and space
usage in energy calculations for residential buildings.
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 18523-2:2018(E)
Energy performance of buildings — Schedule and
condition of building, zone and space usage for energy
calculation —
Part 2:
Residential buildings
1 Scope
This document specifies the formats to present the schedule and conditions of zone and space usage
(referred to as input data of energy calculations) for residential buildings.
The schedule and conditions include schedules of occupancy, operation of technical building systems,
ventilation rates, hot water usage, usage of appliances and internal heat gains due to occupancy, lighting
and appliances. The schedule and conditions for lighting are applicable to fixed installed lighting
fixtures.
This document also gives categories of residential building, zone and space according to differentiating
schedule and condition. For residential buildings or its housing units which contain any category of
space or zone of non-residential buildings, ISO 18523-1 applies.
Depending on necessary minuteness of the energy calculation, different levels of schedule and condition
from the view point of time and space averaging are specified.
The values and categories for the schedule and condition are included informatively.
NOTE The schedule and condition in this document is basically different from assumptions in order to
determine the size of technical building systems in the process of design, where possible largest or smallest values
are assumed. Instead, most usual and average values, which are assumed for the building energy calculation, are
dealt with in this document.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 18523-1, Energy performance of buildings — Schedule and condition of building, zone and space usage
for energy calculation — Part 1: Non-residential buildings
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— IEC Electropedia: available at http:// www .electropedia .org/
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at http:// www .iso .org/ obp
3.1 Space
3.1.1
apartment block
building (3.1.2), which contains multiple housing units (3.1.8)
3.1.2
building
construction as a whole, including its envelope and all technical building systems (3.3.13), where energy
is used to condition the indoor environment, to provide domestic hot water and illumination and other
services related to the use of the building
3.1.3
building zone
zone
part of a building consisting of (part of) one or more spaces with assumed uniform properties related
to a specific service or service component, or (in absence of a service) assumed uniform indoor
environmental conditions
3.1.4
common space
indoor or outdoor space, which is commonly used by residents
3.1.5
thermally conditioned space
thermally conditioned zone
heated and/or cooled space (zone)
3.1.6
elementary space
space
part of a room, a room or group of adjacent rooms with assumed uniform properties for all considered
types of zones
3.1.7
habitable room
room that is continuously used for living, working, meeting, amusement and other purposes similar
thereto
Note 1 to entry: Spaces such as bathroom, washroom, toilet, entrance hall or corridor are excluded.
3.1.8
housing unit
single-family house (3.1.9) or apartment (flat or maisonette) of apartment blocks (3.1.1)
3.1.9
single-family house
detached house
independent residential building, where a family lives
3.1.10
thermally unconditioned space
thermally unconditioned zone
space (zone) that is not heated nor cooled
2 © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved
3.2 Schedule
3.2.1
annual operation hours
operation hours
total length of hours in a standard year (3.2.11) when a technical building system (3.3.13) can be operated
depending on necessity
3.2.2
annual schedule
allocation of daily schedule(s) (3.2.4) for one year
Note 1 to entry: Division of the year can be selected from 365 days, 53 weeks, 12 months, seasons or no division
(a set of daily schedules is uniformly applied throughout the year).
3.2.3
daily operating hours
hours when a service system is operated, or the length of the hours
3.2.4
daily schedule
conditions of occupancy, service system operations, requirement for the functions of the service
systems and internal heat gains at each time of a day
3.2.5
daily schedule with hourly conditions
set of hourly conditions of occupancy, service system operations, requirement for the functions of the
service systems and internal heat gains in a day
3.2.6
monthly schedule
allocation of daily schedule(s) (3.2.4) for each month of the year
3.2.7
seasonal schedule
allocation of daily schedule(s) (3.2.4) to each season of the year
3.2.8
schedule
information on condition(s) of building, zone or space usage throughout a cycle of period, such as day,
week, month, season and year
3.2.9
set of daily schedules
complete set of daily schedules representing usage of a category of building, zone or space in one year
3.2.10
standard year
selected year, of which the number of days has to be 365 and arrangement of weekdays, weekends and
holidays are referred in weekly, monthly, seasonal and annual schedules
3.2.11
weekly schedule
allocation of daily schedule(s) (3.2.4) to each week of the year
3.2.12
whole set of annual schedules
complete set of annual schedules (3.2.2) representing usage of all types of building, zone and space, as
objects of energy calculation
3.2.13
whole set of seasonal schedules
complete set of seasonal schedules (3.2.7) representing usage of all types of building, zone and space, as
objects of energy calculation
3.2.14
whole set of monthly schedules
complete set of monthly schedules (3.2.6) representing usage of all types of building, zone and space, as
objects of energy calculation
3.3 Parameters for conditions of building, zone and space usage
3.3.1
appliances
consumer electronics and machines for housekeeping
3.3.2
condition
status of occupancy (3.3.9), operation of service systems, requirement for the functions of the technical
building systems (3.3.13) and internal heat gains
3.3.3
demand control ventilation
ventilation with a rate controlled according to the necessity of the ventilation, such as the emission rate
of target pollutant
3.3.4
local exhaust ventilation
mechanical exhaust ventilation for eliminating contaminants, such as odour, combustion gases, water
vapour and oil mist, from nearby sources
3.3.5
height of the working plane
height of the plane on which the assumed visual task is carried out, from the floor
Note 1 to entry: Height of the working plane is expressed in metres, m.
3.3.6
height of the specified surface
height of the plane on which the requirement for the ambient lighting is assumed, from the floor
Note 1 to entry: Height of the specified surface is expressed in metres, m.
3.3.7
luminaire
apparatus which distributes, filters or transforms the light transmitted from one or more lamps and which
includes, except the lamps themselves, all the parts necessary for fixing and protecting the lamps and,
where necessary, circuit auxiliaries together with the means for connecting them to the electric supply
3.3.8
maintained average illuminance
value below which the average illuminance over the specified surface is not allowed to fall
Note 1 to entry: Maintained average illuminance is expressed in lux.
3.3.9
occupancy
presence of users in building, zone or space
4 © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved
3.3.10
occupancy density
number of present users in building, zone or room per unit floor area of the space
Note 1 to entry: Occupancy density is used mainly for the calculations for space heating/cooling and ventilation.
3.3.11
overall ventilation
ventilation for supplying outdoor air into indoor spaces to dilute general contaminants, such as
formaldehyde, CO and water vapour
3.3.12
simultaneous usage ratio
ratio of the number of zones or spaces which belong to a group of zones and spaces and
are occupied or used at the time, to the total number of zones or spaces in the group
Note 1 to entry: This concept is applied to a group of zones or spaces of the same category, such as a group of
guest rooms in hotels, a series of personal office rooms in office buildings, etc.
3.3.13
technical building system
all energy-using or -distributing components in a building that are operated to support the occupant
or process functions housed therein (including HVAC, domestic hot water, illumination, transportation,
laundering or similar functions)
3.3.14
movable fitting
movable part of openings, which is used for the purposes of, for example, solar shading, adding
insulation, ventilation and security
3.4 Descriptions for daily schedule
3.4.1
hourly ratio
ratio of hourly value of parameters to their reference value
Note 1 to entry: Multiplying hourly ratios by the reference value, hourly values of the parameter is calculated.
This shall be calculated in accordance with ISO 18523-1.
3.4.2
reference domestic hot water usage
maximum hourly service hot water usage by users of the space or zone
Note 1 to entry: Measured in volume flow rate per person, in volume flow rate per unit floor area or in volume
flow rate per bed.
Note 2 to entry: The volume flow rate is calculated with the assumption on hot water temperature.
3.4.3
reference heat gain due to appliances
maximum hourly total (sensible and latent) heat gain due to appliances inside the room or zone
Note 1 to entry: Measured in watt per unit floor area.
Note 2 to entry: To be multiplied by hourly ratios, heat gain due to appliances at the time can be calculated.
3.4.4
reference heat gain due to person
maximum hourly total (sensible and latent) heat gain due to person inside the room or zone
Note 1 to entry: Measured in watt per unit floor area.
Note 2 to entry: To be multiplied by hourly ratio, heat gain due to person at the time can be calculated.
3.4.5
reference heat gain due to lighting
maximum hourly sensible heat gain due to lighting inside the room or zone
Note 1 to entry: Measured in watt per unit floor area.
Note 2 to entry: To be multiplied by hourly ratios, heat gain due to lighting at the time can be calculated.
3.4.6
reference latent heat gain due to appliances
maximum hourly latent heat gain due to appliances inside the room or zone
Note 1 to entry: Measured in watt per unit floor area.
Note 2 to entry: To be multiplied by hourly ratios, latent heat gain due to appliances at the time can be calculated.
3.4.7
reference latent heat gain due to person
maximum hourly latent heat gain due to person inside the room or zone
Note 1 to entry: Measured in watt per unit floor area.
Note 2 to entry: To be multiplied by hourly ratios, latent heat gain due to person at the time can be calculated.
3.4.8
reference occupancy density
maximum hourly occupancy density of the space or zone
Note 1 to entry: Measured in person per unit floor area.
Note 2 to entry: To be multiplied by hourly ratios, occupancy density at the time can be calculated.
3.4.9
reference sensible heat gain due to appliances
maximum hourly sensible heat gain due to appliances inside the room or zone
Note 1 to entry: Measured in watt per unit floor area.
Note 2 to entry: To be multiplied by hourly ratios, sensible heat gain due to appliances at the time can be
calculated.
3.4.10
reference sensible heat gain due to person
maximum hourly sensible heat gain due to person inside the room or zone
Note 1 to entry: Measured in watt per unit floor area.
Note 2 to entry: To be multiplied by hourly ratio, sensible heat gain due to person at the time can be calculated.
3.4.11
reference ventilation requirement
most probable estimation of outdoor air supply (in volume flow rate per unit floor area or in air change
per hour) to the space or zone
3.4.12
total daily usage of domestic hot water
total volume of service hot water usage in one day
Note 1 to entry: Measured in volume per person, in volume per unit floor area, in volume per bed or in volume per
household (housing unit).
Note 2 to entry: The volume is calculated with the assumption of hot water temperature.
6 © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved
4 Framework of the schedule and condition for building energy calculation
4.1 Indispensable schedules
The energy calculations for residential buildings are characterized by the division number of the
year, the calculation period or the calculation interval. Each calculation method has its appropriate
calculation interval according to characteristics of the target physical phenomenon (for example,
unsteadiness) and minuteness of the calculation responding to changes of climatic condition, occupants’
behaviour, status of service systems and so on.
Due to the variety of calculation method, there is a variety of form of the schedule and condition of
zone and space usage. Nevertheless, there is a fundamental unit of form, daily schedule, which shall be
included in forms for the schedule and condition. The daily schedule corresponds to the minimum cycle
of zone and space usage, and also of climatic and solar condition.
Some nations adopt so called “monthly calculation” for space heating and cooling energy needs and
uses, taking monthly variation of outdoor temperature and solar irradiance into consideration. One
daily schedule for workday and the number of the workdays is given to each month for each type of zone
and space. Monthly means of outdoor air condition (for example, temperature) and solar irradiance for
different orientations and inclinations are given for the calculation. The expression of the daily schedule
varies from detailed expression with hourly values to simplified expression such as daily mean values
and the like. Additional schedule for holiday can be given in a simplified way such as only with daily
mean values.
Similarly, in so called “seasonal calculation”, one daily schedule for workday and the number of the
workdays for each season are given to each season for each type of zone and room, and the calculation
is done with seasonal mean values for climatic condition.
For the calculation of more steady phenomena, so called “annual calculation” can work if seasonal
change of solar condition is integrated throughout the year and condensed in specific coefficients.
Nevertheless, one daily schedule for a workday and the number of annual workdays are necessary.
Additional daily schedules for holiday can be given.
For the calculation of lighting, monthly or yearly calculation is mainly used, even though unsteady
aspects of lighting still have to be dealt with. In the calculation for lighting, when input parameters
such as operating hours with and without daylight are prescribed, a daily schedule as described in
column (2) of Table 1 and annual schedule by monthly allocation of daily schedules (Table 5) or annual
schedule without division of the year (Table 7) should be explicitly given, so that the operating hours
for light are well harmonized with those for other technical systems.
Therefore, for each category of zone and space, a necessary number of daily schedules (e.g., two daily
schedules for workday and holiday), and one of annual, seasonal, monthly and weekly schedules shall
be given in order that the daily schedules are allocated for the year.
4.2 Daily schedule
The daily schedule shall contain hourly values of conditions for one day, or shall contain condensed or
simplified information on conditions for the day. With some assumptions, the hourly detailed values can
be generated from the condensed or simplified information and used even for detailed calculation. If
necessary, multiple daily schedules representing different daily patterns of usage should be given such
as for workdays, holidays and going-out days. The number of daily schedules depends on minuteness of
the schedule and conditions as well as on the category of zone and space under consideration.
The conditions described in the daily schedule are grouped into five categories:
a) General information on occupancy and usage of zone and space;
b) Operation of technical building systems and requirement for their services;
c) Usage of appliances;
d) Internal heat gains;
e) Operation of movable fittings.
The basic structure of a daily schedule is shown in Table 1.
Table 1 — Framework of daily schedule for zone and space
(1) Description by hourly (2) Condensed or simplified
values for 0–24 h description
a) General Occupancy or occu- Hourly occupancy or occupancy Times of start and end of occupancy
information on pancy density density or total hours of occupancy, and
occupancy and average occupancy or occupancy
usage density during usage
Simultaneous Hourly simultaneous usage ratio Mean simultaneous usage ratio
usage ratio of a set during usage
of rooms
b) Operation Space heating and/ Hourly status of space heating Times of start and end of operation,
of technical or cooling and/or cooling system (in or out or total hours of operation
building systems of operation)
and requirement
for their building
services
Hourly set-points of room temper- Set-point temperature and/or
ature and/or humidity humidity during operation, and/or
information on set-back operation
Ventilation for gen- Hourly status of ventilation Times of start and end of operation,
eral contaminants system (in or out of operation) or total hours of operation
(overall ventilation)
Lighting Hourly status of lighting system Times of start and end of operation,
(in or out of operation) or total hours of operation
Maintained average illuminance Maintained average illuminance
and height of the specified surface and height of the specified surface
Domestic hot water Hourly status of domestic hot Times of start and end of operation,
water system or total hours of operation
Hourly service hot water usage Daily total hot water usage
Ventilation for local Hourly usage duration Times of start and end of operation,
contaminants (local or total hours of operation
exhaust ventilation)
Ventilation for Hourly ventilation requirement Ventilation requirement
unconditioned zone
Set-point of room temperature Set-point of room temperature
or space
(upper limit) (upper limit)
c) Usage of Electric appliances Hourly usage duration Times of start and end of operation,
appliances and others or total hours of operation
8 © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved
Table 1 (continued)
(1) Description by hourly (2) Condensed or simplified
values for 0–24 h description
d) Internal heat Person (watt per Hourly heat gains Times of start and end of occupancy
gains (sensible person) or total hours of occupancy
and/or latent)
Average heat gains during occupancy
Lighting (watt per Hourly heat gains Times of start and end of lighting or
unit floor area) total hours of lighting
Average heat gain during operation
Appliances (watt) Hourly heat gains Times of start and end of use of
appliances or total hours of the
usage
Average heat gain during usage
e) Operation of Operation of des- Hourly status of designated Time of start and end of using
movable fittings ignated shutters, movable fittings movable functions
blinds and windows
4.3 Division of year and daily, weekly, monthly, seasonal and annual allocations of daily
schedules
The standard year shall be the year 2015, which has 365 days. Since national holidays and workdays
differ in nations and states, annual schedules can be determined on a national basis, even though there
is a need for any common annual schedule patterns for research purposes. The annual schedule given in
Annex B can be used as such a common annual schedule with daily 365 divisions. The basic structure of
the annual schedule is shown in Table 2.
Table 2 — Annual schedules with different divisions of the year
(1) Daily 365 divisions
The standard year
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ⋅⋅⋅ 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365
(2) Weekly 53 divisions
The standard year
1 2 3 4 ⋅⋅⋅ 50 51 52 53
(3) Monthly 12 divisions
The standard year
January February March ⋅⋅⋅ October November December
(4) Seasonal 5 divisions
The standard year
Winter Medium Summer Medium Winter
(5) No division of the year
The standard year
Common set of daily schedules throughout the year
The annual schedule shall be made by allocating one daily schedule to each day or a set of daily
schedules to each week, month or season. Each week, month and season can contain different daily
schedules such as for weekdays, holidays for going-out and holidays for staying at home. If there is no
need to divide the year, a set of daily schedules shall be allocated to the whole year without division.
For example, for an indoor parking garage of apartment blocks, a set of daily schedules of ventilation
and lighting for each of the weekdays and holidays is specified with the numbers of days as the annual
schedule. Structures of the annual schedules by daily, weekly, monthly, seasonal and yearly allocation
are prescribed in Tables 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 respectively.
Table 3 — Annual schedule by daily allocation of daily schedules
(daily schedule allocation is exemplified)
Row: date #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #7 #8 #9 #10 #11 #12 #13 #14 ⋅⋅⋅
January
st nd rd th th th th th th th th th th th
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 ⋅⋅⋅
Th. Fr. Sa. Su. Mo. Tu. We. Th. Fr. Sa. Su. Mo. Tu. We.
Daily
c c b c a a a a a c c c a a ⋅⋅⋅
schedule
The daily schedules a, b and c are allocated to workdays, day off for going out and day off for staying at home,
respectively.
Table 4 — Annual schedule by weekly allocation of daily schedules
(daily schedule allocation is exemplified)
#1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #7 #8 #9 #10 #11 #12 ⋅⋅⋅
Row: Week
th rd
Jan. 26 - 23 -
th th th nd th th nd th th
Column: Daily 5 - 12 - 19 - 2 - 9 - 16 - 2 - 9 - 16 -
st
1 - Feb. Mar. ⋅⋅⋅
1 th th th th th nd th th nd
schedule 11 18 25 8 15 22 8 15 22
th st st
4 1 1
a 0 5 4 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 5 5 ⋅⋅⋅
b 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 ⋅⋅⋅
c 3 2 2 1 2 1 3 1 1 1 2 1 ⋅⋅⋅
Total number of
4 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 ⋅⋅⋅
days
The daily schedules a, b and c are allocated to workdays, day off for going out and day off for staying at home,
respectively.
Table 5 — Annual schedule by monthly allocation of daily schedules
(daily schedule allocation is exemplified)
Row: Month
Jan. Feb Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. Total
Column: Daily
schedule
a 19 19 22 21 18 22 22 16 19 21 20 19 238
b 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 36
c 9 6 6 6 10 5 6 12 8 7 7 9 91
Total number of
31 28 31 30 31 30 31 31 30 31 30 31 365
days
The daily schedules a, b and c are allocated to workdays, day off for going out and day off for staying at home,
respectively.
Table 6 — Annual schedule by seasonal allocation of daily schedules
(daily schedule allocation is exemplified)
Row: Season winter intermediate summer Total
Column: Daily
schedule
a n n n 238 (=n + n + n )
W1 M1 S1 W1 M1 S1
b n n n 36 (=n + n + n )
W2 M2 S2 W2 M2 S2
c n n n 91 (=n + n + n )
W3 M3 S3 W2 M2 S2
Total number of days n + n + n n + n + n n + n + n 365
W1 W2 W3 M1 M2 M3 S1 S2 S3
The daily schedules a, b and c are allocated to workdays, day off for going out and day off for staying at home,
respectively.
10 © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved
Table 7 — Annual schedule without division of the year
(daily schedule allocation is exemplified)
Daily schedule Total
a 238
b 36
c 91
Total number of days 365
The daily schedules a, b and c are allocated to workdays,
day off for going out and day off for staying at home,
respectively.
5 Conditions for energy calculation included in the schedule and condition of
zone and space usage
5.1 Energy needs and uses
In this document, input parameters for the calculation of the following energy needs and uses are
dealt with:
a) Energy need and use for space heating and cooling;
b) Energy need and use for ventilation for outdoor air supply for conditioned and unconditioned zone
or space;
c) Energy use for lighting;
d) Energy need and use for domestic hot water;
e) Energy use for appliances;
f) Energy use for transportation (e.g., elevators of apartment blocks).
5.2 Condition
5.2.1 Occupancy or occupancy density
The occupancy or occupancy density is directly or indirectly related to energy uses of technical
building systems, such as, space heating and cooling, ventilation, lighting, domestic hot water and
transportation in the residential building, as well as energy uses of home appliances. It also represents
the unused status of the space by zero occupancy or occupancy density. The total number of occupants
can be directly given or calculated by multiplying the occupancy density by the floor area of the space,
using calculation methods given in other standards.
The occupancy or occupancy density shall be given by taking the correlation with relevant conditions,
such as, hours of space heating and cooling if intermittent operation is assumed, internal heat gain due
to persons, ventilation rate if occupancy-dependent demand control is adopted, domestic hot water
usage and demand for transportation, into consideration.
5.2.1.1 Simultaneous usage ratio of a set of zones or spaces
This parameter is not always necessary, but is useful when there is a group of zones or spaces of the
same category and characteristics and the utilization rate of the group is not always full. Demands for
technical building systems are to be reduced by the simultaneous usage ratio.
5.2.2 Operation of technical building systems and requirement for their services
5.2.2.1 Space heating and cooling
Operational conditions for space heating and cooling, 1) status of the space heating and/or cooling
system (in or out of operation) and 2) indoor environmental set-points (temperature and/or humidity)
shall be given.
There can be different indoor environmental set-points for zones and spaces. They differentiate
according to 1) seasons (heating, cooling, intermediate, and so on) and 2) set-back operation such as for
during going-out and night. The condition for the set-point shall be given in a schedule by referring to
the table for the set-point patterns, as shown in Table 8. If the set-point pattern can be allocated to any
part of the year without calculations, periods shall be determined and specified in the table for each
set-point pattern. If the set-point patterns depend on climatic condition in each day, week and month,
determination of the set-point patterns shall be done as a part of the energy calculation.
Table 8 — Set-point patterns (symbols, values and notes are exemplified)
During normal operation During Set-back operation
Symbol of
Note for set-back
Indoor set-point Indoor set- Indoor set-point Indoor set-point
set-point
operation
temperature point relative temperature relative humidity
pattern
humidity
w 22 °C 40 % — — —
w 22 °C — — — —
s 26 °C 50 % — — —
m 24 °C 50 % — — —
5.2.2.2 Ventilation for conditioned zone or space
The ventilation (outdoor air supply) for conditioned zones or spaces has an influence on the energy
needs for space heating and cooling as well as the energy use for mechanical ventilation. Status of the
ventilation system (in or out of service) shall be given in the schedule, or it shall be assumed to be the
same as space heating and/or cooling system operation. As for ventilation rate during the operation,
there are two ways how to estimate the amount of outdoor air supply.
1) Estimation by regulated ventilation requirement of the zone and space, which can be defined as per
unit floor area or per occupant. This requirement can also be described by acceptable concentration
of target gas. If the requirement per occupant or by the acceptable concentration of the target gas
is adopted, capacity of occupants of the zone or space, which has to be equal to or larger than the
reference occupancy density, shall be assumed. This way is possible even before fixing detailed
specifications of the ventilation system of the space.
2) Estimation by designed air flow rate of the target zone and space, which is to be confirmed by
design calculation based on the specifications of adopted ventilation components. The design value
of the ventilation rate can be used, if the value shall be confirmed later in more detailed design
stage of the building and technical building system.
In the energy calculation, when demand control ventilation or any other techniques to control ventilation
rate are considered, the estimated amount of outdoor air can be adjusted by taking relevant parameters
(e.g., schedule of occupancy density, outdoor temperature and/or humidity) into consideration.
In the calculation of energy use of the ventilation system, the electric power of the designed system is
used, or assumptions on the efficiency of the system, such as, a specific fan power, are used with the
ventilation rate.
12 © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved
5.2.2.3 Lighting
The status of fixed lighting installation (in or out of operation) shall be given in the schedule. The status
shall be coordinated with the occupancy of the zone or space, but they are not necessarily the same.
In the schedule and condition for the lighting, only fixed lighting installation shall be dealt with.
Movable luminaires and lamps can be dealt with in the schedule and condition for appliances (5.2.2.7).
The maintained average illuminance and the height of the specified surface are determined mainly for
ambient lighting. Other types of fixed lighting installation, such as, decorative and accent lighting, can
be considered in the schedule and condition for the lighting, but the maintained average illuminance
shall not be applied.
If the effect of dimming control for daylight utilization or any other lighting control methods are
considered, the operation and electric power is adjusted by taking the specification of the control
system and space configuration into consideration.
The energy use for ambient lighting can be estimated by using the duration of the operation and the
electric power for luminaires and lamps, which can be determined in two ways.
1) In the simplified utilization factor method, the installed lighting power density can be calculated
by using maintained average illuminance, luminaire and lamp performance, and utilization factor
as a function of the luminaire, space reflectance and room index. More detailed methods can also
be used for the calculation of installed lighting power.
2) Total assumed electric power of designed luminaires and lamps for the zone or space, or the aimed
electric power for lighting.
NOTE Calculation methods for energy performance of lighting are provided in other standards, such as
1)
ISO 20086 .
If the effects of daylight utilizatio
...
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 18523-2
First edition
2018-02
Energy performance of buildings —
Schedule and condition of building,
zone and space usage for energy
calculation —
Part 2:
Residential buildings
Performance énergétique des bâtiments — Plan et conditions
d'utilisation des espaces, zones et bâtiments pour le calcul
d'énergie —
Partie 2: Bâtiments résidentiels
Reference number
©
ISO 2018
© ISO 2018
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
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Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
3.1 Space . 2
3.2 Schedule . 3
3.3 Parameters for conditions of building, zone and space usage . 4
3.4 Descriptions for daily schedule . 5
4 Framework of the schedule and condition for building energy calculation .7
4.1 Indispensable schedules . 7
4.2 Daily schedule . 7
4.3 Division of year and daily, weekly, monthly, seasonal and annual allocations of
daily schedules . 9
5 Conditions for energy calculation included in the schedule and condition of zone
and space usage .11
5.1 Energy needs and uses .11
5.2 Condition .11
5.2.1 Occupancy or occupancy density .11
5.2.2 Operation of technical building systems and requirement for their services .12
5.2.3 Internal heat gains .14
5.2.4 Operation of movable fittings .15
5.3 Process for determining schedule and condition in housing units .15
5.3.1 Family structure .15
5.3.2 Time use of daily life of family member(s) .15
5.3.3 Schedule and area for space heating and cooling .16
5.3.4 Schedule and area of overall ventilation .16
5.3.5 Schedule and area of local exhaust ventilation .17
5.3.6 Amount of domestic hot water usage .17
5.3.7 Possession and usage of appliances .17
6 Category of residential building, zone and space .17
6.1 General .17
6.2 Category of space or zone .18
6.2.1 Categories of space or zone inside housing unit .18
6.2.2 Categories of space or zone outside housing unit .18
Annex A (informative) Examples of time use as daily life of family .19
Annex B (informative) Format of annual schedule by daily allocation of daily schedules .23
Annex C (informative) Examples of schedules for space heating and cooling .24
Annex D (informative) Example of schedule and area for local ventilation .25
Annex E (informative) Examples of schedule and condition for domestic hot water .26
Annex F (informative) Example of schedule and condition for usage of electric appliances .27
Annex G (informative) Examples of categories of space and zone of residential buildings .31
Bibliography .32
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following
URL: www .iso .org/ iso/ foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 163, Thermal performance and energy use
in the built environment.
A list of all parts in the ISO 18523 series can be found on the ISO website.
iv © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved
Introduction
There is a strong need to improve the environment to make the evaluation of energy performance of
buildings more reliable and practical, so that energy efficiency of buildings is improved by referring
to the evaluation results. There have been no international standards prescribing building use in this
area. This document prescribes the indispensable information on the conditions for zone and space
usage in energy calculations for residential buildings.
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 18523-2:2018(E)
Energy performance of buildings — Schedule and
condition of building, zone and space usage for energy
calculation —
Part 2:
Residential buildings
1 Scope
This document specifies the formats to present the schedule and conditions of zone and space usage
(referred to as input data of energy calculations) for residential buildings.
The schedule and conditions include schedules of occupancy, operation of technical building systems,
ventilation rates, hot water usage, usage of appliances and internal heat gains due to occupancy, lighting
and appliances. The schedule and conditions for lighting are applicable to fixed installed lighting
fixtures.
This document also gives categories of residential building, zone and space according to differentiating
schedule and condition. For residential buildings or its housing units which contain any category of
space or zone of non-residential buildings, ISO 18523-1 applies.
Depending on necessary minuteness of the energy calculation, different levels of schedule and condition
from the view point of time and space averaging are specified.
The values and categories for the schedule and condition are included informatively.
NOTE The schedule and condition in this document is basically different from assumptions in order to
determine the size of technical building systems in the process of design, where possible largest or smallest values
are assumed. Instead, most usual and average values, which are assumed for the building energy calculation, are
dealt with in this document.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 18523-1, Energy performance of buildings — Schedule and condition of building, zone and space usage
for energy calculation — Part 1: Non-residential buildings
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— IEC Electropedia: available at http:// www .electropedia .org/
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at http:// www .iso .org/ obp
3.1 Space
3.1.1
apartment block
building (3.1.2), which contains multiple housing units (3.1.8)
3.1.2
building
construction as a whole, including its envelope and all technical building systems (3.3.13), where energy
is used to condition the indoor environment, to provide domestic hot water and illumination and other
services related to the use of the building
3.1.3
building zone
zone
part of a building consisting of (part of) one or more spaces with assumed uniform properties related
to a specific service or service component, or (in absence of a service) assumed uniform indoor
environmental conditions
3.1.4
common space
indoor or outdoor space, which is commonly used by residents
3.1.5
thermally conditioned space
thermally conditioned zone
heated and/or cooled space (zone)
3.1.6
elementary space
space
part of a room, a room or group of adjacent rooms with assumed uniform properties for all considered
types of zones
3.1.7
habitable room
room that is continuously used for living, working, meeting, amusement and other purposes similar
thereto
Note 1 to entry: Spaces such as bathroom, washroom, toilet, entrance hall or corridor are excluded.
3.1.8
housing unit
single-family house (3.1.9) or apartment (flat or maisonette) of apartment blocks (3.1.1)
3.1.9
single-family house
detached house
independent residential building, where a family lives
3.1.10
thermally unconditioned space
thermally unconditioned zone
space (zone) that is not heated nor cooled
2 © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved
3.2 Schedule
3.2.1
annual operation hours
operation hours
total length of hours in a standard year (3.2.11) when a technical building system (3.3.13) can be operated
depending on necessity
3.2.2
annual schedule
allocation of daily schedule(s) (3.2.4) for one year
Note 1 to entry: Division of the year can be selected from 365 days, 53 weeks, 12 months, seasons or no division
(a set of daily schedules is uniformly applied throughout the year).
3.2.3
daily operating hours
hours when a service system is operated, or the length of the hours
3.2.4
daily schedule
conditions of occupancy, service system operations, requirement for the functions of the service
systems and internal heat gains at each time of a day
3.2.5
daily schedule with hourly conditions
set of hourly conditions of occupancy, service system operations, requirement for the functions of the
service systems and internal heat gains in a day
3.2.6
monthly schedule
allocation of daily schedule(s) (3.2.4) for each month of the year
3.2.7
seasonal schedule
allocation of daily schedule(s) (3.2.4) to each season of the year
3.2.8
schedule
information on condition(s) of building, zone or space usage throughout a cycle of period, such as day,
week, month, season and year
3.2.9
set of daily schedules
complete set of daily schedules representing usage of a category of building, zone or space in one year
3.2.10
standard year
selected year, of which the number of days has to be 365 and arrangement of weekdays, weekends and
holidays are referred in weekly, monthly, seasonal and annual schedules
3.2.11
weekly schedule
allocation of daily schedule(s) (3.2.4) to each week of the year
3.2.12
whole set of annual schedules
complete set of annual schedules (3.2.2) representing usage of all types of building, zone and space, as
objects of energy calculation
3.2.13
whole set of seasonal schedules
complete set of seasonal schedules (3.2.7) representing usage of all types of building, zone and space, as
objects of energy calculation
3.2.14
whole set of monthly schedules
complete set of monthly schedules (3.2.6) representing usage of all types of building, zone and space, as
objects of energy calculation
3.3 Parameters for conditions of building, zone and space usage
3.3.1
appliances
consumer electronics and machines for housekeeping
3.3.2
condition
status of occupancy (3.3.9), operation of service systems, requirement for the functions of the technical
building systems (3.3.13) and internal heat gains
3.3.3
demand control ventilation
ventilation with a rate controlled according to the necessity of the ventilation, such as the emission rate
of target pollutant
3.3.4
local exhaust ventilation
mechanical exhaust ventilation for eliminating contaminants, such as odour, combustion gases, water
vapour and oil mist, from nearby sources
3.3.5
height of the working plane
height of the plane on which the assumed visual task is carried out, from the floor
Note 1 to entry: Height of the working plane is expressed in metres, m.
3.3.6
height of the specified surface
height of the plane on which the requirement for the ambient lighting is assumed, from the floor
Note 1 to entry: Height of the specified surface is expressed in metres, m.
3.3.7
luminaire
apparatus which distributes, filters or transforms the light transmitted from one or more lamps and which
includes, except the lamps themselves, all the parts necessary for fixing and protecting the lamps and,
where necessary, circuit auxiliaries together with the means for connecting them to the electric supply
3.3.8
maintained average illuminance
value below which the average illuminance over the specified surface is not allowed to fall
Note 1 to entry: Maintained average illuminance is expressed in lux.
3.3.9
occupancy
presence of users in building, zone or space
4 © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved
3.3.10
occupancy density
number of present users in building, zone or room per unit floor area of the space
Note 1 to entry: Occupancy density is used mainly for the calculations for space heating/cooling and ventilation.
3.3.11
overall ventilation
ventilation for supplying outdoor air into indoor spaces to dilute general contaminants, such as
formaldehyde, CO and water vapour
3.3.12
simultaneous usage ratio
ratio of the number of zones or spaces which belong to a group of zones and spaces and
are occupied or used at the time, to the total number of zones or spaces in the group
Note 1 to entry: This concept is applied to a group of zones or spaces of the same category, such as a group of
guest rooms in hotels, a series of personal office rooms in office buildings, etc.
3.3.13
technical building system
all energy-using or -distributing components in a building that are operated to support the occupant
or process functions housed therein (including HVAC, domestic hot water, illumination, transportation,
laundering or similar functions)
3.3.14
movable fitting
movable part of openings, which is used for the purposes of, for example, solar shading, adding
insulation, ventilation and security
3.4 Descriptions for daily schedule
3.4.1
hourly ratio
ratio of hourly value of parameters to their reference value
Note 1 to entry: Multiplying hourly ratios by the reference value, hourly values of the parameter is calculated.
This shall be calculated in accordance with ISO 18523-1.
3.4.2
reference domestic hot water usage
maximum hourly service hot water usage by users of the space or zone
Note 1 to entry: Measured in volume flow rate per person, in volume flow rate per unit floor area or in volume
flow rate per bed.
Note 2 to entry: The volume flow rate is calculated with the assumption on hot water temperature.
3.4.3
reference heat gain due to appliances
maximum hourly total (sensible and latent) heat gain due to appliances inside the room or zone
Note 1 to entry: Measured in watt per unit floor area.
Note 2 to entry: To be multiplied by hourly ratios, heat gain due to appliances at the time can be calculated.
3.4.4
reference heat gain due to person
maximum hourly total (sensible and latent) heat gain due to person inside the room or zone
Note 1 to entry: Measured in watt per unit floor area.
Note 2 to entry: To be multiplied by hourly ratio, heat gain due to person at the time can be calculated.
3.4.5
reference heat gain due to lighting
maximum hourly sensible heat gain due to lighting inside the room or zone
Note 1 to entry: Measured in watt per unit floor area.
Note 2 to entry: To be multiplied by hourly ratios, heat gain due to lighting at the time can be calculated.
3.4.6
reference latent heat gain due to appliances
maximum hourly latent heat gain due to appliances inside the room or zone
Note 1 to entry: Measured in watt per unit floor area.
Note 2 to entry: To be multiplied by hourly ratios, latent heat gain due to appliances at the time can be calculated.
3.4.7
reference latent heat gain due to person
maximum hourly latent heat gain due to person inside the room or zone
Note 1 to entry: Measured in watt per unit floor area.
Note 2 to entry: To be multiplied by hourly ratios, latent heat gain due to person at the time can be calculated.
3.4.8
reference occupancy density
maximum hourly occupancy density of the space or zone
Note 1 to entry: Measured in person per unit floor area.
Note 2 to entry: To be multiplied by hourly ratios, occupancy density at the time can be calculated.
3.4.9
reference sensible heat gain due to appliances
maximum hourly sensible heat gain due to appliances inside the room or zone
Note 1 to entry: Measured in watt per unit floor area.
Note 2 to entry: To be multiplied by hourly ratios, sensible heat gain due to appliances at the time can be
calculated.
3.4.10
reference sensible heat gain due to person
maximum hourly sensible heat gain due to person inside the room or zone
Note 1 to entry: Measured in watt per unit floor area.
Note 2 to entry: To be multiplied by hourly ratio, sensible heat gain due to person at the time can be calculated.
3.4.11
reference ventilation requirement
most probable estimation of outdoor air supply (in volume flow rate per unit floor area or in air change
per hour) to the space or zone
3.4.12
total daily usage of domestic hot water
total volume of service hot water usage in one day
Note 1 to entry: Measured in volume per person, in volume per unit floor area, in volume per bed or in volume per
household (housing unit).
Note 2 to entry: The volume is calculated with the assumption of hot water temperature.
6 © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved
4 Framework of the schedule and condition for building energy calculation
4.1 Indispensable schedules
The energy calculations for residential buildings are characterized by the division number of the
year, the calculation period or the calculation interval. Each calculation method has its appropriate
calculation interval according to characteristics of the target physical phenomenon (for example,
unsteadiness) and minuteness of the calculation responding to changes of climatic condition, occupants’
behaviour, status of service systems and so on.
Due to the variety of calculation method, there is a variety of form of the schedule and condition of
zone and space usage. Nevertheless, there is a fundamental unit of form, daily schedule, which shall be
included in forms for the schedule and condition. The daily schedule corresponds to the minimum cycle
of zone and space usage, and also of climatic and solar condition.
Some nations adopt so called “monthly calculation” for space heating and cooling energy needs and
uses, taking monthly variation of outdoor temperature and solar irradiance into consideration. One
daily schedule for workday and the number of the workdays is given to each month for each type of zone
and space. Monthly means of outdoor air condition (for example, temperature) and solar irradiance for
different orientations and inclinations are given for the calculation. The expression of the daily schedule
varies from detailed expression with hourly values to simplified expression such as daily mean values
and the like. Additional schedule for holiday can be given in a simplified way such as only with daily
mean values.
Similarly, in so called “seasonal calculation”, one daily schedule for workday and the number of the
workdays for each season are given to each season for each type of zone and room, and the calculation
is done with seasonal mean values for climatic condition.
For the calculation of more steady phenomena, so called “annual calculation” can work if seasonal
change of solar condition is integrated throughout the year and condensed in specific coefficients.
Nevertheless, one daily schedule for a workday and the number of annual workdays are necessary.
Additional daily schedules for holiday can be given.
For the calculation of lighting, monthly or yearly calculation is mainly used, even though unsteady
aspects of lighting still have to be dealt with. In the calculation for lighting, when input parameters
such as operating hours with and without daylight are prescribed, a daily schedule as described in
column (2) of Table 1 and annual schedule by monthly allocation of daily schedules (Table 5) or annual
schedule without division of the year (Table 7) should be explicitly given, so that the operating hours
for light are well harmonized with those for other technical systems.
Therefore, for each category of zone and space, a necessary number of daily schedules (e.g., two daily
schedules for workday and holiday), and one of annual, seasonal, monthly and weekly schedules shall
be given in order that the daily schedules are allocated for the year.
4.2 Daily schedule
The daily schedule shall contain hourly values of conditions for one day, or shall contain condensed or
simplified information on conditions for the day. With some assumptions, the hourly detailed values can
be generated from the condensed or simplified information and used even for detailed calculation. If
necessary, multiple daily schedules representing different daily patterns of usage should be given such
as for workdays, holidays and going-out days. The number of daily schedules depends on minuteness of
the schedule and conditions as well as on the category of zone and space under consideration.
The conditions described in the daily schedule are grouped into five categories:
a) General information on occupancy and usage of zone and space;
b) Operation of technical building systems and requirement for their services;
c) Usage of appliances;
d) Internal heat gains;
e) Operation of movable fittings.
The basic structure of a daily schedule is shown in Table 1.
Table 1 — Framework of daily schedule for zone and space
(1) Description by hourly (2) Condensed or simplified
values for 0–24 h description
a) General Occupancy or occu- Hourly occupancy or occupancy Times of start and end of occupancy
information on pancy density density or total hours of occupancy, and
occupancy and average occupancy or occupancy
usage density during usage
Simultaneous Hourly simultaneous usage ratio Mean simultaneous usage ratio
usage ratio of a set during usage
of rooms
b) Operation Space heating and/ Hourly status of space heating Times of start and end of operation,
of technical or cooling and/or cooling system (in or out or total hours of operation
building systems of operation)
and requirement
for their building
services
Hourly set-points of room temper- Set-point temperature and/or
ature and/or humidity humidity during operation, and/or
information on set-back operation
Ventilation for gen- Hourly status of ventilation Times of start and end of operation,
eral contaminants system (in or out of operation) or total hours of operation
(overall ventilation)
Lighting Hourly status of lighting system Times of start and end of operation,
(in or out of operation) or total hours of operation
Maintained average illuminance Maintained average illuminance
and height of the specified surface and height of the specified surface
Domestic hot water Hourly status of domestic hot Times of start and end of operation,
water system or total hours of operation
Hourly service hot water usage Daily total hot water usage
Ventilation for local Hourly usage duration Times of start and end of operation,
contaminants (local or total hours of operation
exhaust ventilation)
Ventilation for Hourly ventilation requirement Ventilation requirement
unconditioned zone
Set-point of room temperature Set-point of room temperature
or space
(upper limit) (upper limit)
c) Usage of Electric appliances Hourly usage duration Times of start and end of operation,
appliances and others or total hours of operation
8 © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved
Table 1 (continued)
(1) Description by hourly (2) Condensed or simplified
values for 0–24 h description
d) Internal heat Person (watt per Hourly heat gains Times of start and end of occupancy
gains (sensible person) or total hours of occupancy
and/or latent)
Average heat gains during occupancy
Lighting (watt per Hourly heat gains Times of start and end of lighting or
unit floor area) total hours of lighting
Average heat gain during operation
Appliances (watt) Hourly heat gains Times of start and end of use of
appliances or total hours of the
usage
Average heat gain during usage
e) Operation of Operation of des- Hourly status of designated Time of start and end of using
movable fittings ignated shutters, movable fittings movable functions
blinds and windows
4.3 Division of year and daily, weekly, monthly, seasonal and annual allocations of daily
schedules
The standard year shall be the year 2015, which has 365 days. Since national holidays and workdays
differ in nations and states, annual schedules can be determined on a national basis, even though there
is a need for any common annual schedule patterns for research purposes. The annual schedule given in
Annex B can be used as such a common annual schedule with daily 365 divisions. The basic structure of
the annual schedule is shown in Table 2.
Table 2 — Annual schedules with different divisions of the year
(1) Daily 365 divisions
The standard year
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ⋅⋅⋅ 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365
(2) Weekly 53 divisions
The standard year
1 2 3 4 ⋅⋅⋅ 50 51 52 53
(3) Monthly 12 divisions
The standard year
January February March ⋅⋅⋅ October November December
(4) Seasonal 5 divisions
The standard year
Winter Medium Summer Medium Winter
(5) No division of the year
The standard year
Common set of daily schedules throughout the year
The annual schedule shall be made by allocating one daily schedule to each day or a set of daily
schedules to each week, month or season. Each week, month and season can contain different daily
schedules such as for weekdays, holidays for going-out and holidays for staying at home. If there is no
need to divide the year, a set of daily schedules shall be allocated to the whole year without division.
For example, for an indoor parking garage of apartment blocks, a set of daily schedules of ventilation
and lighting for each of the weekdays and holidays is specified with the numbers of days as the annual
schedule. Structures of the annual schedules by daily, weekly, monthly, seasonal and yearly allocation
are prescribed in Tables 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 respectively.
Table 3 — Annual schedule by daily allocation of daily schedules
(daily schedule allocation is exemplified)
Row: date #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #7 #8 #9 #10 #11 #12 #13 #14 ⋅⋅⋅
January
st nd rd th th th th th th th th th th th
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 ⋅⋅⋅
Th. Fr. Sa. Su. Mo. Tu. We. Th. Fr. Sa. Su. Mo. Tu. We.
Daily
c c b c a a a a a c c c a a ⋅⋅⋅
schedule
The daily schedules a, b and c are allocated to workdays, day off for going out and day off for staying at home,
respectively.
Table 4 — Annual schedule by weekly allocation of daily schedules
(daily schedule allocation is exemplified)
#1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #7 #8 #9 #10 #11 #12 ⋅⋅⋅
Row: Week
th rd
Jan. 26 - 23 -
th th th nd th th nd th th
Column: Daily 5 - 12 - 19 - 2 - 9 - 16 - 2 - 9 - 16 -
st
1 - Feb. Mar. ⋅⋅⋅
1 th th th th th nd th th nd
schedule 11 18 25 8 15 22 8 15 22
th st st
4 1 1
a 0 5 4 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 5 5 ⋅⋅⋅
b 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 ⋅⋅⋅
c 3 2 2 1 2 1 3 1 1 1 2 1 ⋅⋅⋅
Total number of
4 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 ⋅⋅⋅
days
The daily schedules a, b and c are allocated to workdays, day off for going out and day off for staying at home,
respectively.
Table 5 — Annual schedule by monthly allocation of daily schedules
(daily schedule allocation is exemplified)
Row: Month
Jan. Feb Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. Total
Column: Daily
schedule
a 19 19 22 21 18 22 22 16 19 21 20 19 238
b 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 36
c 9 6 6 6 10 5 6 12 8 7 7 9 91
Total number of
31 28 31 30 31 30 31 31 30 31 30 31 365
days
The daily schedules a, b and c are allocated to workdays, day off for going out and day off for staying at home,
respectively.
Table 6 — Annual schedule by seasonal allocation of daily schedules
(daily schedule allocation is exemplified)
Row: Season winter intermediate summer Total
Column: Daily
schedule
a n n n 238 (=n + n + n )
W1 M1 S1 W1 M1 S1
b n n n 36 (=n + n + n )
W2 M2 S2 W2 M2 S2
c n n n 91 (=n + n + n )
W3 M3 S3 W2 M2 S2
Total number of days n + n + n n + n + n n + n + n 365
W1 W2 W3 M1 M2 M3 S1 S2 S3
The daily schedules a, b and c are allocated to workdays, day off for going out and day off for staying at home,
respectively.
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Table 7 — Annual schedule without division of the year
(daily schedule allocation is exemplified)
Daily schedule Total
a 238
b 36
c 91
Total number of days 365
The daily schedules a, b and c are allocated to workdays,
day off for going out and day off for staying at home,
respectively.
5 Conditions for energy calculation included in the schedule and condition of
zone and space usage
5.1 Energy needs and uses
In this document, input parameters for the calculation of the following energy needs and uses are
dealt with:
a) Energy need and use for space heating and cooling;
b) Energy need and use for ventilation for outdoor air supply for conditioned and unconditioned zone
or space;
c) Energy use for lighting;
d) Energy need and use for domestic hot water;
e) Energy use for appliances;
f) Energy use for transportation (e.g., elevators of apartment blocks).
5.2 Condition
5.2.1 Occupancy or occupancy density
The occupancy or occupancy density is directly or indirectly related to energy uses of technical
building systems, such as, space heating and cooling, ventilation, lighting, domestic hot water and
transportation in the residential building, as well as energy uses of home appliances. It also represents
the unused status of the space by zero occupancy or occupancy density. The total number of occupants
can be directly given or calculated by multiplying the occupancy density by the floor area of the space,
using calculation methods given in other standards.
The occupancy or occupancy density shall be given by taking the correlation with relevant conditions,
such as, hours of space heating and cooling if intermittent operation is assumed, internal heat gain due
to persons, ventilation rate if occupancy-dependent demand control is adopted, domestic hot water
usage and demand for transportation, into consideration.
5.2.1.1 Simultaneous usage ratio of a set of zones or spaces
This parameter is not always necessary, but is useful when there is a group of zones or spaces of the
same category and characteristics and the utilization rate of the group is not always full. Demands for
technical building systems are to be reduced by the simultaneous usage ratio.
5.2.2 Operation of technical building systems and requirement for their services
5.2.2.1 Space heating and cooling
Operational conditions for space heating and cooling, 1) status of the space heating and/or cooling
system (in or out of operation) and 2) indoor environmental set-points (temperature and/or humidity)
shall be given.
There can be different indoor environmental set-points for zones and spaces. They differentiate
according to 1) seasons (heating, cooling, intermediate, and so on) and 2) set-back operation such as for
during going-out and night. The condition for the set-point shall be given in a schedule by referring to
the table for the set-point patterns, as shown in Table 8. If the set-point pattern can be allocated to any
part of the year without calculations, periods shall be determined and specified in the table for each
set-point pattern. If the set-point patterns depend on climatic condition in each day, week and month,
determination of the set-point patterns shall be done as a part of the energy calculation.
Table 8 — Set-point patterns (symbols, values and notes are exemplified)
During normal operation During Set-back operation
Symbol of
Note for set-back
Indoor set-point Indoor set- Indoor set-point Indoor set-point
set-point
operation
temperature point relative temperature relative humidity
pattern
humidity
w 22 °C 40 % — — —
w 22 °C — — — —
s 26 °C 50 % — — —
m 24 °C 50 % — — —
5.2.2.2 Ventilation for conditioned zone or space
The ventilation (outdoor air supply) for conditioned zones or spaces has an influence on the energy
needs for space heating and cooling as well as the energy use for mechanical ventilation. Status of the
ventilation system (in or out of service) shall be given in the schedule, or it shall be assumed to be the
same as space heating and/or cooling system operation. As for ventilation rate during the operation,
there are two ways how to estimate the amount of outdoor air supply.
1) Estimation by regulated ventilation requirement of the zone and space, which can be defined as per
unit floor area or per occupant. This requirement can also be described by acceptable concentration
of target gas. If the requirement per occupant or by the acceptable concentration of the target gas
is adopted, capacity of occupants of the zone or space, which has to be equal to or larger than the
reference occupancy density, shall be assumed. This way is possible even before fixing detailed
specifications of the ventilation system of the space.
2) Estimation by designed air flow rate of the target zone and space, which is to be confirmed by
design calculation based on the specifications of adopted ventilation components. The design value
of the ventilation rate can be used, if the value shall be confirmed later in more detailed design
stage of the building and technical building system.
In the energy calculation, when demand control ventilation or any other techniques to control ventilation
rate are considered, the estimated amount of outdoor air can be adjusted by taking relevant parameters
(e.g., schedule of occupancy density, outdoor temperature and/or humidity) into consideration.
In the calculation of energy use of the ventilation system, the electric power of the designed system is
used, or assumptions on the efficiency of the system, such as, a specific fan power, are used with the
ventilation rate.
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5.2.2.3 Lighting
The status of fixed lighting installation (in or out of operation) shall be given in the schedule. The status
shall be coordinated with the occupancy of the zone or space, but they are not necessarily the same.
In the schedule and condition for the lighting, only fixed lighting installation shall be dealt with.
Movable luminaires and lamps can be dealt with in the schedule and condition for appliances (5.2.2.7).
The maintained average illuminance and the height of the specified surface are determined mainly for
ambient lighting. Other types of fixed lighting installation, such as, decorative and accent lighting, can
be considered in the schedule and condition for the lighting, but the maintained average illuminance
shall not be applied.
If the effect of dimming control for daylight utilization or any other lighting control methods are
considered, the operation and electric power is adjusted by taking the specification of the control
system and space configuration into consideration.
The energy use for ambient lighting can be estimated by using the duration of the operation and the
electric power for luminaires and lamps, which can be determined in two ways.
1) In the simplified utilization factor method, the installed lighting power density can be calculated
by using maintained average illuminance, luminaire and lamp performance, and utilization factor
as a function of the luminaire, space reflectance and room index. More detailed methods can also
be used for the calculation of installed lighting power.
2) Total assumed electric power of designed luminaires and lamps for the zone or space, or the aimed
electric power for lighting.
NOTE Calculation methods for energy performance of lighting are provided in other standards, such as
1)
ISO 20086 .
If the effects of daylight utilization or any other lighting control methods are considered, the operation
and electric power is adjusted by taking the specification of the control system and space configuration
into consideration.
The electric power of the lighting system shall coordinate with internal heat gain due to lighting.
5.2.2.4 Domestic hot water
The amount of domestic hot water usage shall be given as a realistic usage pattern, hourly volume, or
as total volume used during the specified period. In addition, assumed hot water temperature and type
of faucet or shower nozzle shall be specified for the calculation of energy need. The saving of service
hot water usage by energy-saving faucets or shower nozzles shall be evaluated by comparing with the
performance of the assumed type of those in the schedule and condition. Supplied water temperature
shall be given in the calculation methods.
In the realistic usage pattern of domestic hot water, the time in a day and the volume of each usage
shall be given. Such a detailed pattern of hot water usage is essential when considering the influence of
intermittent use of hot water heaters on energy efficiency. Daily variation of hot water usage shall be
assumed when evaluating the effectiveness of special control of target water temperature for hot water
storage during night.
5.2.2.5 Ventilation for local contaminants
The schedule and condition for usage of mechanical ventilation for local contam
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