Characterization of waste - Determination of hydrocarbon content in the range of C10 to C40 by gas chromatography

This document specifies a method for the quantitative determination of the hydrocarbon content (C10 to C40) in solid waste by gas chromatography.
It is applicable to hydrocarbon content between 100 mg/kg and 10 000 mg/kg expressed as dry matter basis.
Using this standard all hydrocarbons with a boiling range of approximately 175 °C to 525 °C, e.g. n-alkanes from C10H22 to C40H82, isoalkanes, cycloalkanes, alkyl benzenes, alkyl naphthalenes and polycyclic aromatic compounds are determined as hydrocarbons, provided they do not adsorb on the Florisil column during clean-up. Volatile hydrocarbons cannot be quantitatively determined using this standard. This will affect the determination of some common hydrocarbon fuels, e.g. petrol.
NOTE 1   On the basis of the peak pattern of the gas chromatogram (see Annex A) and of the boiling points of the individual n alkanes listed in Annex B the approximate boiling range of the hydrocarbons and some qualitative information on the nature of the hydrocarbons can be obtained.
NOTE 2   At the moment there is no sufficient information on how to handle organic liquid wastes for the analysis of hydrocarbons.
NOTE 3   Aqueous liquid waste samples can be analysed in accordance with EN ISO 9377-2 or the procedure specified in Annex E.
NOTE 3   Aqueous liquid waste samples can be analysed according to EN ISO 9377-2 or the procedure specified in annex E.

Charakterisierung von Abfällen - Bestimmung des Gehalts an Kohlenwasserstoffen von C10 bis C40 mittels Gaschromatographie

Dieses Dokument legt ein Verfahren zur quantitativen Bestimmung des Kohlenwasserstoffgehalts (C10 bis C40) in festem Abfall mittels Gaschromatographie fest.
Sie ist anwendbar auf Kohlenwasserstoffgehalte zwischen 100 mg/kg und 10 000 mg/kg, bezogen auf die Trockenmasse.
Im Sinne dieser Norm werden alle Kohlenwasserstoffe mit einem Siedebereich etwa zwischen 175 °C und 525 °C, z. B. n-Alkane von C10H22 bis C40H82, Isoalkane, Cycloalkane, Alkylbenzene, Alkylnaphthalene und polycyclische aromatische Verbindungen, als Kohlenwasserstoffe bestimmt, vorausgesetzt, sie werden während der Reinigung nicht an eine Florisilsäule adsorbiert. Flüchtige Kohlenwasserstoffe können nach dieser Norm nicht quantitativ bestimmt werden. Das beeinträchtigt die Bestimmung einiger gebräuchlicher Kohlenwasserstoffbrennstoffe, z. B. Benzin.
ANMERKUNG 1   Auf der Grundlage der Peakfolge des Gaschromatogramms (siehe Anhang A) und der Siedepunkte der einzelnen in Anhang B aufgeführten n-Alkane können der näherungsweise Siedebereich der Kohlenwasserstoffe und einige qualitative Hinweise über den Ursprung der Kohlenwasserstoffe ermittelt werden.
ANMERKUNG 2   Gegenwärtig ist nicht ausreichend bekannt, wie organische flüssige Abfälle zur Analyse von Kohlenwasserstoffen zu handhaben sind.
ANMERKUNG 3   Proben aus wässrigem flüssigen Abfall können nach EN ISO 9377 2 oder nach dem in Anhang E beschriebenen Verfahren analysiert werden.

Caractérisation des déchets - Détermination de la teneur en hydrocarbures par chromatographie en phase gazeuse dans la plage C10 a C40

La présente Norme européenne spécifie une méthode de détermination quantitative de la teneur en hydrocarbures (C10-C40) par chromatographie en phase gazeuse dans les déchets solides.
Cette méthode est applicable lorsque la teneur en hydrocarbures est comprise entre 100 mg/kg et 10 000 mg/kg rapportée a la matiere seche.
La présente norme permet de déterminer en tant qu'hydrocarbures tous les hydrocarbures ayant une plage d'ébullition comprise entre environ 175 °C et 525 °C, par exemple les n-alcanes de C10H22 a C40H82, les iso-alcanes, les cyclo-alcanes, les alkyl-benzenes, les alkyl-naphthalenes et les composés aromatiques polycycliques dans la mesure ou ils ne sont pas adsorbés sur la colonne de Florisil pendant la purification. Les hydrocarbures volatils ne peuvent pas etre déterminés quantitativement a l'aide de la présente norme. La détermination de certains carburants hydrocarbonés courants, tels que l'essence, en sera affectée.
NOTE 1   Sur la base du profil chromatographique (voir l'Annexe A) et des points d'ébullition de chaque n-alcane listé dans l'Annexe B, il est possible d'obtenir la plage d'ébullition approximative des hydrocarbures et certaines informations qualitatives concernant le type de ces hydrocarbures.
NOTE 2   Actuellement il n'y a pas suffisamment d'informations disponibles sur la façon de procéder pour l'analyse des hydrocarbures dans les déchets organiques liquides.
NOTE 3   Les échantillons de déchets liquides aqueux peuvent etre analysés conformément a l'EN ISO 9377-2 ou par le mode opératoire spécifié en Annexe E.

Karakterizacija odpadkov - Določevanje ogljikovodikov v območju od C10 do C40 s plinsko kromatografijo

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
28-Feb-2005
Technical Committee
Current Stage
6060 - National Implementation/Publication (Adopted Project)
Start Date
01-Mar-2005
Due Date
01-Mar-2005
Completion Date
01-Mar-2005

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2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.Charakterisierung von Abfällen - Bestimmung des Gehalts an Kohlenwasserstoffen von C10 bis C40 mittels GaschromatographieCaractérisation des déchets - Détermination de la teneur en hydrocarbures par chromatographie en phase gazeuse dans la plage C10 a C40Characterization of waste - Determination of hydrocarbon content in the range of C10 to C40 by gas chromatography71.040.50Fizikalnokemijske analitske metodePhysicochemical methods of analysis13.030.01Odpadki na splošnoWastes in generalICS:Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z:EN 14039:2004SIST EN 14039:2005en01-marec-2005SIST EN 14039:2005SLOVENSKI
STANDARD



SIST EN 14039:2005



EUROPEAN STANDARDNORME EUROPÉENNEEUROPÄISCHE NORMEN 14039September 2004ICS 13.030.01 English versionCharacterization of waste - Determination of hydrocarboncontent in the range of C10 to C40 by gas chromatographyCaractérisation des déchets - Détermination de la teneuren hydrocarbures par chromatographie en phase gazeusedans la plage C10 à C40Charakterisierung von Abfällen - Bestimmung des Gehaltsan Kohlenwasserstoffen von C10 bis C40 mittelsGaschromatographieThis European Standard was approved by CEN on 9 July 2004.CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this EuropeanStandard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such nationalstandards may be obtained on application to the Central Secretariat or to any CEN member.This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translationunder the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Central Secretariat has the same status as the officialversions.CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France,Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia,Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATIONCOMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATIONEUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNGManagement Centre: rue de Stassart, 36
B-1050 Brussels© 2004 CENAll rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reservedworldwide for CEN national Members.Ref. No. EN 14039:2004: ESIST EN 14039:2005



EN 14039:2004 (E) 2 Contents page Foreword.3 Introduction.4 1 Scope.5 2 Normative references.5 3 Terms and definitions.5 4 Principle.6 5 Interferences.6 6 Reagents.6 7 Hazards.8 8 Equipment.8 9 Sample conservation and pretreatment.9 10 Procedure.9 11 Performance characteristics.12 12 Test report.13 Annex A (informative)
Examples of gas chromatograms of hydrocarbon standard and waste samples.14 Annex B (informative)
Determination of the boiling range of mineral oil hydrocarbons from the gas chromatogram.18 Annex C (informative)
Flow diagram.19 Annex D (informative)
Aqueous liquid waste.20 Annex E (informative)
Summary of general requirements and recommendations.21 Bibliography.22
SIST EN 14039:2005



EN 14039:2004 (E) 3 Foreword This document (EN 14039:2004) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 292 “Characterization of waste”, the secretariat of which is held by NEN. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by March 2005, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by March 2005. Anyone dealing with waste and sludge analysis should be aware of the typical risks of that kind of material irrespective of the parameter to be determined. Waste and sludge samples may contain hazardous (e.g. toxic, reactive, flammable, infectious) substances, which can be liable to biological and/or chemical reaction. Consequently these samples should be handled with special care. Gases which may be produced by microbiological or chemical activity are potentially flammable and will pressurise sealed bottles. Bursting bottles are likely to result in hazardous shrapnel, dust and/or aerosol. National regulations should be followed with respect to all hazards associated with this method. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
SIST EN 14039:2005



EN 14039:2004 (E) 4 Introduction Hydrocarbons are important constituents of many types of waste and contaminated soils. They have been determined up to now mainly by infrared spectroscopy after extraction with halogenated solvents such as
1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane or tetrachloromethane. The objective of this standard is to provide an analytical method for the determination of hydrocarbon content by capillary gas chromatography avoiding the use of such solvents. The user of this document should be aware that the results of this standard might not be comparable with those obtained when using the infrared spectroscopy. A mixture of acetone and n-heptane is the preferred extraction solvent. For waste samples containing large amounts of relatively high boiling hydrocarbons the gravimetric method (see EN 14345) can be used. SIST EN 14039:2005



EN 14039:2004 (E) 5
1 Scope This document specifies a method for the quantitative determination of the hydrocarbon content (C10 to C40) in solid waste by gas chromatography. It is applicable to hydrocarbon content between 100 mg/kg and 10 000 mg/kg expressed as dry matter basis. Using this standard all hydrocarbons with a boiling range of approximately 175 °C to 525 °C, e.g. n-alkanes from C10H22 to C40H82, isoalkanes, cycloalkanes, alkyl benzenes, alkyl naphthalenes and polycyclic aromatic compounds are determined as hydrocarbons, provided they do not adsorb on the Florisil column during clean-up. Volatile hydrocarbons cannot be quantitatively determined using this standard. This will affect the determination of some common hydrocarbon fuels, e.g. petrol. NOTE 1 On the basis of the peak pattern of the gas chromatogram (see Annex A) and of the boiling points of the individual n-alkanes listed in Annex B the approximate boiling range of the hydrocarbons and some qualitative information on the nature of the hydrocarbons can be obtained. NOTE 2 At the moment there is no sufficient information on how to handle organic liquid wastes for the analysis of hydrocarbons. NOTE 3 Aqueous liquid waste samples can be analysed in accordance with EN ISO 9377-2 or the procedure specified in Annex E. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. prEN 14346, Characterization of waste — Calculation of dry matter by determination of dry residue and water content EN ISO 3696, Water for analytical laboratory use - Specification and test methods (ISO 3696:1987) ISO 8466-1, Water quality — Calibration and evaluation of analytical methods and estimation of performance characteristics — Part 1: Statistical evaluation of the linear calibration function 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 3.1 hydrocarbon content by gas chromatography sum of compounds that are extractable with with acetone/n-heptane (2+1), provided that  they do not adsorb on Florisil;  they can be chromatographed on a non-polar capillary column with retention times between those of n-decane (C10H22) and n-tetracontane (C40H82) NOTE 1 Substances that comply with this definition are mainly non-polar long chain or branched aliphatic, alicyclic, alkyl substituted aromatic or polycyclic aromatic compounds. NOTE 2 This definition differs from that given in EN 14345. SIST EN 14039:2005



EN 14039:2004 (E) 6 4 Principle A known amount of the homogenised waste sample is extracted by mechanical shaking or sonication with acetone/n-heptane. The organic layer is separated and washed twice with water. Polar compounds are removed by chromatography on Florisil. An aliquot of the purified extract is analysed by capillary gas chromatography with flame ionisation detection. The total peak area between the retention time window standards n-decane and n-tetracontane is measured and the amount of hydrocarbons in the sample is quantified against an external standard consisting of equal amounts of two different types of mineral oil. NOTE Instead of heptane, other non-polar solvent (e.g. petroleum ether, cyclohexane, n-hexane) can be used, however its suitability for the extraction of hydrocarbons from waste has to be proven. 5 Interferences High concentration of more polar compounds, e.g. animal and vegetable fats and oils, may exceed the adsorption capacity of the Florisil used. A mass concentration of up to 10 000 mg/kg of such compounds will not interfere with the determination of hydrocarbon content. 6 Reagents 6.1 In general all reagents shall be of recognized analytical grade and suitable for their specific purposes. Use water complying with at least EN ISO 3696, grade 3. 6.2 Acetone, (CH3)2CO; 6.3 n-Heptane, C7H16; 6.4 Florisil1 for the preparation of clean-up column, particle size 150 µm to 250 µm (mesh 100 to 60), heated for at least 16 h at 140 °C and stored in a desiccator over a molecular sieve. Alternatively, commercially available Florisil cartridges can be used. 6.5 Anhydrous sodium sulfate, Na2SO4; 6.6 Test solution of n-octadecanoic acid octadecyl ester, C36H72O2; Dissolve about (100 ± 1) mg of n-octadecanoic acid octadecyl ester in 100 ml n-heptane [6.3]. The solution is stable for 6 months when stored in a refrigerator between 1 °C and 5 °C. 6.7 Retention time window (RTW) standard solution containing n-tetracontane and n-decane Weigh (30 ± 1) mg of n-tetracontane into a 1 l volumetric flask, dissolve completely in an appropriate volume of n-heptane [6.3], add 30 µl of n-decane (about 21 mg), mix well, fill up to volume with n-heptane and homogenise. This solution shall be used for all dilution steps of the hydrocarbon standard [6.8] and be stored at room temperature. NOTE n-tetracontane is only moderately soluble in n-heptane. Slight warm-up and/or sonication accelerates the dissolution process. 6.8 Hydrocarbon standard solution for calibration2
1 Florisil is a trade name for a prepared diatomaceous substance, mainly consisting of anhydrous magnesium silicate. This information is given for the convenience of users of this document and does not constitute an endorsement by CEN of this product. Equivalent products may be used if it can be shown to lead to comparable results. SIST EN 14039:2005



EN 14039:2004 (E) 7 Mix approximately equal masses of two different types of mineral oil. Weigh to the nearest 0,1 g this mixture and dissolve in the RTW standard solution [6.7] to give a hydrocarbon content of about 8 g/l. Preparation of the calibration solutions can be done by diluting an aliquot of this standard solution [6.8] with the RTW standard solution [6.7]. The first oil type should show discrete peaks in the gas chromatogram as can be seen in Figure A.1 (left part of the chromatogram) of Annex A. A suitable oil of this type is a diesel fuel without any additives. The second type should have a boiling range higher than the first one and should show a "hump" in the gas chromatogram, as can be seen in Annex A, in Figure A.1 (right part of the chromatogram). A suitable oil of this type is a lubricating oil without any additives. 6.9 Control solution Prepare an independent control solution in accordance with 6.8 with a hydrocarbon concentration of about in the middle of the working range. 6.10 System performance standard solution Prepare a mixture of equal amounts, on a mass basis, of the n-alkanes with even carbon numbers from C10 to C40, dissolved in n-heptane [6.3], to give a concentration of about 50 mg/l of each n-alkane. Store at room temperature. NOTE 1 This solution is used to verify the suitability of the gas chromatographic system for the resolution of n-alkanes as well as for the detector response. NOTE 2 This solution is used to give information of the retention times of the n-alkanes to characterize the hydrocarbons in the samples.
2 General purpose hydrocarbon standards for calibration can be obtained from many commercial organisations. Calibration standards specific to this European Standard can be purchased from Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung, Fachgruppe I.2, Richard-Willstätter-Strasse 11 D-12489 Berlin, Germany. This information is given for the convenience of users of this European Standard and does not constitute an endorsement by CEN of this product. SIST EN 14039:2005



EN 14039:2004 (E) 8 6.11 Preparation of the clean-up column A plug of pre-washed glass wool or a PTFE frit is pushed down into the column [8.9]. Then, successively 2 g Florisil [6.4] and 2 g sodium sulfate [6.5] are added. The column shall be prepared immediately before use. 7 Hazards Acetone and n-heptane are highly flammable solvents and shall therefore be handled with caution. Special care is required during centrifugation. During extraction substantial pressure can built-up in the extraction vessel. This pressure shall be released by occasional venting of the vessel in a fume hood. 8 Equipment 8.1 Standard laboratory glassware, which shall be heated or rinsed with acetone [6.2] and dried before use. 8.2 Devices for extraction, mechanical shaker or ultrasonic bath. 8.3 Gas chromatograph, equipped with a non-discriminating injection, a flame ionisation detector (FID) and a temperature programmable oven. 8.4 Capillary column, fused silica column with suitable stationary phase and dimensions, e.g. stationary phase: non-polar, e.g. immobilised 100 % dimethyl polysiloxane, 95%-dimethyl-5%-diphenyl
polysiloxane, modified siloxane polymer, etc.; length:
at least 5 m; internal diameter: 0,1 mm to 0,32 mm; film thickness: 0,25 µm to 1,0 µm. The column should give a base-line separation of the n-alkanes when the system performance standard solution [6.10] is run. NOTE 1 Thermally stable low bleed columns should be preferred. NOTE 2 The use of a pre-column, e.g. wide-bore (0,53 mm internal diameter) deactivated fused silica of at least 2 m of length that suits to the analytical column and connected to it using zero-volume connector is recommended. 8.5 Data system, capable of integrating the total area of the chromatogram, compensating for column bleed and re-integrating after defining a new baseline. 8.6 Glass extraction vessel of at least 100 ml, with ground glass stopper or screw caps incorporating a septum coated with polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). 8.7 Glass tube, 25 ml, with ground glass stopper or screw caps incorporating a septum coated with polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). 8.8 Separating
funnel, at least 500 ml, with a ground glass stopper. 8.9 Chromatography column for clean-up, glass columns of about 10 mm internal diameter shall be used. The upper part of the column should be widened to use as solvent reservoir and the lower part to be narrowed to form a tip. SIST EN 14039:2005



EN 14039:2004 (E) 9 9 Sample conservation and pretreatment The samples shall be kept sealed in darkness at a temperature of about 4 °C and extracted within a period of one week. If this is not possible samples shall be stored at -18 °C or lower. Before analysis the samples shall be homogenised. 10 Procedure 10.1 Blank With each series of samples a blank determination has to be carried out in accordance with 10.3 using all reagents in identical amounts but without a sample. If blank values are unusually high (more than 10 % of the lowest value of interest) every step in the procedure shall be checked to find the reason for these high blanks. 10.2 Water content Determine the dry matter content in the sample or each of the phases when phase sep
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