SIST EN 13001-3-6:2018

Cranes - General design - Part 3-6: Limit states and proof of competence of machinery - Hydraulic cylinders

This European Standard is to be used together with EN 13001-1, EN 13001-2 and EN 13001-3-1 as well as pertinent crane type product EN standards, and as such they specify general conditions, requirements and methods to, by design and theoretical verification, prevent mechanical hazards of hydraulic cylinders that are part of the load carrying structures of cranes. Hydraulic piping, hoses and connectors used with the cylinders, as well as cylinders made from other material than carbon steel, are not within the scope of this standard.
The following are significant hazardous situations and hazardous events that could result in risks to persons during intended use and reasonably foreseeable misuse. Clauses 4 to 7 of this standard are necessary to reduce or eliminate risks associated with the following hazards:
a)   exceeding the limits of strength (yield, ultimate, fatigue);
b)   elastic instability (column buckling).
NOTE   EN 13001-3-6 deals only with the limit state method in accordance with EN 13001-1.

Krane - Konstruktion allgemein - Teil 3‐6: Grenzzustände und Sicherheitsnachweis von Maschinenbauteilen - Hydraulikzylinder

Diese Europäische Norm ist gemeinsam mit EN 13001-1, EN 13001-2 und EN 13001-3-1 anzuwenden sowie mit den einschlägigen EN-Produktnormen für Krane, die allgemeine Bedingungen, Anforderungen und Methoden festlegen, um so anhand der Konstruktion und der theoretischen Verifizierung mechanische Gefährdungen der Hydraulikzylinder, die Teil der lasttragenden Struktur von Kranen sind, zu verhindern. Hydraulikleitungen, -schläuche und -anschlüsse von Zylindern sowie Zylinder aus anderen Werkstoffen als Kohlenstoffstahl fallen nicht in den Anwendungsbereich der vorliegenden Norm.
Nachfolgend ist eine Auflistung der signifikanten Gefährdungssituationen und Gefährdungsereignisse aufgeführt, die während der bestimmungsgemäßen Verwendung und der vernünftigerweise vorhersehbaren Fehlanwendung zu Risiken für Personen führen können. Die Abschnitte 4 bis 7 der vorliegenden Norm sind notwendig, um Risiken in Verbindung mit den folgenden Gefährdungen zu mindern oder zu beseitigen:
a)   Überschreiten der Festigkeitsgrenzwerte (Fließgrenze, Bruch- und Ermüdungsfestigkeit);
b)   elastische Instabilität (knickstabähnliches Verhalten).
ANMERKUNG   EN 13001-3-6 behandelt ausschließlich die Methode der Grenzzustände in Übereinstimmung mit EN 13001-1.

Appareils de levage à charge suspendue - Conception générale - Partie 3-6 : États limites et vérification d'aptitude des éléments de mécanismes - Vérins hydrauliques

La présente Norme européenne doit être utilisée conjointement avec l’EN 13001-1, l'EN 13001-2 et l'EN 13001-3-1, ainsi qu'avec les normes européennes pertinentes de type produit, pour appareil de levage à charge suspendue. Dans ce cadre, elles spécifient les conditions générales, les prescriptions et les méthodes visant à prévenir les dangers mécaniques liés aux vérins hydrauliques qui font partie des structures transmettant des charges dans les appareils de levage, par la conception et la vérification théorique. Les tuyaux, flexibles et raccords hydrauliques utilisés avec les vérins, ainsi que les vérins fabriqués dans un autre matériau que l'acier au carbone n'entrent pas dans le domaine d'application de la présente norme.
Une liste des situations et événements dangereux significatifs, susceptibles d'entraîner des risques pour les personnes lors d'une utilisation normale et d’une mauvaise utilisation raisonnablement prévisible est donnée ci-dessous. Les Articles 4 à 7 de la présente norme sont nécessaires pour réduire ou éliminer les risques associés à ces phénomènes dangereux :
a)   dépassement des limites de résistance (élasticité, rupture, fatigue) ;
b)   instabilité élastique (flambage de colonne).
NOTE   L'EN 13001-3-6 traite uniquement de la méthode des états limites conformément à l'EN 13001-1.

Žerjavi - Konstrukcija, splošno - 3-6. del: Mejna stanja in dokaz varnosti mehanizma - Hidravlični cilindri

Ta evropski standard je namenjen uporabi s standardi EN 13001-1, EN 13001-2 in EN 13001-3-1 ter ustreznimi standardi EN za določeno vrsto žerjava. Ti standardi skupaj določajo splošne pogoje, zahteve in metode za preprečevanje mehanskih nevarnosti hidravličnih valjev, ki so del nosilnih konstrukcij žerjavov, in sicer s preverjanjem konstrukcije in teoretičnih predpostavk. Področje uporabe tega standarda ne zajema hidravličnih napeljav, cevi in priključkov, ki se uporabljajo z valji, kot tudi ne valjev, izdelanih iz drugih materialov razen iz ogljikovega jekla.
Spodaj je seznam pomembnih nevarnih razmer in dogodkov, zaradi katerih bi lahko prišlo do ogroženosti oseb med nameravano uporabo in razumno predvideno nepravilno uporabo. Točki 4 in 7 v tem standardu sta potrebni za omejitev ali odpravo tveganj, povezanih z naslednjimi nevarnostmi:
a) prekoračitev mej trdnosti (meja prožnosti, končna meja, meja utrujanja);
b) elastična nestabilnost (uklon stebrov).
OPOMBA Standard EN 13001-3-6 v skladu s standardom EN 13001-1 obravnava le metodo mejnega stanja.

General Information

• Status: Withdrawn
• Public Enquiry End Date: 26-Jun-2016
• Publication Date: 27-May-2018
• Withdrawal Date: 15-Aug-2021
• ICS: 23.100.20 - Cylinders
• ICS: 53.020.20 - Cranes
• Technical Committee: DTN - Lift and transport appliances
• Current Stage: 9900 - Withdrawal (Adopted Project)
• Start Date: 09-Aug-2021
• Due Date: 01-Sep-2021
• Completion Date: 16-Aug-2021
• Directive: 2006/42/EC - Directive 2006/42/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 May 2006 on machinery, and amending Directive 95/16/EC (recast)
• Mandate: M/396 - Mandate to CEN and Cenelec for standardisation in the field of machinery
• Ref Project: EN 13001-3-6:2018 - Cranes - General design - Part 3-6: Limit states and proof of competence of machinery - Hydraulic cylinders

Relations

• Consolidated By: SIST EN 13001-3-6:2018+A1:2021 - Cranes - General design - Part 3-6: Limit states and proof of competence of machinery - Hydraulic cylinders
• Effective Date: 18-Jan-2023
• Consolidated By: SIST EN 13001-3-6:2018+A1:2021 - Cranes - General design - Part 3-6: Limit states and proof of competence of machinery - Hydraulic cylinders
• Effective Date: 19-Jan-2023
• Amended By: SIST EN 13001-3-6:2018/kprA1:2021 - Cranes - General design - Part 3-6: Limit states and proof of competence of machinery - Hydraulic cylinders
• Effective Date: 20-Feb-2019
• Consolidated By: SIST EN 13001-3-6:2018+A1:2021 - Cranes - General design - Part 3-6: Limit states and proof of competence of machinery - Hydraulic cylinders
• Effective Date: 21-Apr-2021

Standards Content (Sample)

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN 13001-3-6:2018
01-julij-2018
äHUMDYL.RQVWUXNFLMDVSORãQRGHO0HMQDVWDQMDLQGRND]YDUQRVWL
PHKDQL]PD+LGUDYOLþQLFLOLQGUL
Cranes - General design - Part 3-6: Limit states and proof of competence of machinery -
Hydraulic cylinders
.UDQH.RQVWUXNWLRQDOOJHPHLQ7HLO"*UHQ]]XVWlQGHXQG6LFKHUKHLWVQDFKZHLVYRQ
0DVFKLQHQEDXWHLOHQ+\GUDXOLN]\OLQGHU
Appareils de levage à charge suspendue - Conception générale - Partie 3-6 : États
limites et vérification d'aptitude des éléments de mécanismes - Vérins hydrauliques
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN 13001-3-6:2018
ICS:
23.100.20 +LGUDYOLþQLYDOML Cylinders
53.020.20 Dvigala Cranes
SIST EN 13001-3-6:2018 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

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SIST EN 13001-3-6:2018

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SIST EN 13001-3-6:2018


EN 13001-3-6
EUROPEAN STANDARD

NORME EUROPÉENNE

February 2018
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 23.100.20; 53.020.20
English Version

Cranes - General design - Part 3-6: Limit states and proof
of competence of machinery - Hydraulic cylinders
Appareils de levage à charge suspendue - Conception Krane - Konstruktion allgemein - Teil 3-6:
générale - Partie 3-6 : États limites et vérification Grenzzustände und Sicherheitsnachweis von
d'aptitude des éléments de mécanismes - Vérins Maschinenbauteilen - Hydraulikzylinder
hydrauliques
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 13 November 2017.

CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.

This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
Turkey and United Kingdom.





EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION

EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG

CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2018 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN 13001-3-6:2018 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

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SIST EN 13001-3-6:2018
EN 13001-3-6:2018 (E)
Contents Page
European foreword . 4
Introduction . 5
1 Scope . 6
2 Normative references . 6
3 Terms, definitions and symbols . 7
3.1 Terms and definitions . 7
3.2 Symbols an abbreviations . 7
3.3 Terminology . 10
4 General . 12
4.1 Documentation . 12
4.2 Materials for hydraulic cylinders . 12
4.2.1 General requirements . 12
4.2.2 Grades and qualities . 13
5 Proof of static strength . 13
5.1 General . 13
5.2 Limit design stresses . 15
5.2.1 General . 15
5.2.2 Limit design stress in structural members . 15
5.2.3 Limit design stresses in welded connections . 16
5.3 Linear stress analysis . 16
5.3.1 General . 16
5.3.2 Typical load cases and boundary conditions . 16
5.3.3 Cylinder tube . 18
5.3.4 Cylinder bottom . 19
5.3.5 Piston rod welds . 20
5.3.6 Cylinder head . 21
5.3.7 Cylinder tube and piston rod threads . 21
5.3.8 Thread undercuts and locking wire grooves . 21
5.3.9 Oil connector welds . 22
5.3.10 Connecting interfaces to crane structure . 22
5.4 Nonlinear stress analysis . 23
5.4.1 General . 23
5.4.2 Standard cylinder with end moments . 23
5.4.3 Support leg . 23
5.5 Execution of the proof . 24
5.5.1 Proof for load bearing components . 24
5.5.2 Proof for bolted connections . 24
5.5.3 Proof for welded connections . 25
6 Proof of fatigue strength . 25
6.1 General . 25
6.2 Stress histories . 25
6.3 Execution of the proof . 27
6.4 Limit design stress range . 27
6.5 Details for consideration . 27
2

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EN 13001-3-6:2018 (E)
6.5.1 General . 27
6.5.2 Bottom weld. 28
6.5.3 Notch stress at oil connectors . 30
6.5.4 Cylinder head . 31
6.5.5 Piston rod . 33
6.5.6 Cylinder head bolts . 35
6.5.7 Cylinder head flange weld . 35
6.5.8 Mechanical interfaces . 37
7 Proof of elastic stability . 37
7.1 General . 37
7.2 Critical buckling load . 37
7.3 Limit compressive design force . 39
7.4 Execution of the proof . 40
Annex A (informative) Critical buckling load for common buckling cases . 41
A.1 General . 41
A.2 Buckling case A . 42
A.3 Buckling case B . 42
A.4 Buckling case C . 43
A.5 Buckling case D . 43
A.6 Buckling case E . 43
A.7 Buckling case F . 43
A.8 Buckling case G . 44
Annex B (informative) Second order analysis of two important cases . 45
B.1 Compressed cylinder with end moments and angular misalignment . 45
B.2 Compressed cylinder with lateral end force and angular misalignment . 46
B.3 Axial stresses for cases in B.1 and B.2 . 47
Annex C (informative) Shell section forces and moments for cylinder bottom . 48
Annex D (informative) Fatigue analysis of bottom weld for more complex cases . 51
Annex E (informative) Selection of a suitable set of crane standards for a given application . 54
Annex ZA (informative) Relationship between this European Standard and the essential
requirements of Directive 2006/42/EC aimed to be covered . 56
Bibliography . 57
3

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SIST EN 13001-3-6:2018
EN 13001-3-6:2018 (E)
European foreword
This document (EN 13001-3-6:2018) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 147 “Cranes
— Safety”, the secretariat of which is held by BSI.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by August 2018, and conflicting national standards shall
be withdrawn at the latest by August 2018.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the
European Free Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of EU Directive(s).
For relationship with EU Directive(s), see informative Annex ZA, which is an integral part of this
document.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organisations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia,
France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta,
Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
Turkey and the United Kingdom.
4

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EN 13001-3-6:2018 (E)
Introduction
This European Standard has been prepared to be a harmonized standard to provide one means for the
mechanical design and theoretical verification of cranes to conform with the essential health and safety
requirements of the Machinery Directive, as amended. This standard also establishes interfaces
between the user (purchaser) and the designer, as well as between the designer and the component
manufacturer, in order to form a basis for selecting cranes and components.
This European Standard is a type C standard as stated in EN ISO 12100:2010.
The machinery concerned and the extent to which hazards, hazardous situations and events are
covered are indicated in the scope of this standard.
When provisions of this type C standard are different from those which are stated in type A or B
standards, the provisions of this type C standard take precedence over the provisions of the other
standards, for machines that have been designed and built according to the provisions of this type C
standard.
5

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EN 13001-3-6:2018 (E)
1 Scope
This European Standard is to be used together with EN 13001-1, EN 13001-2 and EN 13001-3-1 as well
as pertinent crane type product EN standards, and as such they specify general conditions,
requirements and methods to, by design and theoretical verification, prevent mechanical hazards of
hydraulic cylinders that are part of the load carrying structures of cranes. Hydraulic piping, hoses and
connectors used with the cylinders, as well as cylinders made from other material than carbon steel, are
not within the scope of this standard.
The following are significant hazardous situations and hazardous events that could result in risks to
persons during intended use and reasonably foreseeable misuse. Clauses 4 to 7 of this standard are
necessary to reduce or eliminate risks associated with the following hazards:
a) exceeding the limits of strength (yield, ultimate, fatigue);
b) elastic instability (column buckling).
NOTE EN 13001–3–6 deals only with the limit state method in accordance with EN 13001–1.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
EN 10083-2:2006, Steels for quenching and tempering — Part 2: Technical delivery conditions for non
alloy steels
EN 10210-2:2006, Hot finished structural hollow sections of non-alloy and fine grain steels — Part 2:
Tolerances, dimensions and sectional properties
EN 10216-3:2013, Seamless steel tubes for pressure purposes — Technical delivery conditions — Part 3:
Alloy fine grain steel tubes
EN 10277-2:2008, Bright steel products — Technical delivery conditions — Part 2: Steels for general
engineering purposes
EN 10305-1:2016, Steel tubes for precision applications — Technical delivery conditions — Part 1:
Seamless cold drawn tubes
EN 10305-2:2016, Steel tubes for precision applications — Technical delivery conditions — Part 2:
Welded cold drawn tubes
EN 13001-1, Cranes — General design — Part 1: General principles and requirements
EN 13001-2, Crane safety — General design — Part 2: Load actions
EN 13001-3-1, Cranes — General Design — Part 3-1: Limit States and proof competence of steel structure
EN 13445-2:2014, Unfired pressure vessels — Part 2: Materials
EN ISO 148-1:2016, Metallic materials — Charpy pendulum impact test — Part 1: Test method (ISO 148-
1:2016)
6

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EN 13001-3-6:2018 (E)
EN ISO 5817:2014, Welding — Fusion-welded joints in steel, nickel, titanium and their alloys (beam
welding excluded) — Quality levels for imperfections (ISO 5817:2014)
EN ISO 8492:2013, Metallic materials — Tube — Flattening test (ISO 8492:2013)
EN ISO 12100:2010, Safety of machinery — General principles for design — Risk assessment and risk
reduction (ISO 12100:2010)
ISO 724:1993, ISO general-purpose metric screw threads — Basic dimensions
3 Terms, definitions and symbols
3.1 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in EN ISO 12100:2010 apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at http://www.iso.org/obp
3.2 Symbols an abbreviations
The essential symbols and abbreviations are given in Table 1.
Table 1 — Symbols and abbreviations
Symbols Description
A% Percentage elongation at fracture
a Weld throat thickness
A , B , C , D
Constants
i i i i
A
Stress area
s
D Piston diameter
d Rod diameter
D
Diameter of axles
a,i
D
Pressure affected diameter
p
D
Weld diameter
w
E Modulus of elasticity
F Compressive force
F
Compressive force
A
FE Finite Elements
f
Limit design stress
Rd
f
Limit design stress, normal
Rdσ
7

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EN 13001-3-6:2018 (E)
Symbols Description
f
Limit design stress, shear
Rdτ
F
Lateral force
S
F
External design force
Sd
f
Ultimate strength
u
f
Limit design weld stress
w,Rd
f
Yield strength
y
h thickness of the cylinder bottom
I Moment of inertia, generic
I
Moment of inertia of the tube
1
I
Moment of inertia of the rod
2
L Overall length of the cylinder
L
Length of the cylinder tube
1
L
Length of the cylinder rod
2
m Slope of the log Δσ – log N curve
Shell section bending moment, acting at the intersection between tube and
M
0
bottom
MB Bending moment
N Compressive force
N
Critical buckling load
k
N
Limit compressive design force
Rd
N
Compressive design force
Sd
p
Maximum pressure in piston side chamber
i1
p
Maximum pressure in rod side chamber
i2
p
Outer pressure
o
p
Design pressure
Sd
Middle radius of the tube (R = R + t/2)
R
i
r
Inner radius of the tube
i
R
Inner radius of the tube
i
r
Outer radius of the tube
o
r
Outer radius of the piston rod
r
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Symbols Description
s
Stress history parameter (see EN 13001–3-1)
3
t Wall thickness of the tube
Shell section transverse force, acting at the intersection between tube and
T
0
bottom
x, y Longitudinal and lateral coordinates
α Angular misalignment, radians
γ General resistance factor (γ = 1,1, see EN 13001–2)
m m
γ
Fatigue strength specific resistance factor (see EN 13001–3-1)
mf
γ Total resistance factor (γ = γ · γ )
R R m s
γ
Specific resistance factor
s
Δσ Stress range
Δσ
Bending stress range in the tube
b
Δσ
Characteristic fatigue strength
c
Δσ
Membrane stress range in the tube (axial)
m
Δσ
Limit design stress range
Rd
Δσ
Design stress range
Sd
Δp
Design pressure range on piston side
Sd
δ
Maximum displacement
max
κ Reduction factor for buckling
λ Slenderness
λ
Friction parameters
i
μ
Friction factors
i
ν Poisson’s ratio (ν = 0,3 for steel)
σ
Axial stress in the tube
a
σ
Lower extreme value of a stress range
b
σ
Radial stress in the tube
r
σ
Design stress, normal
Sd
σ
Tangential stress in the tube (hoop stress)
t
σ
Upper extreme value of a stress range
u
σ
Weld design stress, normal
w,Sd
9

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EN 13001-3-6:2018 (E)
Symbols Description
τ
Design stress, shear
Sd
τ
Weld design stress, shear
w,Sd
3.3 Terminology
Terms which are used in this European Standard for the main parts of hydraulic cylinder are indicated
in Figure 1 to Figure 3.

Key
1 bushing
2 rod head
3 cylinder head
4 oil connector
5 piston rod
6 cylinder tube
7 spacer
8 piston
9 nut
10

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EN 13001-3-6:2018 (E)
10 cylinder bottom
11 grease nipple
12 piston side chamber
13 rod side chamber
Figure 1 — Complete cylinder

Key
1 wiper
2 O-ring
3 secondary seal
4 guide ring (2 × )
5 primary seal
6 backup ring
7 O-ring
Figure 2 — Cylinder head

Key
1 seal
2 pressure element
3 guide ring (2 × )
Figure 3 — Piston
The figures above show some specific design features in order to exemplify the terminology. Other
designs may be used.
11

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EN 13001-3-6:2018 (E)
4 General
4.1 Documentation
The documentation of the proof of competence shall include:
— design assumptions including calculation models;
— applicable loads and load combinations;
— material grades and qualities;
— weld quality levels, in accordance with EN ISO 5817:2014 and EN 13001-3-1;
— relevant limit states;
— results of the proof of competence calculation, and tests when applicable.
4.2 Materials for hydraulic cylinders
4.2.1 General requirements
The materials for tubes and rods that are subjected to internal pressure shall fulfil the following
requirements:
— The impact toughness in the transversal direction shall be tested in accordance with EN ISO 148-1
and shall meet the requirements stated in EN 13001-3-1. Samples shall be cut out in the transversal
direction and prepared such that the axis of the notch is perpendicular to the surface of the tube.

Key
1 sample cut out in longitudinal direction
2 sample cut out in transversal direction
Figure 4 — Sample for impact toughness testing
— If the material thickness or tube dimensions do not allow samples to be cut out, the tube material
shall pass a flattening test in accordance with EN ISO 8492. For welded tubes two test are required,
one with the weld aligned with the press direction and one where the weld is placed 90 degrees
from the press direction. The tube section shall be flattened down to a height H given by:
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EN 13001-3-6:2018 (E)
1,07⋅ t
H=
t
0,07+
D
o
where
D is the outer diameter of the tube;
o
t is the wall thickness of the tube.
Material used in other parts shall meet the requirements stated in EN 13001-3-1.
4.2.2 Grades and qualities
European Standards specify materials and specific values. This standard gives a preferred selection.
Steels in accordance with the following European Standards shall be used as tube material:
— EN 10083-2;
— EN 10210-2;
— EN 10216-3;
— EN 10277-2;
— EN 10305-1;
— EN 10305-2;
— EN 13445-2.
Alternatively, other steel grades and qualities than those listed in this clause may be used as tube
material provided that they comply with the following requirements:
— the design value of f is limited to f /1,1 for materials with f /f < 1,1;
y u u y
— the percentage elongation at fracture A % ≥ 14 % on a gauge length LS5,65× (where S is
0
0 0
the original cross-sectional area);
Grades and qualities of materials used in other parts of cylinders or mounting interfaces of cylinders
shall be selected in accordance with EN 13001-3-1.
5 Proof of static strength
5.1 General
A proof of static strength by calculation is intended to prevent excessive deformations due to yielding of
the material, elastic instability and fracture of structural members or connections. Dynamic factors
given in EN 13001-2 or relevant product standards are used to produce equivalent static loads to
simulate dynamic effects. Also, load increasing effects due to deformation shall be considered. The use
of the theory of plasticity for calculation of ultimate load bearing capacity is not considered acceptable
within the terms of this standard. The proof shall be carried out for structural members and
connections while taking into account the most unfavourable load effects from the load combinations A,
B or C in accordance with EN 13001-2 or relevant product standards.
13
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EN 13001-3-6:2018 (E)
The cylinders are either active or passive. Active cylinders are moving and thereby increasing the
potential energy of the crane. Passive cylinders are either not moving or moving thereby decreasing the
potential energy of the crane. As the forces applied to the cylinder by the crane structure are computed
in accordance with EN 13001-2, they are already increased by the partial safety factors γ and relevant
p
dynamic factors. Formulae (1) and (2) give design pressures p caused by forces acting on the cylinder
Sd
from the crane structure. In addition, additional pressures p caused by internal phenomena in the
Sde
hydraulic circuit shall be considered and added to the design pressures p . Such internally generated
Sd
pressures can be caused e.g. by regenerative connections, pressure drop in return lines or cushioning.
In case a cylinder is intended to be tested as a component at higher pressure than the design pressure
p , this load case shall also be taken
...