oSIST prEN 15910:2009
(Main)Water quality - Guidance on the estimation of fish abundance with mobile hydroacoustic methods
Water quality - Guidance on the estimation of fish abundance with mobile hydroacoustic methods
This document describes methods for data sampling and procedures for data evaluation, of fish populations in large rivers and lakes, using hydroacoustic equipment. This document provides information on routines for data sampling, data handling and reporting. A selected literature with references in support of this document is given in the bibliography.
Wasserbeschaffenheit - Aufnahme von Daten zur Fischpopulation mittels hydroakustischer Verahren
Qualité de l'eau - Guide sur l'estimation de l'abondance des poissons par des méthodes hydroacoustiques mobiles
La présente Norme européenne décrit une méthode normalisée pour l’échantillonnage des données et les modes opératoires permettant d’évaluer les données relatives aux populations de poissons dans les grands cours d’eau, plans d’eau et réservoirs, en utilisant des équipements hydroacoustiques déployés sur des plates-formes mobiles (bateaux et navires).
La présente norme concerne les estimations de l’abondance des populations de poissons d’une part dans les eaux pélagiques et profondes d’une profondeur moyenne > 15 m en orientant le faisceau acoustique verticalement, et d’autre part dans les eaux littorales et superficielles de masses d’eau d’une profondeur > 2 m en orientant le faisceau horizontalement. La structure en taille des populations de poissons ne peut être déterminée qu’avec des degrés de fidélité et d’exactitude relativement faibles, notamment lorsque les échosondeurs sont orientés horizontalement. Etant donné que les techniques acoustiques ne permettent pas actuellement d’identifier directement les espèces, il convient de toujours les combiner avec d’autres méthodes de capture directe des poissons.
La présente norme fournit des recommandations et des exigences applicables aux équipements, à la conception de l’étude, à l’acquisition des données, au traitement ultérieur des données ainsi qu’aux résultats et à l’établissement de rapports. La bibliographie contient une sélection de textes avec des références venant à l’appui de la présente norme.
Kakovost vode - Navodilo za ocenjevanje številčnosti rib z mobilnimi hidroakustičnimi metodami
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
oSIST prEN 15910:2009
01-junij-2009
.DNRYRVWYRGH1DYRGLOR]DRFHQMHYDQMHãWHYLOþQRVWLULE]PRELOQRKLGURDNXVWLþQR
PHWRGR
Water quality - Guidance on the estimation of fish abundance with mobile hydroacoustic
methods
Wasserbeschaffenheit - Aufnahme von Daten zur Fischpopulation mittels
hydroakustischer Verahren
Qualité de l'eau - Guide sur l'estimation de l'abondance des poissons par des méthodes
hydroacoustiques mobiles
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: prEN 15910
ICS:
13.060.70 Preiskava bioloških lastnosti Examination of biological
vode properties of water
oSIST prEN 15910:2009 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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oSIST prEN 15910:2009
EUROPEAN STANDARD
DRAFT
prEN 15910
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
March 2009
ICS
English Version
Water quality - Guidance on the estimation of fish abundance
with mobile hydroacoustic methods
Qualité de l'eau -Echantillonnage de données de Wasserbeschaffenheit - Aufnahme von Daten zur
populations de poissons par hydroacoustique Fischpopulation mittels hydroakustischer Verahren
This draft European Standard is submitted to CEN members for enquiry. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/TC 230.
If this draft becomes a European Standard, CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which
stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration.
This draft European Standard was established by CEN in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language
made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN Management Centre has the
same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland,
France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal,
Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
Recipients of this draft are invited to submit, with their comments, notification of any relevant patent rights of which they are aware and to
provide supporting documentation.
Warning : This document is not a European Standard. It is distributed for review and comments. It is subject to change without notice and
shall not be referred to as a European Standard.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2009 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. prEN 15910:2009: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
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Contents Page
Foreword .3
Introduction .3
1 Scope .3
2 Normative references .4
3 Terms and definitions .4
4 Principle and field of application .4
5 Equipment .6
6 Survey design .8
7 Survey data acquisition . 12
8 Post-processing of acoustic data . 13
9 Results and reporting . 18
Annex A (informative) Common abbreviations used in this document . 27
Annex B (informative) Supplementary data . 28
Annex C (informative) Methods for estimates of fish abundance . 29
Annex D (informative) Interpretation of TS into fish length and weight . 30
Annex E (informative) Deconvolution procedure . 35
Annex F (informative) Determination of the Elementary Distance Sampling Unit (EDSU) . 37
Annex G (informative) EIFAC/CEN Acoustic Workshop . 38
Bibliography . 39
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Foreword
This document (prEN 15910:2009) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 230 “Water analysis”, the
secretariat of which is held by DIN.
This document is currently submitted to the CEN Enquiry.
WARNING — Persons using this European Standard should be familiar with normal laboratory and fieldwork
practice. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its
use. It is the responsibility of the user to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to ensure
compliance with any national regulatory conditions.
IMPORTANT – It is absolutely essential that tests conducted according to this European Standard be carried
out by suitably trained staff.
Introduction
This is one of several European Standards developed for the evaluation of species composition, abundance and age
structure of fish in rivers, lakes and transitional waters. The following standards have already been published:
EN 14011, Water quality — Sampling of fish with electricity
EN 14757, Water quality — Sampling of fish with multi-mesh gill nets
EN 14962, Water quality — Guidance on the scope and selection of fish sampling methods
Common abbreviations that are used in this document are compiled and explained in Annex A.
The initial draft of this document was constructed by an international group of experts during an ad hoc joint
EIFAC/CEN workshop (see Annex G).
1 Scope
This European Standard describes a standardised method for data sampling and procedures for data evaluation of
fish populations in large rivers, lakes and reservoirs, using hydroacoustic equipment deployed on mobile platforms
(boats and vessels).
This standard covers fish population abundance estimates of pelagic and profundal waters > 15 m mean depth with
the acoustic beam oriented vertically, and the inshore and surface waters of water bodies > 2 m depth with the beam
oriented horizontally. The size structure of fish populations can only be determined to a relatively low degree of
precision and accuracy, particularly from horizontally-deployed echosounders. As acoustic techniques are presently
unable to identify species directly, other direct fish catching methods should always be used in combination.
This standard provides recommendations and requirements on equipment, survey design, data acquisition, post-
processing of data and results and reporting. A selected literature with references in support of this standard is given
in the Bibliography.
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2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references,
only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any
amendments) applies.
EN 14757, Water quality — Sampling of fish with multi-mesh gillnets
EN 14962, Water quality — Guidance on the scope and selection of fish sampling methods
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in EN 14962 apply.
4 Principle and field of application
Hydroacoustic (or echosounding) technologies are effective and efficient methods for sampling fish in the water
column [37]. Fisheries acoustics methods are analogous to remote sensing techniques and advantageous to other
sampling methods as nearly the entire water column can be sampled quickly and non-destructively, areal coverage
is continuous, data resolution is on the order of tenths of metres, and data can be post-processed in a variety of
ways. However, other methods and procedures are required for determination of species identity and age structure.
Acoustics is used to gather information remotely by transmitting a pulsed beam of sound energy into a water body
and subsequently detecting and analysing the returning echoes. Systems are available with single-, dual-, split- and
multi-beams, although the latter two types have now superseded the other two systems. Acoustic systems are
usually deployed from a moving boat in large water bodies. A computer is required for control of the echo sounder in
the field and for the data processing.
This standard covers acoustic sampling of deep lakes, reservoirs, shallow lakes and wide lowland rivers. The pelagic
and profundal waters of lakes > 15 m depth are surveyed with the acoustic beam oriented in the vertical axis, whilst
inshore and surface waters of lakes and lowland rivers > 2 m depth are surveyed with the beam oriented horizontally
[20], [24]. Water bodies of all trophic levels can be sampled acoustically and a wide range of fish communities and
targets, ranging from young of the year to large mature fish can be detected and quantified (Table 1).
Mobile acoustic surveys provide several layers of information; from relatively simple presence / absence studies of
target species, to spatial (or temporal) distributions of individuals or groups, to fully quantitative density and (when
combined with other sampling techniques) system-wide biomass estimates.
Correctly obtained acoustic sampling data are directly related to population density. The strategy shall be to sample
a defined area or volume of lake or river using appropriate equipment (Clause 5), data collection (Clause 7) and data
processing procedures (Clause 8), presenting the results in a standard reporting format (Clause 9) to provide
estimates of fish abundance. Abundance in this context can be either a relative or an absolute measure of
assessment based on a single survey of a known area or volume of water.
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Table 1 — Suitability of hydroacoustic sampling techniques for inland water bodies and fish communities
Application Objectives Water Types Target Species and Life Stages Limitations
a
Vertical Beaming Fish population abundance estimates Fish in pelagic and profundal waters Poor coverage of surface and littoral waters
Lake Categorie 1
Fish population size structure YOY to adult Must be used in conjunction with direct capture methods for species
b
Lake Categorie 3
composition and age structure
a
Horizontal Beaming Fish population abundance estimates Lake Categorie 1 Fish in littoral and surface waters Poor coverage of pelagic and profundal waters
b
Fish population size structure Lake Categorie 3 YOY to adult Vulnerable to interference from macrophytes and entrained air
c
Low confidence in size-structure from lakes and slow-flowing rivers
River Categorie 3
Must be used in conjunction with direct capture methods for species
d
River Categorie 4
composition
e
River Categorie 5
a
Combined Vertical Fish population abundance estimates Lake Categorie 1 Fish in pelagic, profundal, littoral and Horizontal beaming vulnerable to interference from macrophytes and
and Horizontal surface waters entrained air
b
Fish population size structure Lake Categorie 3
Beaming
YOY to adult Low confidence in size-structure from horizontal beaming
Must be used in conjunction with direct capture methods for species
composition
Categories of lakes and rivers see EN 14962:
2
a
With a pelagic or profundal zone, area < 0,5 km
2
b
With a pelagic and profundal zone, Area > 0,5 km
c
Width < 30 m, maximum depth > 2 m
d
Width 30 m to 100 m, maximum depth > 2 m
e
Width > 100 m maximum depth > 2 m
5
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5 Equipment
Although current acoustic equipment is accurate and reliable, it must be used correctly with a fundamental
understanding of factors that can affect its performance. Sources of systematic error or bias in acoustic survey
results include calibration errors, hydrographic conditions, diel fish behaviour and migration [37]. Other practical
limitations are sources of unwanted echoes (reverberation), such as plankton, debris, submerged macrophytes and
entrained air bubbles.
5.1 System performance
Recommended equipment specifications are given below as minimum and optimum requirements:
Minimum:
Whilst it is accepted that useful information may be obtained from a wide variety of echosounder types, the minimum
requirement for a scientific survey is that a “Scientific” sounder with the following characteristics be used:
quantitative fisheries echosounder (calibrated) and operating at an appropriate frequency for the waterbody and
target fish species, probably between 38 kHz and 1,8 MHz [34];
enables data storage of calibrated data for reprocessing;
enables data processing in order to generate abundance and size distribution outputs.
Optimum:
Because of their inherent and obvious advantages, it is recommended that scientific split or multi-beam sounders be
used if possible.
5.2 Calibration
5.2.1 General
Calibrations are conducted to ensure that the echosounder and transducer are measuring fish abundance and fish
size correctly. Secondly, they verify that the complete acoustic system is operating properly and remaining stable
over time, permitting comparisons among survey periods and allowing inter-echosounder comparisons. All
calibrations should be based on and follow the manufacturer’s manual and recommendations.
5.2.2 Types of calibration
5.2.2.1 “Full” instrument and equipment calibration
This is usually conducted by the manufacturer, once in a lifetime for most transducers, but it should also be done
whenever the transducer has been subjected to physical damage.
5.2.2.2 “Beam pattern” calibration
This should be conducted at least once per year or whenever the transducer or cable is suspected of being
subjected to physical damage.
5.2.2.3 “Standard Target” tests
These should be conducted at each survey site in order to verify that the system is operating properly and to correct
for environmental factors.
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The specific requirements for each calibration / standard target test are summarised below.
5.2.3 Full calibration
Full calibrations shall be conducted by the manufacturer, or at a facility approved by the manufacturer.
Shall be done separately for each transmitted pulse duration, transmit source level and receiver gain settings being
used.
Should also be done if the transducer, transducer cable or echosounder have experienced any physical damage.
Records shall be kept of each calibration (if possible, raw data should be stored) in order to assess substantial
changes in power parameters during the lifetime of the transducer.
5.2.4 Beam pattern calibration
For both vertical and horizontal applications (i.e. vertical deep or shallow lake surveys and horizontal lake and river
surveys), beam pattern calibrations shall involve:
Vertical calibration in a free field (i.e. one with no lateral boundaries) under high signal to noise ratio (SNR)
conditions.
Confirmation of temperature and salinity in order to accurately determine the speed of sound and absorption
coefficient. Mean water temperature should be measured as a depth profile in 1 m intervals over the whole
water column.
1)
A minimum target distance of 2 x the theoretical near-field
Avoidance in the beam of scattering layers such as thermal stratification, fish, air bubbles or zooplankton.
A minimum distance of 2 x the transmitted pulse length between the calibration sphere and the bottom.
Parameters to be measured should include beam-width and angle-offset measurements.
After physical trauma to the cable and transducer housing, damage shall be repaired and a new beam pattern
calibration shall be conducted.
If the calibration parameters do not deviate too much from previous calibrations, the transducer and cable can
be considered fully functional. The manufacturer should be able to provide information about acceptable
deviation.
5.2.5 Standard target test
For both vertical and horizontal applications (i.e. vertical deep or shallow lake surveys and horizontal lake and river
surveys) the standard target test should ideally be carried out at the start of every new survey or day (irrespective of
the survey location or strategy). It shall include:
The passage of a standard target through the beam to check that results are, within tolerances, as expected
(e.g. Table 2). Tolerances will vary depending on beam orientation (vertical or horizontal) and the signal to noise
ratio (SNR). A minimum of 250 echoes is recommended on the acoustic axis and within each quadrant.
The transducer shall be acclimated to water temperature and air bubbles removed from the transducer face and
standard target.
1) The transducer may need to be lowered well below the surface of a deep water body to avoid, for example, wave action and
bubbles at the surface, whilst still having the necessary range available.
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The standard target test shall be conducted in the same environmental conditions (water temperature and
salinity) as are experienced during the survey.
Standard target tests shall be conducted with the same pulse durations, transmit powers, and bandwidths used
during the survey.
For mobile horizontal surveys, a horizontal standard target test, ideally with the standard target positioned at
different ranges from the transducer, shall be performed. This is in order to determine if the Time Varied Gain
(TVG) function follows normal spherical spreading. Otherwise, potential bias may be introduced when
interpreting acoustic fish-size data.
For mobile horizontal surveys, periodic fixed location temperature profile measurements shall be taken in order
to verify normal spherical spreading of the acoustic beam.
No adjustments shall be made to the equipment settings as a result of this test, but a beam pattern or full calibration
is required if the result is unsatisfactory. For shallow lakes or horizontal surveys this may require relocating to a
suitable test site.
Table 2 — Target strengths (TS) of tungsten carbide spheres with different diameters for sound speed of
s-1
1 450 m in fresh water [37]
Frequency Diameter Fresh WaterTS
kHz mm dB
38 38,1 -42,1
70 36,4 -40,9
70 38,1 -40,6
120 33,2 -40,8
120 38,1 -39,8
200 36,4 -39,5
200 38,1 -39,5
420 8,9 -52,3
420 21,2 -43,5
6 Survey design
6.1 General
Acoustic surveys are conducted to investigate large volumes of water. In practice, owing to the limited time available
to perform the survey, only a small proportion of this volume can be observed acoustically. Transect-based surveys
are, therefore, based on the assumption that the measurements, which are made along the survey tracks, are
representative samples of the wider distribution of the target species in the water volume under study [37]. Since
only a portion of the overall area of concern is actually sampled, any survey design consists of choices that need to
address specific objectives, which can vary from an overall estimate of abundance for an entire population to simply
the identification of locations of fish concentrations.
6.2 Design for appropriate resolution and detection
When planning a vertical acoustic survey, sampling should be planned in order to produce a three-dimensional
picture of fish density using depth strata at least to the resolution of EN 14757 gillnet layers (0 m to 3 m, 3 m to 6 m,
etc.). For both vertical and horizontal surveys, the signal to noise ratio should be maximised.
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6.3 Pre-planning
Prior to conducting an acoustic survey, the following information should be assembled for the water body under
study:
Sufficient bathymetric data. If necessary, pre-surveys specifically for the collection of depth data should be
conducted. For surveys of reservoirs, it is important to make a record of water depth at the time of the survey.
Resident fish species data and limnological information.
Potential temperature and oxygen stratification.
Access permissions.
Weather forecast (particularly wind speeds and direction).
Identification of the cruise track:
Define the area to be covered by the survey. Ideally, this would be the entire lake or river, however some
areas may not be feasible for hydroacoustics (e.g. too shallow or obstructed by stands of macrophytes).
Within the area under consideration, the choice of spacing and track layout (e.g., systematic parallel,
random parallel, systematic zig-zag, etc.) should reflect an understanding of the serially correlated nature of
the acoustic sampling technique and a consideration of the expected patchiness of the population of
interest. For lakes:
The first preferred cruise track is a systematic parallel design, with allowance for inshore bathymetry
and weather conditions.
The second preferred option is a zig-zag design.
Other options should only be considered if conditions preclude the above.
For rivers, the first preferred option is moving up one bank beaming horizontally to the far bank, returning
along the other bank. Ideally, the surveyed stretch should be between impounding structures such as locks
and weirs.
When designing the cruise track, it is important to understand how the precision of the results depends upon the
transect spacing. The coefficient of variation (CV) of the abundance estimate depends upon the degree of
coverage [1], defined as:
Λ = D / A (1)
where
D is cruise track length;
A is the area being surveyed.
Then:
−0,5
CV = a(Λ) (2)
where
a is a variable between 0,4 and 0,8, depending on fish distribution. Higher values of a are appropriate when
fish are concentrated in a few large schools, low values when the fish are more uniformly distributed [37].
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The working time available for the collection of acoustic data should be calculated. For both water bodies, time
may have to be factored in for stationary measurements for specific purposes, e.g. aspect identification for
sizing Target Strength (TS) in horizontal surveys, hydrographic sampling etc.
The survey plan (i.e. waypoints and transects) should be in a format suitable for transfer to GPS.
The selection of an appropriate vessel is important. This should be stable and low noise (with a preference for
-1
4-stroke over 2-stroke motors, or electric if feasible). Cruise speed should be a maximum of 10 km hour Actual
speed selection should be appropriate for the ping rate and water depth, aiming for a minimum of 3 hits on a fish of
interest when target-tracking / trace-counting.
6.4 Timing of surveys
The timing of acoustic surveys should consider the following factors:
Surveys should be conducted during the period when the target fish are in open water and most dispersed.
The following seasonal factors should be considered when planning an acoustic survey [39]:
Recruitment patterns. Depending on the objective of the survey, under-yearlings may be deliberately
included or excluded.
Beware of spawning time generally.
Beware of winter aggregations.
Beware of migrations (e.g. diadromous species).
Beware of sources of acoustic interference (e.g. Chaoborus larvae, other invertebrates, fish larvae,
macrophytes, bubbles as a result of decreased hydrostatic pressure associated with draw-down, leaves,
increased noise during high flows, boat traffic etc.).
Note that optimal sampling periods may differ between countries and regions.
Diel timing of acoustic surveys is also important:
If no pre-existing information on fish distribution patterns is available, then carry out both day and night
surveys.
For night surveys, avoid the full moon.
Avoid transitional times (usually dawn and dusk). Restrict survey time from 1 h after sunset to 1 h before
sunrise.
Night is usually best for surveys of both lakes and rivers.
Surveys shall be conducted under homogeneous environmental conditions. If conditions change
significantly during the course of a survey, it should be abandoned.
6.5 Specific factors with respect to transducer orientation and position
In 6.3 and 6.4 factors, that are common to both vertical and horizontal surveys, are considered. There are also
factors that are specific to the survey mode, requiring different approaches to equipment deployment and operation.
In general, the preferred method for acoustic sampling is vertical beaming. This is due to a number of factors:
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The uncertainties and potential errors are much greater for horizontal data. For example, horizontal surveys
usually have lower signal to noise ratios, the aspect of fish to the transducer is often unknown, etc.
Horizontal surveys are more susceptible to adverse weather conditions, particularly wind and heavy rain.
Horizontal surveys are more susceptible to vessel instability.
Horizontal surveys are more susceptible to acoustic interference from boat traffic.
Factors that are specific to vertical surveys include:
The maximum pulse repetition rate shall be calculated according to the maximum depth sampled.
The transducer depth should be as shallow as possible, but greater than depths that generate micro-bubbles.
The transducer should be oriented as near as possible to the vertical.
Factors that are specific to horizontal surveys include:
Transducers with a short nearfield and small side-lobes should be used in small, shallow rivers (width = 15 m,
depth = 2 m).
The transducer should be on an adjustable mount allowing small changes in both vertical (tilt) and horizontal
(pan) planes.
The transducer shall be at least one transducer face dimension below the surface of the water.
The transducer shall be tilted in order to approach the Maximum Useable Range (MUR). This is a function of the
space between the surface and bottom boundaries and the beam shape [21].
The transducer tilt and pan angles shall be optimised, recorded and maintained during the course of an acoustic
survey.
The acoustic beam should be approximately perpendicular (or slightly forwards) relative to the cruise track.
Care should be exercised selecting a ping-rate when beaming across substantial water widths towards a
distant, non-smooth shore. One approach is to measure reverberation levels with increasing ping-rate, the
optimal rate being just before reverberation levels sharply increase.
Combined vertical and horizontal surveys may be required on deeper lakes when a large proportion of the fish
population are distributed close to the water surface [20].
2)
6.6 Specific factors with respect to acoustic inter-comparisons
When inter-calibrating or comparing the outputs from different acoustic systems or survey teams, care must be taken
to ensure there is no acoustic interference between the test echosounders.
Trials shall be conducted prior to the investigation to test for significant cross-talk between the systems on the
survey vessel. In the absence of cross-talk, the echosounders can be operated simultaneously on the same boat.
2) EC Mandate M/424, (“Mandate for standardisation addressed to CEN for the development or improvement of standards in
support of the water framework directive” WFD, 2000/60/EC) received from the European Commission, DG Environment,
requires the validation of all standard methods according to ISO 5725. Collaborative studies based on reference mat
...
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