oSIST prEN 14067-5:2021

Railway applications - Aerodynamics - Part 5: Requirements and assessment procedures for aerodynamics in tunnels

This document establishes aerodynamic requirements, test procedures, assessment methods and acceptance criteria for operating rolling stock in tunnels. Aerodynamic pressure variations, loads, micro pressure wave generation and further aerodynamic aspects to be expected in tunnel operation are addressed in this document. Requirements for the aerodynamic design of rolling stock and tunnels of the heavy rail system are provided. The requirements apply to heavy rail systems only.

Bahnanwendungen - Aerodynamik - Teil 5: Anforderungen und Prüfverfahren für Aerodynamik im Tunnel

Applications ferroviaires - Aérodynamique - Partie 5: Exigences et procédures d'essai pour l'aérodynamique en tunnel

Železniške naprave - Aerodinamika - 5. del: Zahteve in ugotavljanje skladnosti pri aerodinamiki v predorih

General Information

• Status: Not Published
• Public Enquiry End Date: 20-Jan-2021
• ICS: 45.060.01 - Railway rolling stock in general
• ICS: 93.060 - Tunnel construction
• Technical Committee: IŽNP - Reilway applications
• Current Stage: 4020 - Public enquire (PE) (Adopted Project)
• Start Date: 05-Nov-2020
• Due Date: 25-Mar-2021
• Completion Date: 22-Jan-2021
• Directive: 2016/797/EU - Directive (EU) 2016/797 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 May 2016 on the interoperability of the rail system within the European Union (Text with EEA relevance)
• Mandate: M/483 - Mandate for programming and standardisation addressed to the European standardisation bodies under directive 2008/57/EC in the field of the interoperability of the rail system within the European Union
• Ref Project: FprEN 14067-5 - Railway applications - Aerodynamics - Part 5: Requirements and assessment procedures for aerodynamics in tunnels

RELATIONS

• Revised: SIST EN 14067-5:2007+A1:2010 - Railway applications - Aerodynamics - Part 5: Requirements and test procedures for aerodynamics in tunnels
• Effective Date: 06-Nov-2019

Standards Content (sample)

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
oSIST prEN 14067-5:2021
01-januar-2021

Železniške naprave - Aerodinamika - 5. del: Zahteve in ugotavljanje skladnosti pri

aerodinamiki v predorih
Railway applications - Aerodynamics - Part 5: Requirements and assessment
procedures for aerodynamics in tunnels
Bahnanwendungen - Aerodynamik - Teil 5: Anforderungen und Prüfverfahren für
Aerodynamik im Tunnel

Applications ferroviaires - Aérodynamique - Partie 5: Exigences et procédures d'essai

pour l'aérodynamique en tunnel
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: prEN 14067-5
ICS:
45.060.01 Železniška vozila na splošno Railway rolling stock in
general
93.060 Gradnja predorov Tunnel construction
oSIST prEN 14067-5:2021 en,fr,de

2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

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oSIST prEN 14067-5:2021
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oSIST prEN 14067-5:2021
DRAFT
EUROPEAN STANDARD
prEN 14067-5
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
October 2020
ICS 45.060.01; 93.060 Will supersede EN 14067-5:2006+A1:2010
English Version
Railway applications - Aerodynamics - Part 5:
Requirements and assessment procedures for
aerodynamics in tunnels

Applications ferroviaires - Aérodynamique - Partie 5: Bahnanwendungen - Aerodynamik - Teil 5:

Exigences et procédures d'essai pour l'aérodynamique Anforderungen und Prüfverfahren für Aerodynamik im

en tunnel Tunnel

This draft European Standard is submitted to CEN members for enquiry. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee

CEN/TC 256.

If this draft becomes a European Standard, CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations

which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration.

This draft European Standard was established by CEN in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other

language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC

Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,

Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,

Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and

United Kingdom.

Recipients of this draft are invited to submit, with their comments, notification of any relevant patent rights of which they are

aware and to provide supporting documentation.

Warning : This document is not a European Standard. It is distributed for review and comments. It is subject to change without

notice and shall not be referred to as a European Standard.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels

© 2020 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. prEN 14067-5:2020 E

worldwide for CEN national Members.
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prEN 14067-5:2020 (E)
Contents

European foreword ....................................................................................................................................................... 5

1 Scope .................................................................................................................................................................... 6

2 Normative references .................................................................................................................................... 6

3 Terms and definitions ................................................................................................................................... 6

4 Symbols and abbreviations ......................................................................................................................... 8

5 Requirements on locomotives and passenger rolling stock ......................................................... 14

5.1 Limitation of pressure variations inside tunnels ............................................................................. 14

5.1.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................. 14

5.1.2 Requirements ................................................................................................................................................ 14

5.1.3 Full conformity assessment ...................................................................................................................... 15

5.1.4 Simplified conformity assessment ......................................................................................................... 15

5.2 Limitation of pressure gradient entering a tunnel (relative to micro-pressure wave

generation) ..................................................................................................................................................... 17

5.2.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................. 17

5.2.2 Requirements ................................................................................................................................................ 17

5.2.3 Simplified conformity assessment ......................................................................................................... 19

5.3 Resistance to aerodynamic loading ....................................................................................................... 19

5.3.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................. 19

5.3.2 Requirements ................................................................................................................................................ 20

5.3.3 Exceptional load assessment ................................................................................................................... 26

5.3.4 Fatigue load assessment ............................................................................................................................ 26

5.3.5 Assessment in case of modifications ..................................................................................................... 26

6 Requirements on infrastructure ............................................................................................................ 27

6.1 Limitation of pressure variations inside tunnels to meet the medical health criterion .... 27

6.1.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................. 27

6.1.2 Requirements ................................................................................................................................................ 27

6.1.3 Full conformity assessment ...................................................................................................................... 29

6.1.4 Simplified conformity assessment ......................................................................................................... 29

6.2 Limitation of pressure gradient entering a tunnel (relative to micro-pressure wave

generation) ..................................................................................................................................................... 30

6.2.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................. 30

6.2.2 Reference case ............................................................................................................................................... 30

6.2.3 Requirements ................................................................................................................................................ 30

6.2.4 Assessment ..................................................................................................................................................... 30

6.3 Further aspects of tunnel design ............................................................................................................ 31

6.3.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................. 31

6.3.2 Aural pressure comfort .............................................................................................................................. 31

6.3.3 Pressure loading on installations........................................................................................................... 32

6.3.4 Induced airflows ........................................................................................................................................... 33

6.3.5 Aerodynamic drag ........................................................................................................................................ 33

6.3.6 Contact forces of pantograph to catenary ........................................................................................... 33

6.3.7 Ventilation ...................................................................................................................................................... 33

6.3.8 Workers’ safety ............................................................................................................................................. 33

6.3.9 Loads on vehicles in mixed traffic operation ..................................................................................... 34

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6.4 Additional aspects for underground stations .................................................................................... 34

6.4.1 Pressure changes .......................................................................................................................................... 34

6.4.2 Induced airflows ........................................................................................................................................... 34

6.4.3 Specific case for loads on platform barrier systems due to trains passing ............................. 34

7 Methods and test procedures ................................................................................................................... 35

7.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................. 35

7.2 Methods to determine pressure variations in tunnels ................................................................... 37

7.2.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................. 37

7.2.2 Full-scale measurements at fixed locations in a tunnel.................................................................. 38

7.2.3 Instrumentation ............................................................................................................................................ 39

7.2.4 Full-scale measurements on the exterior of the train ..................................................................... 41

7.2.5 Predictive formulae ..................................................................................................................................... 42

7.2.6 Assessment by numerical simulation.................................................................................................... 43

7.2.7 Reduced scale measurements at fixed locations in a tunnel ........................................................ 44

7.3 Assessment of maximum pressure changes (vehicle reference case)....................................... 44

7.3.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................. 44

7.3.2 Transformation of measurement values by a factor (approach 1). ........................................... 44

7.3.3 Transformation of measurement values based on A.3.3 (approach 2) .................................... 45

7.3.4 Transformation by simulation (approach 3)...................................................................................... 46

7.3.5 Assessment of the pressure time history ............................................................................................. 47

7.3.6 Assessment quantities and comparison ............................................................................................... 51

7.4 Assessment of maximum pressure changes (infrastructure reference case) ........................ 51

7.4.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................. 51

7.4.2 Assessment method ..................................................................................................................................... 51

7.5 Assessment of the pressure gradient of a train entering a tunnel (vehicle reference

case, with respect to micro-pressure wave generation) ................................................................ 53

7.5.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................. 53

7.5.2 Assessment by simulations ....................................................................................................................... 53

7.5.3 Assessment by moving model rig tests ................................................................................................. 54

7.6 Assessment of the micro-pressure wave (infrastructure reference case) .............................. 54

7.6.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................. 54

7.6.2 Assessment by numerical simulations.................................................................................................. 55

7.6.3 Assessment by reduced scale moving model rig tests..................................................................... 57

7.7 Assessment of aerodynamic loads .......................................................................................................... 58

7.7.1 Assessment of load due to strong wind ................................................................................................ 58

7.7.2 Assessment of open air passings ............................................................................................................. 59

7.7.3 Assessment of exceptional transient loads in tunnels .................................................................... 60

7.7.4 Assessment of fatigue loads ...................................................................................................................... 63

7.7.5 Determination of the damage-equivalent load amplitude for scenario ................................... 65

7.7.6 Documentation .............................................................................................................................................. 65

7.7.7 Simplified load cases ................................................................................................................................... 67

7.8 Assessment of pressure sealing............................................................................................................... 67

7.8.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................. 67

7.8.2 Dynamic pressure tightness ..................................................................................................................... 68

7.8.3 Equivalent leakage area ............................................................................................................................. 69

7.8.4 Test methods .................................................................................................................................................. 69

7.8.5 Dynamic tests ................................................................................................................................................. 71

Annex A (informative) Predictive formulae ..................................................................................................... 73

A.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................. 73

A.2 SNCF approach ............................................................................................................................................... 73

A.2.1 Entry of the nose of the train .................................................................................................................... 73

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A.2.2 Entry of the body of the train ................................................................................................................... 73

A.2.3 Entry of the rear of the train .................................................................................................................... 74

A.3 TU Vienna approach .................................................................................................................................... 74

A.3.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................. 74

A.3.2 Symbols ............................................................................................................................................................ 75

A.3.3 Calculation of Δp ......................................................................................................................................... 76

A.3.4 Calculation of Δp ......................................................................................................................................... 77

A.3.5 Calculation of Δp ......................................................................................................................................... 78

A.3.6 Calculation of the drag coefficient C ................................................................................................. 79

x,tu

A.3.6.1 Method 1 .......................................................................................................................................................... 79

A.3.6.2 Method 2 .......................................................................................................................................................... 81

A.4 GB approach, ignoring changes in air density and the speed of sound .................................... 81

A.4.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................. 81

A.4.2 Calculation of ∆p ......................................................................................................................................... 82

A.4.3 Calculation of ∆p ......................................................................................................................................... 82

A.4.4 Calculation of ∆p ......................................................................................................................................... 82

Annex B (informative) Pressure comfort criteria ......................................................................................... 84

B.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................. 84

B.2 Unsealed trains (generally τ < 0,5 s) ................................................................................................ 84

dyn

B.3 Sealed trains (generally τ > 0,5 s) ..................................................................................................... 84

dyn

Annex C (informative) Micro-pressure wave .................................................................................................. 85

C.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................. 85

C.2 Wave generation........................................................................................................................................... 85

C.3 Wave propagation ........................................................................................................................................ 86

C.4 Wave radiation .............................................................................................................................................. 86

Annex D (informative) Pressure loading on unsealed crossing trains .................................................. 88

Annex E (informative) Validation cases for the assessment of aerodynamic loads .......................... 91

E.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................. 91

E.2 Validation procedure .................................................................................................................................. 91

Annex ZA (informative) Relationship between this European Standard and the essential

requirements of EU Directive 2016/797/EU aimed to be covered ............................................ 93

Bibliography ................................................................................................................................................................. 95

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European foreword

This document (prEN 14067-5:2020) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 256 “Railway

Applications”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN.
This document is currently submitted to the CEN Enquiry.
This document will supersede EN 14067 5:2006+A1:2010.
EN 14067 Railway applications — Aerodynamics consists of the following parts:
— Part 1: Symbols and units;
— Part 3: Aerodynamics in tunnels;
— Part 4: Requirements and test procedures for aerodynamics on open track;
— Part 5: Requirements and test procedures for aerodynamics in tunnels;
— Part 6: Requirements and test procedures for cross wind assessment.

The results of the EU-funded research project “AeroTRAIN” (Grant Agreement No. 233985) have been

used.

The contents of the previous edition of EN 14067-5 have been integrated in this document; they have

been re-structured and extended to support the Technical Specifications for the Interoperability of the

Trans-European rail system. Requirements on conformity assessment for rolling stock were added.

This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the

European Free Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of EU Directive 2016/797/EU.

For relationship with EU Directive 2016/797/EU, see informative Annex ZA, which is an integral part of

this document.
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1 Scope

This document establishes aerodynamic requirements, test procedures, assessment methods and

acceptance criteria for operating rolling stock in tunnels. Aerodynamic pressure variations, loads, micro

pressure wave generation and further aerodynamic aspects to be expected in tunnel operation are

addressed in this document. Requirements for the aerodynamic design of rolling stock and tunnels of

the heavy rail system are provided. The requirements apply to heavy rail systems only.

2 Normative references

The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content

constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For

undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.

EN 12663-1:2010+A1:2014,Railway applications - Structural requirements of railway vehicle bodies -

Part 1: Locomotives and passenger rolling stock (and alternative method for freight wagons)

EN 12663-2:2010, Railway applications - Structural requirements of railway vehicle bodies - Part 2:

Freight wagons

EN 14067-4:2013+A1:2018Railway applications - Aerodynamics - Part 4: Requirements and test

procedures for aerodynamics on open track
EN 15273 (all parts), Railway applications — Gauges
ISO 8756:1994, Air quality — Handling of temperature, pressure and humidity data
prEN 17343:2019, Railway applications — General terms and definitions
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.

ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:

— ISO Online browsing platform: available at http://www.iso.org/obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/
3.1
compression wave

approximate step change in pressure above ambient that travels at the speed of sound

3.2
expansion wave

approximate step change in pressure below ambient that travels at the speed of sound

3.3
Computational Fluid Dynamics
(CFD)
numerical methods of approximating and solving the formulae of fluid dynamics
3.4
exceptional loads

maximum loads occurring occasionally during normal operations due to both static and transient loads

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3.5
fatigue loads

very large number of dynamic and aerodynamic loads of varying magnitude that the structures of rail

vehicle bodies or infrastructure components are subjected to during their operational life

3.6
static loads
loads that are constant or nearly constant with time

Note 1 to entry: These loads include the dynamic pressure due to the airflow acceleration around the front of

the train and pressure changes caused by strong side winds.
3.7
transient loads
loads that vary in time
Note 1 to entry: Transient loads can be divided into three kinds:

a) loads caused by trains crossing with other trains in the open air or due to the pressure field around the

train;

b) loads caused by trains travelling alone or crossing with other trains in tunnels;

c) loads that arise due to the turbulent nature of the flow around trains.

Note 2 to entry: Loads a) and b) are relevant for all train structures, but loads c) may be only relevant for some

high speed train components and are not considered in this standard.
3.8
tunnel

excavation or a construction around the track provided to allow the railway to pass through, for

example, higher land, buildings or water
3.9
tunnel length

length of a tunnel is defined as the length of the fully enclosed section, measured centrally at rail level

3.10
tunnel cross-sectional area (for blockage ratio)

free cross-sectional area of a tunnel not including ballast, rail, sleepers, longitudinal piping, platform

3.11
vehicle cross-sectional area (for blockage ratio)
projected cross-sectional area in lengthwise direction of vehicle
3.12
critical crossing
crossing of two trains in a tunnel leading to maximum pressure changes

Note 1 to entry: The terms crossing and passing are used interchangeably in this standard.

3.13
gauge pressure

amount by which the pressure measured in a fluid, such as air, exceeds that of the atmosphere

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3.14
fixed formation

group of rail vehicles which can only be coupled/uncoupled or assembled /disassembled (e.g.

articulated vehicles) in a workshop environment
[SOURCE: prEN 17343:2019, 3.1.6.4]
4 Symbols and abbreviations
For the purposes of this document, the following symbols apply.
Table 1 — Symbols
Symbol Significance Explanation or Unit
remark
A , A area of integration see Figure 11 sPa
S T
B train/tunnel blockage ratio
b width of vehicle see Figure 2 m
C load collective see 7.7.4.1
C train friction factor or coefficient Formula (15)
f,tr
C tunnel friction factor or coefficient
f,tu
C total load collectives in open air and in Formula (35)
lifecycle
tunnels
C total load collectives in open air and in see 7.7.4.2
lifecycle,front
tunnels at front of train
C total load collectives in open air and in see 7.7.4.2
lifecycle,tail
tunnels at tail of train
C factor depending on the shape of the train Formula (C.2)
nose and the shape of the tunnel port
...