SIST EN 859:2009+A2:2012
(Main)Safety of woodworking machines - Hand fed surface planing machines
Safety of woodworking machines - Hand fed surface planing machines
This document !specifies all significant" hazards, hazardous situation and events as listed in Clause 4 relevant to stationary and displaceable hand fed surface planing machines fitted or not with demountable power feed unit hereinafter referred to as "machines" designed to cut solid wood, chipboard, fibreboard and plywood when they are used as intended and under the conditions foreseen by the manufacturer #including reasonably foreseeable misuse$. #Machines which are designed to work wood based materials may also be used for working hardened plastic materials with similar physical characteristics as wood.
Sicherheit von Holzbearbeitungsmaschinen - Abrichthobelmaschinen mit Handvorschub
Dieses Dokument spezifiziert alle in Abschnitt 4 aufgeführten signifikanten Gefährdungen, Gefähr-dungssituationen und Gefährdungsereignisse, die auf stationäre und verschiebbare und mit einem abnehm-baren Vorschubapparat oder nicht ausgerüstete Abrichthobelmaschinen mit Handvorschub zutreffen, — im Folgenden als „Maschinen“ bezeichnet — die konstruiert sind zum Hobeln von Massivholz, Spanplatten, Faserplatten und Sperrholz, wenn sie bestimmungsgemäß und entsprechend den vorhersehbaren Bedingungen des Herstellers, einschließlich vernünftigerweise vorhersehbarem Fehl¬verhalten, verwendet werden.
Maschinen, die zur Bearbeitung von auf Holz basierenden Werkstoffen konstruiert sind, können auch für die Bearbeitung von Hartkunststoffen mit ähnlichen physikalischen Eigenschaften wie Holz verwendet werden.
Dieses Dokument gilt nicht für:
a) Maschinen, die auf ein Gestell oder auf einen Tisch, der einem Gestell ähnlich ist, aufgesetzt sind und die vorgesehen sind, während des Betriebs stationär verwendet zu werden, und die von einer Person von Hand angehoben werden können;
ANMERKUNG 1 Transportable motorbetriebene Elektrowerkzeuge sind in EN 61029-1:2009 zusammen mit EN 61029 2-3:2009 behandelt.
b) handgeführte Hobelmaschinen einschließlich solcher Einrichtungen, die ihre Verwendung in einer anderen Weise z. B. Stationäreinrichtung ermöglichen;
ANMERKUNG 2 Handgeführte motorbetriebene Elektrowerkzeuge sind in EN 60745-1:2009 zusammen mit EN 60745 2 14:2009 behandelt.
Dieses Dokument gilt nicht für Abrichthobelmaschinen mit Handvorschub, die vor dem Datum seiner Veröffentlichung als EN hergestellt wurden.
ANMERKUNG 3 Die in diesem Dokument behandelten Maschinen sind unter 2 des Anhangs IV der Maschinenrichtlinie genannt.
Sécurité des machines pour le travail du bois - Machines à dégauchir à avance manuelle
Le présent document spécifie tous les phénomènes dangereux, les situations et événements dangereux significatifs, tels qu’énumérées à l'Article 4, applicables aux machines fixes et transportables à dégauchir à avance manuelle équipées ou non d'une unité d'alimentation mécanisée escamotable et désignées ci après sous le terme «machines». Celles-ci sont conçues pour usiner du bois, des panneaux de fibres ou de particules, de contreplaqué durant l’utilisation normale et dans les conditions prévues par le fabricant incluant une mauvaise utilisation raisonnablement prévisible.
Les machines qui sont conçues pour travailler les matériaux à base de bois peuvent également être utilisées pour usiner les matériaux en plastique durci ayant des caractéristiques physiques similaires à celles du bois.
Le présent document ne s’applique pas :
a) aux machines montées sur un bâti ou une table similaire à un bâti, conçues pour réaliser un travail en position fixe, capables d’être soulevées à la main par une personne ;
NOTE 1 Les machines-outils électriques semi fixes sont traités dans l'EN 61029-1:2009 à utiliser conjointement avec l’EN 61029-2-3:2009.
b) aux dégauchisseuses portatives ou toute adaptation permettant leur utilisation dans un mode différent, par exemple, montées sur un bâti ;
NOTE 2 Les outils électroportatifs à moteur sont traités dans l'EN 60745-1:2009 ainsi que dans l'EN 60745-2-14:2009.
Le présent document ne s’applique pas aux machines à dégauchir à avance manuelle fabriquées avant la date de sa publication comme CEN.
NOTE 3 Les machines couvertes par le présent document figurent en 2 de l’Annexe IV de la Directive «Machines».
Varnost lesnoobdelovalnih strojev - Skobeljni stroji z ročnim podajanjem (vključno z dopolnili do A2)
Ta dokument določa vse večje nevarnosti, nevarne razmere in dogodke iz točke 4 v zvezi s stacionarnimi in premičnimi skobeljnimi stroji z ročnim podajanjem, na katerih je lahko nameščena snemljiva napajalna enota (v nadaljevanju: »stroji«), ki so namenjeni rezanju polnega lesa, ivernih plošč, vlaknenih plošč in vezanih plošč ter se uporabljajo v skladu z namenom in pod pogoji, ki jih je predvidel proizvajalec, vključno z razumno predvideno nepravilno uporabo. Stroji, namenjeni za obdelavo materialov na osnovi lesa, se lahko uporabljajo tudi za obdelavo trdih plastičnih materialov, ki imajo podobne fizikalne lastnosti kot les.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.Sicherheit von Holzbearbeitungsmaschinen - Abrichthobelmaschinen mit HandvorschubSécurité des machines pour le travail du bois - Machines à dégauchir à avance manuelleSafety of woodworking machines - Hand fed surface planing machines79.120.10Lesnoobdelovalni strojiWoodworking machines25.080.25Planing machinesICS:Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z:EN 859:2007+A2:2012SIST EN 859:2009+A2:2012en,fr,de01-september-2012SIST EN 859:2009+A2:2012SLOVENSKI
STANDARDSIST EN 859:2009+A1:20101DGRPHãþD
SIST EN 859:2009+A2:2012
EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPÉENNE EUROPÄISCHE NORM
EN 859:2007+A2
June 2012 ICS 79.120.10 Supersedes EN 859:2007+A1:2009English Version
Safety of woodworking machines - Hand fed surface planing machines
Sécurité des machines pour le travail du bois - Machines à dégauchir à avance manuelle
Sicherheit von Holzbearbeitungsmaschinen - Abrichthobelmaschinen mit Handvorschub This European Standard was approved by CEN on 10 May 2007 and includes Amendment 1 approved by CEN on 24 October 2009 and Amendment 2 approved by CEN on 13 May 2012.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre:
Avenue Marnix 17,
B-1000 Brussels © 2012 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 859:2007+A2:2012: ESIST EN 859:2009+A2:2012
EN 859:2007+A2:2012 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword .4Introduction .51 Scope .62 Normative references .63 Terms and definitions .83.1 General .83.2 Definitions .83.3 Terms . 104 List of significant hazards . 125 Safety requirements and/or measures . 145.1 General . 145.2 Controls . 145.2.1 Safety and reliability of control systems . 145.2.2 Position of controls . 155.2.3 Starting . 155.2.4 Normal stopping . 165.2.5 Emergency stop . 175.2.6 Failure of the power supply . 175.2.7 Failure of the control circuit . 175.3 Protection against mechanical hazards . 185.3.1 Stability . 185.3.2 Hazard of break up during operation . 185.3.3 Cutterblock holder and cutterblock design . 185.3.4 Braking . 185.3.5 Work piece supports and guides . 195.3.6 Prevention of access to moving parts . 235.3.7 Characteristics of guards . 275.3.8 Safety appliances. 275.4 Protection against non-mechanical hazards . 285.4.1 Fire . 285.4.2 Noise . 285.4.3 Emission of chips and dust . 295.4.4 Electricity . 305.4.5 Ergonomics and handling . 315.4.6 Pneumatics . 325.4.7 Hydraulics . 325.4.8 Electromagnetic compatibility . 325.4.9 Supply disconnection (isolation) . 325.4.10 Static electricity . 335.4.11 Maintenance . 336 Information for use . 336.1 General . 336.2 Marking . 336.3 Instruction handbook . 34Annex A (normative)
Tests for bridge type guards for surface planing machines . 38A.1 General . 38A.2 Compression test. 38A.3 Shock test . 38SIST EN 859:2009+A2:2012
EN 859:2007+A2:2012 (E) 3 A.4 Strength test . 38Annex B (normative)
Table lip resistance test . 40B.1 General . 40B.2 Work piece . 40B.3 Measurements . 43B.4 Test . 43B.5 Result . 44Annex C (normative)
Stability test for displaceable machines . 45Annex D (normative)
Impact test method for guards . 46D.1 General . 46D.2 Test method . 46D.2.1 Preliminary remarks . 46D.2.2 Testing equipment . 46D.2.3 Projectile for guards . 46D.2.4 Sampling. 46D.2.5 Test procedure . 47D.3 Results . 47D.4 Assessment . 47D.5 Test report . 47D.6 Test equipment for impact test . 47Annex E (normative)
Braking tests . 51E.1 Conditions for all tests . 51E.2
####Un-braked$$$$ run-down time . 51E.3 Braked run-down time . 51Annex ZA (informative)
!Relationship between this European Standard and the Essential Requirements of EU Directive 2006/42/EC"""" . 53Bibliography . 56 SIST EN 859:2009+A2:2012
EN 859:2007+A2:2012 (E) 4 Foreword This document (EN 859:2007+A2:2012) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 142 “Woodworking machines - Safety”, the secretariat of which is held by UNI. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by December 2012, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by
December 2012. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. This document includes Amendment 1, approved by CEN on 2009-10-24 and Amendment 2, approved by CEN on 2012-05-13. The start and finish of text introduced or altered by amendment is indicated in the text by tags! " and
# $. This document supersedes #EN 859:2007+A1:2009$. This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the European Free Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of the #Machinery EU Directive$. #For relationship with Machinery EU Directive, see informative Annex ZA, which is an integral part of this document.$ Organisation contributing to the preparation of this document include the European Association of Manufacturer of Woodworking Machines "EUMABOIS". The European Standards produced by CEN/TC 142 are particular to woodworking machines and complement the relevant A and B standards on the subject of general safety (see introduction of #EN ISO 12100:2010$ for a description of A, B and C standards). According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom.
SIST EN 859:2009+A2:2012
EN 859:2007+A2:2012 (E) 5 Introduction This document has been prepared to be a harmonised standard to provide one means of conforming to the essential safety requirements of the Machinery Directive, and associated EFTA regulations. This document is a type C standard as stated in #EN ISO 12100:2010$. The machinery concerned and the extent to which hazards, hazardous situations and events are covered are indicated in the scope of this document. When provisions of this type C standard are different from those which are stated in type A or B standards, the provisions of this type C standard take precedence over the provisions of other standards, for machines that have been designed and built according to the provisions of this type C standard. The requirements of this document are directed to manufacturers and their authorised representatives of hand fed surface planing machines. They are also useful for designers and importers. This document also includes examples of provisions and examples of information to be provided by the manufacturer to the user. Common requirements for tooling are given in #EN 847-1:2005+A1:2007$. SIST EN 859:2009+A2:2012
EN 859:2007+A2:2012 (E) 6 1 Scope This document !specifies all significant" hazards, hazardous situation and events as listed in Clause 4 relevant to stationary and displaceable hand fed surface planing machines fitted or not with demountable power feed unit hereinafter referred to as "machines" designed to cut solid wood, chipboard, fibreboard and plywood when they are used as intended and under the conditions foreseen by the manufacturer #including reasonably foreseeable misuse$. #Machines which are designed to work wood based materials may also be used for working hardened plastic materials with similar physical characteristics as wood.$ This document does not apply to: a) machines set up on a bench or a table similar to a bench, which is intended to carry out work in a stationary position, capable of being lifted by one person by hand; NOTE 1 Transportable motor-operated electric tools are dealt with by #EN 61029-1:2009$ together with
#EN 61029-2-3:2009$. b) hand held planers or any adaptation permitting their use in a different mode, i.e. bench mounting. NOTE 2 Hand-held motor-operated electric tools are dealt with by #EN 60745-1:2009$ together with #EN 60745-2-14:2009$. This document is not applicable to hand fed surface planing machines which are manufactured before the date of its publication as EN. NOTE 3 Machines covered by this document are listed under #2$ of Annex IV of the Machinery Directive. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. !deleted text" #EN 847-1:2005+A1:2007$, Tools for woodworking — Safety requirements — Part 1: Milling tools, circular saw blades #deleted text$ #EN 1005-2:2003+A1:2008$, Safety of machinery — Human physical performance — Part 2: Manual handling of machinery and component parts of machinery #EN 1005-4:2005+A1:2008$, Safety of machinery — Human physical performance — Part 4: Evaluation of working postures and movements in relation to machinery #EN 1037:1995+A1:2008$, Safety of machinery — Prevention of unexpected start-up EN 50178:1997, Electronic equipment for use in power installations EN 50370-1:2005, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) — Product family standard for machine tools —
Part 1: Emission SIST EN 859:2009+A2:2012
EN 859:2007+A2:2012 (E) 7 EN 50370-2:2003, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) — Product family standard for machine tools —
Part 2: Immunity EN 60204-1:2006, Safety of machinery — Electrical equipment of machines — Part 1: General requirements (IEC 60204-1:2005, modified) EN 60439-1:19991), Low-voltage switchgear and controlgear assemblies — Part 1: Type-tested and partially type-tested assemblies (IEC 60439-1:1999) EN 60529:19912), Degrees of protection provided by enclosures (IP code) (IEC 60529:1989) !EN 61310-1:2008, Safety of machinery — Indication, marking and actuation — Part 1: Requirements for visual, auditory and tactile signals (IEC 61310-1:2007)" EN 61496-1:2004, Safety of machinery — Electro-sensitive protective equipment — Part 1: General requirements and tests (IEC 61496-1:2004, modified) #deleted text$ #EN 61800-5-2:2007, Adjustable speed electrical power drive systems — Part 5-2: Safety requirements — Functional (IEC 61800-5-2:2007)$ #EN ISO 3743-1:2010$, #Acoustics — Determination of sound power levels and sound energy levels of noise sources using sound pressure — Engineering methods for small movable sources in reverberant fields — Part 1: Comparison method for a hard-walled test room (ISO 3743-1:2010)$ #EN ISO 3743-2:2009$, Acoustics — Determination of sound power levels of noise sources using sound pressure — Engineering methods for small, movable sources in reverberant fields — Part 2: Methods for special reverberation test rooms (ISO 3743-2:1994) #EN ISO 3744:2010$, #Acoustics — Determination of sound power levels and sound energy levels of noise sources using sound pressure — Engineering methods for an essentially free field over a reflecting plane (ISO 3744:2010)$ #EN ISO 3745:2009$, Acoustics — Determination of sound power levels of noise sources using sound pressure — Precision methods for anechoic and semi-anechoic rooms (ISO 3745:2003) #EN ISO 3746:2010$, #Acoustics — Determination of sound power levels and sound energy levels of noise sources using sound pressure — Survey method using an enveloping measurement surface over a reflecting plane (ISO 3746:2010)$ #EN ISO 4413:2010, Hydraulic fluid power — General rules and safety requirements for systems and their components (ISO 4413:2010) EN ISO 4414:2010, Pneumatic fluid power — General rules and safety requirements for systems and their components (ISO 4414:2010)$ #EN ISO 4871:2009$, Acoustics — Declaration and verification of noise emission values of machinery and equipment (ISO 4871:1996) #EN ISO 9614-1:2009$, Acoustics — Determination of sound power levels of noise sources using sound intensity — Part 1: Measurement at discreet points (ISO 9614-1:1993)
1) #EN 60439-1:1999 is impacted by EN 60439-1:1999/A1:2004.$ 2) #EN 60529:1991 is impacted by EN 60529:1991/A1:2000.$ SIST EN 859:2009+A2:2012
EN 859:2007+A2:2012 (E) 8 #EN ISO 11202:2010$, #Acoustics — Noise emitted by machinery and equipment — Determination of emission sound pressure levels at a work station and at other specified positions applying approximate environmental corrections (ISO 11202:2010)$ #EN ISO 11204:2010$, #Acoustics — Noise emitted by machinery and equipment — Determination of emission sound pressure levels at a work station and at other specified positions applying accurate environmental corrections (ISO 11204:2010)$ #EN ISO 11688-1:2009$, Acoustics — Recommended practice for the design of low-noise machinery and equipment — Part 1: Planning (ISO/TR 11688-1:1995) #EN ISO 12100:2010, Safety of machinery — General principles for design — Risk assessment and risk reduction (ISO 12100:2010)$ !EN ISO 13849-1:2008", Safety of machinery — Safety-related parts of controls systems — Part 1: General principles for design (ISO 13849-1:2006) !EN ISO 13849-2:2008", Safety of machinery — Safety-related parts of control systems — Part 2: Validation (ISO 13849-2:2003) ! #EN ISO 13850:2008$, Safety of machinery — Emergency stop — Principles for design
(ISO 13850:2006)" !EN ISO 13857:2008, Safety of machinery — Safety distances to prevent hazard zones being reached by upper and lower limbs (ISO 13857:2008)" HD 22.4 S4:2004, Cables of rated voltages up to and including 450/750 V and having crosslinked insulation — Part 4: Cords and flexible cables
ISO 7571:1986, Woodworking machines — Surface planing machines with cutterblock for one-side dressing — Nomenclature and acceptance conditions ISO 7960:1995, Airborne noise emitted by machine tools — Operating conditions for woodworking machines 3 Terms and definitions 3.1 General For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in #EN ISO 12100:2010$ and the following apply: 3.2 Definitions 3.2.1 handfed surface planing machine machine designed for cutting off layers of the lower surface of a work piece by a cutterblock rotating around a horizontal axis, mounted at right angles to the infeed direction between two tables designed to position and support the work piece NOTE The cutterblock is a cylindrical shaped complex tool equipped with blades with horizontal straight cutting line that cuts while rotating (see also for a description of the complex tool #EN 847-1:2005+A1:2007$). The work piece is fed into the machine against the direction of the cut. SIST EN 859:2009+A2:2012
EN 859:2007+A2:2012 (E) 9 3.2.2 hand feed manual holding and/or guiding of the work-piece. Hand feed includes the use of a demountable power feed unit 3.2.3 stationary machine machine designed to be located on or fixed to the floor or other parts of the structure of the premises and to be stationary during use 3.2.4 displaceable machine machine which is located on the floor, stationary during use and equipped with a device, normally wheels, which allows it to be moved between locations 3.2.5 demountable power feed unit feed mechanism which is mounted on the machine so that it can be moved from its working position without the use of a spanner or similar additional device 3.2.6 kickback particular form of ejection describing the uncontrolled movement of the work piece or parts of it opposite to the direction of feed during processing 3.2.7 run-down time elapsed time from the actuation of the stop control device to cutterblock stand still 3.2.8 run-up time elapsed time from the actuation of the start control device until the spindle reaches the actual speed related to the intended speed 3.2.9 operator position position in which the operator feeds the machine with the work piece 3.2.10 machine actuator power mechanism used to effect motion of the machine 3.2.11 safety programmable logic controller (PLC) programmable logic controller dedicated to safety related application designed in the required #PL$ according to !EN ISO 13849-1:2008" #deleted text$ ####3.2.12 embedded software (SRESW) software that is part of the system supplied by the control manufacturer and which is not accessible for modification by the user of the machinery$ NOTE 1 Firmware or system software are examples of embedded software #( EN ISO 13849-1:2008, 3.1.37)$. NOTE 2 Manufacturer means manufacturer of the system. NOTE 3 For example, the operating system of a speed monitoring device. SIST EN 859:2009+A2:2012
EN 859:2007+A2:2012 (E) 10 ####3.2.13 application software (SRASW) software specific to the application, implemented by the machine manufacturer, and generally containing logic sequences, limits and expressions that control the appropriate inputs, outputs, calculations and decisions necessary to meet the SRP/CS requirements [EN ISO 13849-1:2008, 31.136]$ ####3.2.14$$$$ safety related part of a control system (SRP(CS)) part or subpart(s) of a control system that responds to #safety related$ input signals and generates safety-related output signals #NOTE 1$ The combined safety-related parts of a control system start at the point where the safety-related signals are initiated (including e.g. the actuating cam and the roller of the position switch) and end at the output of the power control elements (including e.g. the main contacts of the contactor). #deleted text$ #NOTE 2 If monitoring systems are used for diagnostics, they are also considered as SRP/CS. [EN ISO 13849-1:2008, 3.1.1]$$$$
####3.2.15$$$$ information from the supplier statement, sales literature, leaflets or other documents, where a manufacturer (or supplier) declares either the characteristics or the compliance of the material or product to a relevant standard ####3.2.16 performance level PL discrete level used to specify the ability of safety-related parts of control systems to perform a safety function [EN ISO 13849-1:2008, 3.1.23]$
3.3 Terms The names of the main parts of the machine are shown in Figure 1. Working operations when using the machine in the surfacing mode are shown in Figure 2.
SIST EN 859:2009+A2:2012
EN 859:2007+A2:2012 (E) 11
Key
1 main frame 2 infeed table 3 outfeed table 4 tiltable fence 5 bridge guard 6 bridge guard adjustment 7 guard rear the fence 8 cutterblock 9 controls 10 fence tilting adjustment 11 table height adjustment 12 dust extraction outlet Figure 1 — Example of hand fed surface planing machine
Figure 2 — Planing (left) and edging (right) SIST EN 859:2009+A2:2012
EN 859:2007+A2:2012 (E) 12 4 List of significant hazards This clause contains !all significant" hazards, hazardous situations and events (see #EN ISO 12100:2010$), #deleted text$, identified by risk assessment as significant for the machines as defined in the scope and which require action to eliminate or reduce the risk. This document deals with these significant hazards by defining safety requirements and / or measures or by reference to relevant standards. #These hazards are listed in Table 1:$ ####Table 1 — List of significant hazards
No Hazards, hazardous situations and hazardous events EN ISO 12100:2010
Relevant clause of this document
1 Mechanical hazards related to: - machine parts or work pieces due to:
a) shape; 6.2.2.1, 6.2.2.2, 6.3 5.3.3, 5.3.5, 5.3.6
b) relative location; 5.2.2, 5.3.5, 5.3.6
c) mass and stability (potential energy of elements which may move under the effect of gravity); 5.3.1, 5.3.5
e) mechanical strength; 5.3.5, 5.3.6, 5.3.7
- accumulation of energy inside the machinery by:
f) elastic elements (springs); 6.
...
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