SIST EN 13537:2012
(Main)Requirements for sleeping bags
Requirements for sleeping bags
This European Standard specifies safety requirements and test methods for braking devices with manually assisted locking used in mountaineering, climbing and related activities for belaying, with manually assisted locking function, to protect against falls from a height and/or for abseiling with speed regulation. This European Standard applies to braking devices which are loaded with one person and which use mountaineering ropes according to EN 892. In case of abseiling and lowering down, this standard also applies to braking devices, used with low stretch kernmantel ropes according to EN 1891. It does not apply to manual braking devices which are addressed in EN 15151-2:2012, nor to fully automatic fixed installations.
Anforderungen für Schlafsäcke
Diese Europäische Norm legt Anforderungen und Prüfverfahren sowie Bestimmungen zur Kennzeichnung von Schlafsäcken für Erwachsene fest, die bei Sport- und Freizeitaktivitäten benutzt werden. Diese Europäische Norm gilt nicht für Schlafsäcke, die für besondere Zwecke vorgesehen sind, wie z. B. militärische Verwendung und Verwendung bei Expeditionen in extremen Klimabereichen. Sie gilt nicht für Schlafsäcke für Kinder oder Säuglinge: für diese Gruppe existiert kein Vorhersagemodell zur Bestimmung der Grenztemperaturen auf Grundlage des Wärmedurchgangswiderstands eines Schlafsacks. Zudem kann ein solches Modell für die Prüfung nicht entwickelt werden, weil die notwendigen geregelten Schlafversuche mit Kindern oder Säuglingen in Klimakammern aus ethischen Gründen nicht zulässig sind. Diese Europäische Norm beschreibt das Verfahren zur Beurteilung der Leistung eines Schlafsacks hinsichtlich des Schutzes vor Kälte bei konstanten Bedingungen.
Exigences relatives aux sacs de couchage
La présente Norme européenne spécifie les prescriptions générales et les méthodes d'essai ainsi que les dispositions à prendre concernant l'étiquetage et les informations à fournir par le fabricant de sacs de couchage pour adultes utilisés pour les sports et loisirs.
Le présent document ne s’applique pas aux sacs de couchage à usage spécifique, comme par exemple les sacs à usage militaire ou les sacs d’expédition pour climats extrêmes. Il ne s'applique pas non plus aux sacs de couchage pour enfants ou bébés parce qu'il n'existe pas de modèle prescrit pour la détermination des températures limites en dehors de la résistance thermique du sac de couchage. Un tel modèle ne peut pas être développé car les essais de sommeil contrôlé nécessaires avec des enfants ou des bébés dans des chambres climatiques ne sont pas permis pour des raisons éthiques.
La présente norme décrit la méthode d'évaluation des performances en régime stationnaire d'un sac de couchage en fonction de la protection fournie contre le froid. Elle s'applique aux sacs de couchage destinés aux adultes.
Zahteve za spalne vreče
Ta evropski standard določa zahteve in preskusne metode ter določbe za označevanje spalnih vreč za odrasle za uporabo v športnih in prostočasnih dejavnostih. Ta evropski standard se ne nanaša na spalne vreče za posebne namene, na primer za uporabo v vojski in ekstremnih podnebnih razmerah. Ne nanaša se na spalne vreče za otroke ali dojenčke: za ti skupini ni modela za napovedovanje, ki bi določal mejne temperature na podlagi toplotne upornosti spalne vreče. Poleg tega takšnega modela za preskušanje ni mogoče razviti, ker zaradi etičnih razlogov nujni nadzorovani spalni eksperimenti z otroki ali dojenčki v klimatskih komorah niso dovoljeni. Ta evropski standard opisuje metodo za oceno učinkovitosti spalne vreče v stacionarnem stanju za zaščito pred mrazom.
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.Anforderungen für SchlafsäckeExigences relatives aux sacs de couchageRequirements for sleeping bags97.200.30Oprema za taborjenje in taboriCamping equipment and camp-sitesICS:Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z:EN 13537:2012SIST EN 13537:2012en,fr,de01-oktober-2012SIST EN 13537:2012SLOVENSKI
STANDARDSIST EN 13537:20031DGRPHãþD
SIST EN 13537:2012
EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPÉENNE EUROPÄISCHE NORM
EN 13537
May 2012 ICS 97.200.30 Supersedes EN 13537:2002English Version
Requirements for sleeping bags
Exigences pour les sacs de couchage
Anforderungen an Schlafsäcke This European Standard was approved by CEN on 27 April 2012.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre:
Avenue Marnix 17,
B-1000 Brussels © 2012 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 13537:2012: ESIST EN 13537:2012
EN 13537:2012 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword .3Introduction .41Scope .52Normative references .53Terms and definitions .64Requirements and test methods .74.1General .74.2Fabrics .74.2.1Down proofness .74.2.2Synthetic fibre proofness .74.2.3Mechanical properties .74.3Filling material .84.3.1Feather and/or down .84.3.2Filling material other than feather and/or down .84.4Finished articles.84.4.1Water vapour permeability index .84.4.2Inside dimensions.84.4.3Total mass .94.4.4Volume under load.94.4.5Thermal properties .95Test report . 146Labelling . 146.1Graph for the range of utility . 146.2Marking . 156.3Information supplied to the consumer . 156.3.1Mandatory information . 156.3.2Optional information. 17Annex A (normative)
Reference values of thermal resistance for calibration . 18Annex B (informative)
Precision of test results . 20Annex C (informative)
Physiological model for calculation of range of utility . 21Annex D (informative)
Warning of misuse of temperature rating . 26Annex E (informative)
Rationale . 27 SIST EN 13537:2012
EN 13537:2012 (E) 3 Foreword This document (EN 13537:2012) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 136 “Sports, playground and other recreational facilities and equipment”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by November 2012, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by November 2012. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. This document supersedes EN 13537:2002. In comparison with EN 13537:2002, the following changes have been made: a) the calibration of thermal manikins for the measurement of thermal insulation of a sleeping bag has been introduced following the results of an extensive round robin test between 6 laboratories using a reference set of sleeping bags. This has improved the precision and reproducibility of the test results; b) the test procedure of the thermal resistance measurement of the sleeping bag with the thermal manikin has been specified in more detail, improving the reproducibility of the test results; c) a pre-treatment has been introduced for the thermal property tests for the sleeping bag; d) measurement of the inside dimensions of sleeping bags has been included. It was formally specified in EN 13538-1 which has been withdrawn; e) the thickness and elastic recovery of the sleeping bag, as determined by EN 13538-2, has been deleted from the requirements; f) the easiness of packaging of the sleeping bag, as determined by EN 13538-3, has been deleted from the requirements; g) based on new research, the extreme temperature limits in Table 1 have been recalculated and amended. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to announce this Technical Specification: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom. SIST EN 13537:2012
EN 13537:2012 (E) 4
Introduction This European Standard has been substantially revised. The objectives of the revision were to simplify the standard by deleting requirements and test methods which had not been proven to be sufficiently reproducible or which did not contribute to the safety and quality performance of sleeping bags. The revision was also conducted in order to improve the inter-laboratory variability and repeatability of the test method for determination of the thermal properties of a sleeping bag. Since the last edition of this European Standard, products in the market have evolved to reflect the changing needs of the user. It was the intention of the committee during this revision that the standard would reflect these continuous and changing needs and not become restrictive in respect of future technology and advances in the manufacturing industry. In buying a sleeping bag, the consumer expects (along with other aspects
such as functional design, good fit, low weight and volume and durability), information regarding which temperature range the sleeping bag can be used. This temperature range serves to prevent the person in the bag feeling too cold on the one hand or too hot, combined with unpleasant sweating, on the other. The primary aim of this European Standard is to provide this information to the consumer by specifying a test procedure and an evaluation model to quantify the thermophysiological function of sleeping bags (see also Annex E). An inter-laboratory test, involving six different laboratories, was organised within the present CEN working group on a set of six sleeping bags filled with feathers and downs and synthetics. Six human shaped thermal manikins were used, consisting of 6 to 35 independent segments and corresponding to the requirements for testing protective clothing against cold. The test showed the following conclusions: even with multi-sectional manikins, the design and especially the number of independent sections can
influence the value of thermal resistance by up to 20 %; yet the test results of thermal resistance with all manikins showed a maximum difference of 10 % (leading e.g. to a difference in Tlim of 3,0 °C for a sleeping bag with Tlim = 0 °C); the weight of the manikin did not significantly effect the test results. SIST EN 13537:2012
EN 13537:2012 (E) 5 1 Scope This European Standard specifies the requirements and test methods as well as provisions for labelling of adult sized sleeping bags for use in sports and leisure time activities. This European Standard does not apply to sleeping bags intended for specific purpose such as military use and extreme climate zone expedition. It does not apply to sleeping bags for children or babies: no prediction model exists for the determination of the limiting temperatures based on the thermal resistance of the sleeping bag for these demographics. Moreover, such a model for testing cannot be developed because the necessary controlled sleep trials with children or babies in climatic chambers are, out of ethical reasons, not permitted. This European Standard describes the method for the assessment of the performance in steady state conditions of a sleeping bag with regard to the protection against cold. 2 Normative references The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN 12130, Feather and down — Test methods — Determination of the filling power (massic volume) EN 12132-1, Feather and down — Methods of testing the down proof properties of fabrics — Part 1: Rubbing test EN 12934, Feather and down — Composition labelling of processed feathers and down for use as sole filling
material EN 12935, Feather and down — Hygiene and cleanliness requirements EN 13088, Manufactured articles filled with feather and down — Method for the determination of a filled product's total mass and of the mass of the filling EN 13538-3, Determination of dimensional characteristics of sleeping bags — Part 3: Volume under load and easiness of packing EN 15586, Textiles — Methods of testing the fibre proof properties of fabrics: Rubbing test EN 29073-1, Textiles — Test methods for nonwovens — Part 1: Determination of mass per unit area
EN ISO 105-B02, Textiles — Tests for colour fastness — Part B02: Colour fastness to artificial light: Xenon arc fading lamp test (ISO 105-B02) EN ISO 105-C06, Textiles — Tests for colour fastness — Part C06: Colour fastness to domestic and commercial laundering (ISO 105-C06) EN ISO 105-E04, Textiles — Tests for colour fastness — Part E04: Colour fastness to perspiration
(ISO 105-E04) EN ISO 105-X12, Textiles — Tests for colour fastness — Part X12: Colour fastness to rubbing (ISO 105-X12) EN ISO 139, Textiles — Standard atmospheres for conditioning and testing (ISO 139) EN ISO 3758, Textiles — Care labelling code using symbols (ISO 3758) EN ISO 12947-1, Textiles — Determination of the abrasion resistance of fabrics by the Martindale method — Part 1: Martindale abrasion testing apparatus (ISO 12947-1) SIST EN 13537:2012
EN 13537:2012 (E) 6 EN ISO 12947-2, Textiles — Determination of the abrasion resistance of fabrics by the Martindale method — Part 2: Determination of specimen breakdown (ISO 12947-2) EN ISO 13937-1, Textiles — Tear properties of fabrics — Part 1: Determination of tear force using ballistic pendulum method (Elmendorf) (ISO 13937-1) EN ISO 15831, Clothing — Physiological effects — Measurement of thermal insulation by means of a thermal manikin (ISO 15831) ISO 11092, Textiles — Physiological effects — Measurement of thermal and water-vapour resistance under steady-state conditions (sweating guarded-hotplate test) 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 3.1 manufacturer organization responsible for designing and manufacturing a sleeping bag covered by this European Standard 3.2 comfort temperature (Tcomf) lower limit of the comfort range, down to which a sleeping bag user with a relaxed posture, such as lying on their back, is globally in thermal equilibrium and just not feeling cold
Note 1 to entry: For more information see C.7.3. 3.3 limit temperature (Tlim) lower limit at which a sleeping bag user with a curled up body posture is globally in thermal equilibrium and just not feeling cold
Note 1 to entry: For more information see C.7.2. 3.4 extreme temperature (Text) lower extreme temperature where the risk of health damage by hypothermia occurs
Note 1 to entry: For more information, see C.7.1. Note 2 to entry: This is a point of danger which can lead to death. 3.5 maximum temperature (Tmax) upper limit of comfort range, up to which a partially uncovered sleeping bag user just does not perspire too much Note 1 to entry: For more information see C.7.4. 3.6 thermal manikin dummy with human shape and heated body surface which allows the determination of thermal transfer through the sleeping bag under steady-state conditions (i.e. constant heat flux and temperature gradient between body surface and ambient air) SIST EN 13537:2012
EN 13537:2012 (E) 7 3.7 thermal resistance (Rc) thermal insulation property of the sleeping bag which is related to the dry heat loss of the sleeping bag user (a combination of conductive, convective and radiative heat transfer), effected by the difference of temperature between the skin and the ambient air, as measured with a thermal manikin
Note 1 to entry: This thermal resistance represents the insulative property of a sleeping bag, which includes the effects of the shell fabrics and filling materials, air volume in the cavity inside the sleeping bag, boundary air layer on the outer face of the sleeping bag, mattress underneath the sleeping bag and garments worn by the sleeping bag user. 4 Requirements and test methods 4.1 General For test procedures that refer to EN ISO 139, the default conditions of 20 °C and 65 % relative humidity shall be used.
4.2 Fabrics 4.2.1 Down proofness When testing the fabric/fabric combinations of the shell or lining of the sleeping bag in accordance with EN 12132-1, the number of feather and/or down particles counted as required in EN 12132-1 shall not exceed ten for each fabric/fabric combination. 4.2.2 Synthetic fibre proofness When tested in accordance with EN 15586, the number of synthetic fibres protruded through the fabric of the sleeping bags shall not exceed 30 for each cushion.
4.2.3 Mechanical properties 4.2.3.1 Abrasion When tested in accordance with EN ISO 12947-1 and EN ISO 12947-2, the fabrics for sleeping bags shall withstand at least 20 000 test cycles.
4.2.3.2 Tear strength When tested in accordance with EN ISO 13937-1, the tear strength of lining and shell fabrics shall be a minimum of 10 N.
4.2.3.3 Colour fastness a) When testing the colour fastness to rubbing according to EN ISO 105-X12 wet and dry, the requirement for staining shall be a minimum of 3-4. b) When testing the colour fastness to washing according to EN ISO 105-C06 at care label temperature, the requirements for staining and change of colour shall be a minimum of 4. c) When testing the colour fastness to perspiration according to EN ISO 105-E04, the requirement for staining and change of colour shall be a minimum of 3-4. d) When testing the colour fastness to light according to EN ISO 105-B02, the requirement for change of colour shall be a minimum of 4-5. SIST EN 13537:2012
EN 13537:2012 (E) 8 4.3 Filling material 4.3.1 Feather and/or down 4.3.1.1 Composition The composition of the filling material shall be determined in accordance with EN 12934.
4.3.1.2 Hygienic state The filling material shall conform to the requirements according to EN 12935.
4.3.1.3 Filling power The filling power shall be tested in accordance with EN 12130. The filling power shall not deviate by more than ± 5 % from the declared nominal value. 4.3.1.4 Filling material mass The filling material mass, in g, shall be measured according to EN 13088. The filling material mass shall not deviate by more than ± 7 % from the declared nominal value. 4.3.2 Filling material other than feather and/or down 4.3.2.1 Mass per unit area The mass per unit area, in g/m², shall be measured according to EN 29073-1. The mass per unit area shall not deviate by more than ± 7 % from the declared nominal value. 4.4 Finished articles 4.4.1 Water vapour permeability index When tested in accordance with ISO 11092, the material specific water vapour permeability index (imt) of the sleeping bag shall be a minimum of 0,45. Where front and back area of the sleeping bag are of different material combinations, both parts shall be tested. 4.4.2 Inside dimensions 4.4.2.1 Inside length To enable labelling of the sleeping bag, the inside length of the sleeping bag shall be measured within ± 3 cm. The measurement is made by turning the sleeping bag inside out and measuring the length from the position of the seam where the heel of the foot is placed to the top of the sleeping bag (excluding any vertical components of the hood), without applying any force to extend the sleeping bag length. 4.4.2.2 Maximum inside width To enable labelling of the sleeping bag, the maximum inside width shall be measured within ± 2 cm. The measurement is made by turning the sleeping bag inside out and measuring the circumference at the widest point without stretching the fabric. If the maximum inside width of the sleeping bag is not in the chest area, then the position of the widest point of the sleeping bag shall be indicated on the label. The circumference is halved to provide the width of the sleeping bag. If the sleeping bag has elastic seams, a force of (10 ± 1) N may be used to extend these seams prior to measurement, for instance by using a spring balance. SIST EN 13537:2012
EN 13537:2012 (E) 9 4.4.2.3 Inside foot width To enable labelling of the sleeping bag, the foot width shall be measured within ± 2 cm. The measurement is made by turning the sleeping bag inside out and measuring the circumference at a distance (30 ± 1) cm towards the hood from the position where the heel of the foot is placed. The circumference is halved to provide the width of the sleeping bag. If the sleeping bag has elastic seams, a force of (10 ± 1) N may be used to extend these seams prior to measurement, for instance by using a spring balance.
4.4.3 Total mass The total mass of sleeping bags filled with feather and/or down shall be determined in accordance with EN 13088. For sleeping bags filled with materials other than feather and down, samples shall be conditioned according to EN ISO 139 and the mass of the sleeping bag (without stuff sack) shall be determined. The total mass shall not deviate by more than ± 7 % from the declared nominal value. 4.4.4 Volume under load The volume of the sleeping bag shall be determined according to EN 13538-3. The volume shall not deviate by more than ± 5 % from the declared nominal value.
4.4.5 Thermal properties
4.4.5.1 Principle The thermal resistance of the sleeping bag is measured with a thermal manikin which meets the requirements and test procedure of EN ISO 15831 and which is inserted into the sleeping bag and placed in a controlled atmosphere.
A physiological model is then applied which uses this thermal resistance to determine ambient temperatures corresponding to a range of utility of the sleeping bag.
4.4.5.2 Thermal resistance 4.4.5.2.1 Thermal resistance posture 1 (Rc(1)) The thermal resistance posture 1 (Rc(1)) is measured with the manikin completely inserted into the sleeping bag and lying on its back. The bag's zippers, if any, are closed. The bag's hood, if present, covers the manikin's head, and the cords of the hood are tightened as much as possible without using any additional aids (e.g. clothes pins, etc.) not supplied with the sleeping bag.
For sleeping bags that have hood draw cords with which the hood aperture can be closed to less than 120 mm diameter or 375 mm perimeter, a cold protective mask1) shall be used on the manikin's face. For sleeping bags with hood draw cords with which the hood aperture cannot be closed to less than 120 mm diameter or 375 mm perimeter, a cold protective mask shall not be used on the manikin's face. For sleeping bags that do not have a hood or do not have hood draw cords, a cold protective mask shall not be used. Rc(1) is determined using either the serial or the parallel calculation method according to EN ISO 15831. A combination of these two calculation methods is also possible. With a given manikin, the decision as to which
1) MIL-M-43294 C (Mask, extreme cold weather; olive green 207) and MK 5507 are the trade names of a product supplied by Colemans and Impuls. This Information is given for the convenience of users of this European Standard and does not constitute an endorsement by CEN of the products named. Equivalent products may be used if they can be shown to lead to the same results. SIST EN 13537:2012
EN 13537:2012 (E) 10 calculation model is appropriate shall be based on the results of the calibration procedure including the correlation for the individual thermal manikin, as described in 4.4.5.9. 4.4.5.2.2 Thermal resistance posture 2 (Rc(2)) The thermal resistance posture 2 (Rc(2)) is measured with the manikin only partly inserted into the sleeping bag, and lying on its back. The upper part of the sleeping bag is pulled up only to the manikin's arm pits; and the arms of the manikin lie on top of the bag's upper part. The zippers of the sleeping bag, if any, are completely opened. The bag's hood, if present, is placed below the manikin's head without tightening the cords. No cold-protective mask is on the manikin's face.
Rc(2) is determined using the parallel calculation method according to EN ISO 15831.
4.4.5.3 Thermal manikin Specifications of existing thermal manikins vary widely, and they all imply somewhat specific operation conditions. Therefore, in this European Standard, the requirements on the manikin and operation conditions are left open as far as possible, and a calibration procedure (see 4.4.5.9) shall be carried out in order to achieve comparability of the test results of different test houses. The manikin shall fulfil the following requirements: body height between 1,5 m and 1,9 m with a surface area between 1,5 m2 and 2,1 m2; internal heating with controlled and measurable heat flux (either single global internal heater, single global surface heater or different independent surface heaters); at least one temperature measurement of the manikin (either global internal temperature or mean surface temperature); regulation to a constant value of either heat flux or surface temperatures so that the measurement can be operated in steady-state condition. During the test, the manikin shall be dressed with the following garments: two-piece suit (upper part with long sleeves, trousers) with a material specific thermal resistance Rct = (0,040 m² K/W to 0,060 m² K/W) tested in accordance with ISO 11092; knee-length socks with a material specific thermal resistance Rct = (0,040 m² K/W to 0,060 m² K/W) tested in accordance with ISO 11092. 4.4.5.4 Artificial ground The test shall be operated with the manikin lying on a mattress with a material specific thermal resistance
(Rct) of 0,85 m2 K/W ± 7 % when tested in accordance with ISO 11092 and placed on an artificial ground. This ground shall consist of a rigid support (e.g. a wooden board large enough that no part of the manikin or the sleeping bag protrudes over the board) with a thickness of 12 mm to 30 mm. The artificial ground is held above the floor by some kind of support which allows air circulation underneath the artificial ground. 4.4.5.5 Climatic room The test is operated in a climatic room in which the air temperature shall not fluctuate by more than ± 0,5 °C. The air temperature is set to a value which guarantees that the temperature gradient between the manikin's surface and air is larger than 15 K. The difference between the air temperature and the radiative temperature of the walls shall be less than 2 K. SIST EN 13537:2012
EN 13537:2012 (E) 11 The air flow inside the climatic room shall be below 0,5 m/s (typically 0,3 m/s). Relative humidity inside the climatic room can be at any value between 40 % and 80 %. 4.4.5.6 Test samples and pre-treatment Before testing, the sleeping bag shall be dry tumbled in a dryer with a capacity of at least 250 l without any load for 15 min at a temperature of less than 30 °C. After this dry tumbling and immediately prior to the test, it shall be conditioned for at least 12 h in the ambient conditions of the test. 4.4.5.7 Test procedure The test shall be carried out according to the minimum requirements in 4.4.5.3 to 4.4.5.5. For each specific manikin, the position of the arms and legs in relation to the torso of the manikin, the wooden board and the artificial ground shall be defined as part of the calibration procedure and remain the same in all the tests performed according to this European Standard. Thus, operate the manikin either with constant heat flux, and measure the resulting temperature (surface or internal temperature), or operate the manikin with regulated constant temperature (surface or internal), and measure the resulting heat flux. Choose the ambient climatic conditions of the test and set the values of either manikin surface or internal temperature or heat flux from the manikin's body so that the heat flux lies between 20 W/m2 and 120 W/m2 or so that its surface or internal temperature remains between 25 °C and 40 °C. After steady-state thermal transfer is established, measure the manikin's heat loss, manikin surface or internal temperature and ambient air temperature. To ascertain a steady-state situation, it is recommended to wait for a mean value of the quantities above during a time period long enough to guarantee the reproducibility of the measurement as given in Annex B (a minimum of 20 min). Calculate the value of the thermal resistance Rc(1) and/or Rc(2) by applying the correlation gained from the calibration procedure as given in 4.4.5.9. At least three independent tests, starting with inserting the manikin into the sleeping bag, with either one or more specimen items shall be performed and the arithmetic mean value of the thermal resistance of the sleeping bag sample shall be calculated. 4.4.5.8 Calculation of temperatures of the range of utility The sleeping bag's comfort, limit and extreme temper
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