SIST-TP CEN/TR 17603-32-06:2022

Space engineering - Structural materials handbook - Part 6: Fracture and material modelling, case studies and design and integrity control and inspection

The structural materials handbook, SMH, combines materials and design information on established polymer matrix composites with provisional information on the emerging groups of newer advanced materials and their composites. Design aspects are described, along with factors associated with joining and manufacturing. Where possible, these are illustrated by examples or case studies.
The Structural materials handbook contains 8 Parts.
A glossary of terms, definitions and abbreviated terms for these handbooks is contained in Part 8.
The parts are as follows:
Part 1 Overview and material properties and applications                    Clauses 1 ‐ 9
Part 2 Design calculation methods and general design aspects    Clauses 10 ‐ 22
Part 3 Load transfer and design of joints and design of structures    Clauses 23 ‐ 32
Part 4 Integrity control, verification guidelines and manufacturing    Clauses 33 ‐ 45
Part 5 New advanced materials, advanced metallic materials, general design aspects and load transfer and design of joints    Clauses 46 ‐ 63
Part 6 Fracture and material modelling, case studies and design and integrity control and inspection    Clauses 64 ‐ 81
Part 7 Thermal and environmental integrity, manufacturing aspects, in‐orbit and health monitoring, soft materials, hybrid materials and nanotechnoligies   Clauses 82 ‐ 107
Part 8 Glossary   
NOTE: The 8 parts will be numbered TR17603-32-01 to TR 17603-32-08

Raumfahrttechnik - Handbuch zu Strukturmaterialien - Teil 6: Modellierung von Brüchen und Materialien - Fallstudien, Design, Integritätskontrolle, Inspektionen

Ingénierie spatiale - Manuel des matériaux structuraux - Partie 6 : Modélisation des matériaux et de leur rupture, études de cas, inspections et contrôle de l’intégrité

Vesoljska tehnika - Priročnik o strukturnih materialih - 6. del: Modeliranje zlomov in materialov, študije primerov ter načrtovanje in nadzor integritete in inšpekcijski pregled

Priročnik o strukturnih materialih, SMH, združuje informacije o materialih in oblikovanju uveljavljenih polimernih matričnih kompozitov z začasnimi informacijami o nastajajočih skupinah novejših naprednih materialov in njihovih kompozitov. Opisani so vidiki oblikovanja, skupaj z dejavniki združevanja in proizvodnje. Kjer je mogoče, so podani primeri ali študije primerov.
Priročnik o strukturnih materialih vsebuje 8 delov.
Slovar izrazov, opredelitve in okrajšave izrazov za te priročnike so v 8. delu.
Deli so:
1. del: Pregled in lastnosti materialov ter aplikacije                    Točke 1–9
2. del: Metode za izračun zasnove in splošni vidiki zasnove    Točke 10–22
3. del: Prenos obremenitve ter projektiranje spojev in konstrukcij    Točke 23–32
4. del: Nadzor integritete, smernice za preverjanje in proizvodnja    Točke 33–45
5. del: Novi napredni materiali, napredni kovinski materiali, splošni konstrukcijski vidiki ter prenos obremenitve in oblikovanje sklepov    Točke 46–63
6. del: Modeliranje zlomov in materialov, študije primerov, načrtovanje in nadzor integritete ter inšpekcijski pregled    Točke 64–81
7. del: Toplotna in okoljska celovitost, proizvodni vidiki, spremljanje stanja materialov v orbiti, mehki materiali, hibridni materiali in nanotehnologije   Točke 82–107
8. del: Slovar   
OPOMBA: Teh 8 delov je označenih s številkami od TR17603-32-01 do TR 17603-32-08.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Public Enquiry End Date: 24-Oct-2021
• Publication Date: 01-Feb-2022
• ICS: 49.140 - Space systems and operations
• Technical Committee: I13 - Imaginarni 13
• Current Stage: 6060 - National Implementation/Publication (Adopted Project)
• Start Date: 31-Jan-2022
• Due Date: 07-Apr-2022
• Completion Date: 02-Feb-2022
• Mandate: M/496 - Mandate addressed to CEN, CENELEC and ETSI to develop standardisation regarding space industry (Phase 3 of the process)
• Ref Project: CEN/TR 17603-32-06:2022 - Space engineering - Structural materials handbook - Part 6: Fracture and material modelling, case studies and design and integrity control and inspection

Standards Content (Sample)

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST-TP CEN/TR 17603-32-06:2022
01-marec-2022
Vesoljska tehnika - Priročnik o strukturnih materialih - 6. del: Modeliranje zlomov
in materialov, študije primerov ter načrtovanje in nadzor integritete in inšpekcijski
pregled
Space engineering - Structural materials handbook - Part 6: Fracture and material
modelling, case studies and design and integrity control and inspection
Raumfahrttechnik - Handbuch zu Strukturmaterialien - Teil 6: Modellierung von Brüchen
und Materialien - Fallstudien, Design, Integritätskontrolle, Inspektionen
Ingénierie spatiale - Manuel des matériaux structuraux - Partie 6 : Modélisation des
matériaux et de leur rupture, études de cas, inspections et contrôle de l’intégrité
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: CEN/TR 17603-32-06:2022
ICS:
49.140 Vesoljski sistemi in operacije Space systems and
operations
SIST-TP CEN/TR 17603-32-06:2022 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
SIST-TP CEN/TR 17603-32-06:2022

---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
SIST-TP CEN/TR 17603-32-06:2022


TECHNICAL REPORT CEN/TR 17603-32-06

RAPPORT TECHNIQUE

TECHNISCHER BERICHT
January 2022
ICS 49.140

English version

Space engineering - Structural materials handbook - Part
6: Fracture and material modelling, case studies and
design and integrity control and inspection
Ingénierie spatiale - Manuel des matériaux structuraux Raumfahrttechnik - Handbuch zu Strukturmaterialien -
- Partie 6 : Modélisation des matériaux et de leur Teil 6: Modellierung von Brüchen und Materialien -
rupture, études de cas, inspections et contrôle de Fallstudien, Design, Integritätskontrolle, Inspektionen
l'intégrité


This Technical Report was approved by CEN on 29 November 2021. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee
CEN/CLC/JTC 5.

CEN and CENELEC members are the national standards bodies and national electrotechnical committees of Austria, Belgium,
Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy,
Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia,
Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom.
























CEN-CENELEC Management Centre:
Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2022 CEN/CENELEC All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means Ref. No. CEN/TR 17603-32-06:2022 E
reserved worldwide for CEN national Members and for
CENELEC Members.

---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
SIST-TP CEN/TR 17603-32-06:2022
CEN/TR 17603-32-06:2022 (E)
Table of contents
European Foreword . 25
Introduction . 26
64 Behaviour of advanced composites . 27
64.1 Introduction . 27
64.2 Summary of material behaviour . 28
64.2.1 Metal matrix composites. 28
64.2.2 Inorganic ceramic matrix composites . 29
64.3 Significant behavioural characteristics . 29
64.3.1 General . 29
64.3.2 Modulus mismatch . 29
64.3.3 Matrix-to-reinforcement interface . 30
64.3.4 In-situ fibre strength . 31
64.3.5 CTE mismatch . 31
64.3.6 Thermal history and residual stresses . 32
64.3.7 Multiple cracking . 32
64.3.8 Thermo-mechanical fatigue (TMF) . 32
64.4 Basic fracture characteristics . 32
64.4.1 General . 32
64.4.2 Particulate reinforced MMC . 33
64.4.3 Fibre reinforced MMC . 34
64.4.4 Fibre reinforced CMC . 35
64.4.5 Defining design values . 35
64.5 Failure criteria for CMC . 36
64.5.1 Introduction . 36
64.5.2 Design aspects . 36
64.6 References . 39
64.6.1 General . 39
65 Particulate reinforced metals . 40
65.1 Introduction . 40
65.1.1 Materials . 40
2

---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
SIST-TP CEN/TR 17603-32-06:2022
CEN/TR 17603-32-06:2022 (E)
65.1.2 Composites . 40
65.1.3 Particulate reinforcement . 41
65.2 Damage mechanisms . 42
65.2.1 Unnotched specimen . 42
65.2.2 Notched specimen . 43
65.2.3 Influence of particles . 43
65.2.4 Composite performance . 44
65.3 Failure modes and fracture behaviour. 44
65.3.1 Matrix effects . 44
65.3.2 Failure mode studies . 45
65.3.3 Particulate shape and aspect ratio . 45
65.3.4 Particulate fracture . 47
65.3.5 Void nucleation and growth . 47
65.3.6 Fracture toughness . 48
65.4 Thermo-mechanical fatigue (TMF) and creep . 49
65.4.1 Residual stresses . 49
65.4.2 Temperature . 49
65.4.3 Superplasticity . 49
65.4.4 Applications. 49
65.5 References . 49
65.5.1 General . 49
66 Fibre reinforced metals . 52
66.1 Introduction . 52
66.1.1 Materials . 52
66.2 Damage mechanisms . 53
66.2.1 General . 53
66.2.2 Effect of lay-up . 53
66.3 Failure modes . 54
66.3.1 General . 54
66.3.2 Matrix dominated failure . 54
66.3.3 Fibre-dominated damage . 54
66.3.4 Self-similar damage growth . 54
66.3.5 Fibre-matrix interfacial failures . 55
66.4 Thermo-mechanical and creep response . 55
66.4.1 General . 55
66.4.2 Application . 56
66.5 References . 56
3

---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
SIST-TP CEN/TR 17603-32-06:2022
CEN/TR 17603-32-06:2022 (E)
66.5.1 General . 56
67 Inorganic ceramic matrix composites . 58
67.1 Introduction . 58
67.1.1 General . 58
67.1.2 Matrix . 59
67.1.3 Interface . 59
67.1.4 Fibres . 59
67.2 Damage mechanisms . 59
67.2.1 Material effects . 59
67.2.2 Microcracking . 59
67.2.3 Porosity . 61
67.2.4 Manufacturing and in-service effects . 62
67.2.5 Crack propagation . 62
67.3 Fracture behaviour . 63
67.3.1 Toughness parameters . 63
67.3.2 Test specimens . 68
67.3.3 'R' curves . 68
67.4 References . 70
68 Modelling advanced materials . 71
68.1 Introduction . 71
68.1.1 Polymer composites . 71
68.1.2 Metal matrix composites. 71
68.1.3 Inorganic ceramic matrix materials . 71
68.1.4 Summary of models . 72
68.2 Particulate reinforced metals . 73
68.2.1 Use of models . 73
68.3 Fibre reinforced metals . 73
68.3.1 Use of models . 73
68.4 Inorganic ceramic matrix composites . 74
68.4.1 Use of models . 74
68.5 References . 77
68.5.1 General . 77
69 High-temperature structures . 79
69.1 Introduction . 79
69.1.1 Applications. 79
69.1.2 Performance . 79
4

---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
SIST-TP CEN/TR 17603-32-06:2022
CEN/TR 17603-32-06:2022 (E)
69.1.3 High-temperature materials . 79
69.1.4 Development approach . 80
69.2 Functions . 80
69.2.1 General . 80
69.2.2 Aerodynamic heating . 81
69.2.3 Propulsive power generation . 82
69.3 Operating environments. 83
69.4 Integration . 83
69.5 Heat management . 84
69.6 Life expectancy . 84
69.6.1 General . 84
69.6.2 Launcher . 84
69.6.3 Spaceplane . 84
69.6.4 Satellite . 85
69.7 Materials selection . 85
69.8 Manufacturing . 85
69.9 Applications . 86
69.9.1 Future reusable launch vehicles . 86
69.9.2 Flight-vehicle dependent . 87
69.9.3 Non-vehicle dependent . 91
69.9.4 Summary of European capabilities . 94
69.10 References . 95
69.10.1 General . 95
70 Thermo-structural designs . 97
70.1 Introduction . 97
70.1.1 General . 97
70.1.2 Single mission . 97
70.1.3 Reusable vehicles . 98
70.2 Spaceplanes . 98
70.2.1 Hermes . 98
70.2.2 HOPE. 98
70.2.3 Single- and two-stage-to-orbit . 99
70.3 Hermes . 99
70.4 HOPE . 100
70.5 HOTOL . 104
70.6 SÄNGER . 106
70.7 National aerospace plane (NASP) . 107
5

---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------
SIST-TP CEN/TR 17603-32-06:2022
CEN/TR 17603-32-06:2022 (E)
70.8 Demonstrator panels . 109
70.8.1 General . 109
70.8.2 NASP . 109
70.9 Nose cones. 109
70.9.1 General . 109
70.9.2 Shuttle orbiter . 109
70.9.3 Hermes . 111
70.9.4 HOPE. 113
70.9.5 NASP . 113
70.9.6 HOTOL . 113
70.9.7 SÄNGER . 114
70.9.8 X-38 . 114
70.10 Wing leading edges (WLE) . 115
70.10.1 General . 115
70.10.2 Shuttle orbiter . 115
70.10.3 Buran . 115
70.10.4 Hermes . 117
70.10.5 HOPE. 118
70.10.6 Others . 118
70.11 Box sections . 119
70.11.1 NASP . 119
70.11.2 Hermes . 119
70.12 Cryogenic tanks . 120
70.13 Heat shield designs . 120
70.14 Air inlet-intakes . 123
70.15 Earth re-entry capsules . 124
70.16 Manned re-entry vehicles . 126
70.17 Deep space missions . 127
70.17.1 CNSR ROSETTA: Earth return capsule . 127
70.18 Mars landers . 128
70.18.1 General . 128
70.18.2 NASA Pathfinder/MESUR network landers . 128
70.18.3 MARSNET . 129
70.19 Cassini-Huygens . 129
70.19.1 General . 129
70.19.2 C-C aerobrake (heat shield) . 129
70.19.3 Nose cap front shield with AQ60 . 130
6

---------------------- Page: 8 ----------------------
SIST-TP CEN/TR 17603-32-06:2022
CEN/TR 17603-32-06:2022 (E)
70.20 Planetary probes . 130
70.21 Aerobrake designs . 130
70.21.1 General . 130
70.21.2 NASA/ESA Cassini-Huygens mission . 130
70.22 PRORA: USV – unmanned space vehicle . 132
70.22.1 Background . 132
70.22.2 USV programme . 133
70.22.3 USV systems and flight test beds . 134
70.22.4 External configuration of FTB_1 and FTB_2. 135
70.22.5 External configuration of FTB_3 . 136
70.23 X-38 Body flap . 138
70.23.1 Background . 138
70.23.2 Body flaps . 140
70.23.3 Mechanical fasteners . 141
70.23.4 CMC to metal attachment . 142
70.23.5 Ceramic bearings . 143
70.23.6 Ceramic seals . 144
70.24 X-38 Nose cap . 145
70.24.1 Background . 145
70.24.2 Concept . 146
70.24.3 Thermal profiles . 146
70.24.4 Flexible insulation design . 147
70.24.5 Integration and qualification testing . 148
70.24.6 Summary . 150
70.25 Aerobrake: Deployable CMC decelerator . 151
70.25.1 Background . 151
70.25.2 Mars ISRU mission ‘in-situ resource unit’ . 152
70.25.3 Mars ISRU mission – Concept . 152
70.25.4 Mars ISRU mission – Environmental aspects . 155
70.26 References . 155
70.26.1 General . 155
71 Thermal protection systems . 160
71.1 Introduction . 160
71.1.1 Application . 160
71.1.2 European development programmes . 161
71.1.3 Concepts . 162
71.1.4 Non load-carrying TPS . 164
7

---------------------- Page: 9 ----------------------
SIST-TP CEN/TR 17603-32-06:2022
CEN/TR 17603-32-06:2022 (E)
71.1.5 Load-carrying TPS . 164
71.1.6 Reusable structures . 165
71.2 Cooling modes . 166
71.2.1 General . 166
71.2.2 Passive TPS . 166
71.2.3 Active cooling concepts . 167
71.3 Early re-entry capsules . 168
71.4 Ablative designs . 170
71.4.1 General . 170
71.4.2 Programmes .
...

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
kSIST-TP FprCEN/TR 17603-32-06:2021
01-oktober-2021
Vesoljska tehnika - Priročnik o strukturnih materialih - 6. del: Modeliranje zlomov
in materialov, študije primerov ter načrtovanje in nadzor integritete in inšpekcijski
pregled
Space engineering - Structural materials handbook - Part 6: Fracture and material
modelling, case studies and design and integrity control and inspection
Raumfahrttechnik - Handbuch Strukturwerkstoffe - Teil 6: Bruch- und
Materialmodellierung, Fallstudien und Design sowie Integritätskontrolle und -prüfung
Ingénierie spatiale - Manuel des matériaux structuraux - Partie 6 : Modélisation des
matériaux et de leur rupture, études de cas, inspections et contrôle de l’intégrité
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: FprCEN/TR 17603-32-06
ICS:
49.140 Vesoljski sistemi in operacije Space systems and
operations
kSIST-TP FprCEN/TR 17603-32-06:2021 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
kSIST-TP FprCEN/TR 17603-32-06:2021

---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
kSIST-TP FprCEN/TR 17603-32-06:2021


TECHNICAL REPORT
FINAL DRAFT
FprCEN/TR 17603-32-06
RAPPORT TECHNIQUE

TECHNISCHER BERICHT

August 2021
ICS 49.140

English version

Space engineering - Structural materials handbook - Part
6: Fracture and material modelling, case studies and
design and integrity control and inspection
Ingénierie spatiale - Manuel des matériaux structuraux Raumfahrttechnik - Handbuch Strukturwerkstoffe -
- Partie 6 : Modélisation des matériaux et de leur Teil 6: Bruch- und Materialmodellierung, Fallstudien
rupture, études de cas, inspections et contrôle de und Design sowie Integritätskontrolle und -prüfung
l'intégrité


This draft Technical Report is submitted to CEN members for Vote. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee
CEN/CLC/JTC 5.

CEN and CENELEC members are the national standards bodies and national electrotechnical committees of Austria, Belgium,
Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy,
Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia,
Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom.

Recipients of this draft are invited to submit, with their comments, notification of any relevant patent rights of which they are
aware and to provide supporting documentation.

Warning : This document is not a Technical Report. It is distributed for review and comments. It is subject to change without
notice and shall not be referred to as a Technical Report.


















CEN-CENELEC Management Centre:
Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2021 CEN/CENELEC All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means Ref. No. FprCEN/TR 17603-32-06:2021 E
reserved worldwide for CEN national Members and for
CENELEC Members.

---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
kSIST-TP FprCEN/TR 17603-32-06:2021
FprCEN/TR 17603-32-06:2021 (E)
Table of contents
European Foreword . 25
Introduction . 26
64 Behaviour of advanced composites . 27
64.1 Introduction . 27
64.2 Summary of material behaviour . 28
64.2.1 Metal matrix composites. 28
64.2.2 Inorganic ceramic matrix composites . 29
64.3 Significant behavioural characteristics . 29
64.3.1 General . 29
64.3.2 Modulus mismatch . 29
64.3.3 Matrix-to-reinforcement interface . 30
64.3.4 In-situ fibre strength . 31
64.3.5 CTE mismatch . 31
64.3.6 Thermal history and residual stresses . 32
64.3.7 Multiple cracking . 32
64.3.8 Thermo-mechanical fatigue (TMF) . 32
64.4 Basic fracture characteristics . 32
64.4.1 General . 32
64.4.2 Particulate reinforced MMC . 33
64.4.3 Fibre reinforced MMC . 34
64.4.4 Fibre reinforced CMC . 35
64.4.5 Defining design values . 35
64.5 Failure criteria for CMC . 36
64.5.1 Introduction . 36
64.5.2 Design aspects . 36
64.6 References . 39
64.6.1 General . 39
65 Particulate reinforced metals . 40
65.1 Introduction . 40
65.1.1 Materials . 40
2

---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
kSIST-TP FprCEN/TR 17603-32-06:2021
FprCEN/TR 17603-32-06:2021 (E)
65.1.2 Composites . 40
65.1.3 Particulate reinforcement . 41
65.2 Damage mechanisms . 42
65.2.1 Unnotched specimen . 42
65.2.2 Notched specimen . 43
65.2.3 Influence of particles . 43
65.2.4 Composite performance . 44
65.3 Failure modes and fracture behaviour. 44
65.3.1 Matrix effects . 44
65.3.2 Failure mode studies . 45
65.3.3 Particulate shape and aspect ratio . 45
65.3.4 Particulate fracture . 47
65.3.5 Void nucleation and growth . 47
65.3.6 Fracture toughness . 48
65.4 Thermo-mechanical fatigue (TMF) and creep . 49
65.4.1 Residual stresses . 49
65.4.2 Temperature . 49
65.4.3 Superplasticity . 49
65.4.4 Applications. 49
65.5 References . 49
65.5.1 General . 49
66 Fibre reinforced metals . 52
66.1 Introduction . 52
66.1.1 Materials . 52
66.2 Damage mechanisms . 53
66.2.1 General . 53
66.2.2 Effect of lay-up . 53
66.3 Failure modes . 54
66.3.1 General . 54
66.3.2 Matrix dominated failure . 54
66.3.3 Fibre-dominated damage . 54
66.3.4 Self-similar damage growth . 54
66.3.5 Fibre-matrix interfacial failures . 55
66.4 Thermo-mechanical and creep response . 55
66.4.1 General . 55
66.4.2 Application . 56
66.5 References . 56
3

---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
kSIST-TP FprCEN/TR 17603-32-06:2021
FprCEN/TR 17603-32-06:2021 (E)
66.5.1 General . 56
67 Inorganic ceramic matrix composites . 58
67.1 Introduction . 58
67.1.1 General . 58
67.1.2 Matrix . 59
67.1.3 Interface . 59
67.1.4 Fibres . 59
67.2 Damage mechanisms . 59
67.2.1 Material effects . 59
67.2.2 Microcracking . 59
67.2.3 Porosity . 61
67.2.4 Manufacturing and in-service effects . 62
67.2.5 Crack propagation . 62
67.3 Fracture behaviour . 63
67.3.1 Toughness parameters . 63
67.3.2 Test specimens . 68
67.3.3 'R' curves . 68
67.4 References . 70
68 Modelling advanced materials . 71
68.1 Introduction . 71
68.1.1 Polymer composites . 71
68.1.2 Metal matrix composites. 71
68.1.3 Inorganic ceramic matrix materials . 71
68.1.4 Summary of models . 72
68.2 Particulate reinforced metals . 73
68.2.1 Use of models . 73
68.3 Fibre reinforced metals . 73
68.3.1 Use of models . 73
68.4 Inorganic ceramic matrix composites . 74
68.4.1 Use of models . 74
68.5 References . 77
68.5.1 General . 77
69 High-temperature structures . 79
69.1 Introduction . 79
69.1.1 Applications. 79
69.1.2 Performance . 79
4

---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
kSIST-TP FprCEN/TR 17603-32-06:2021
FprCEN/TR 17603-32-06:2021 (E)
69.1.3 High-temperature materials . 79
69.1.4 Development approach . 80
69.2 Functions . 80
69.2.1 General . 80
69.2.2 Aerodynamic heating . 81
69.2.3 Propulsive power generation . 82
69.3 Operating environments. 83
69.4 Integration . 83
69.5 Heat management . 84
69.6 Life expectancy . 84
69.6.1 General . 84
69.6.2 Launcher . 84
69.6.3 Spaceplane . 84
69.6.4 Satellite . 85
69.7 Materials selection . 85
69.8 Manufacturing . 85
69.9 Applications . 86
69.9.1 Future reusable launch vehicles . 86
69.9.2 Flight-vehicle dependent . 87
69.9.3 Non-vehicle dependent . 91
69.9.4 Summary of European capabilities . 94
69.10 References . 95
69.10.1 General . 95
70 Thermo-structural designs . 97
70.1 Introduction . 97
70.1.1 General . 97
70.1.2 Single mission . 97
70.1.3 Reusable vehicles . 98
70.2 Spaceplanes . 98
70.2.1 Hermes . 98
70.2.2 HOPE. 98
70.2.3 Single- and two-stage-to-orbit . 99
70.3 Hermes . 99
70.4 HOPE . 100
70.5 HOTOL . 104
70.6 SÄNGER . 106
70.7 National aerospace plane (NASP) . 107
5

---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------
kSIST-TP FprCEN/TR 17603-32-06:2021
FprCEN/TR 17603-32-06:2021 (E)
70.8 Demonstrator panels . 109
70.8.1 General . 109
70.8.2 NASP . 109
70.9 Nose cones. 109
70.9.1 General . 109
70.9.2 Shuttle orbiter . 109
70.9.3 Hermes . 111
70.9.4 HOPE. 113
70.9.5 NASP . 113
70.9.6 HOTOL . 113
70.9.7 SÄNGER . 114
70.9.8 X-38 . 114
70.10 Wing leading edges (WLE) . 115
70.10.1 General . 115
70.10.2 Shuttle orbiter . 115
70.10.3 Buran . 115
70.10.4 Hermes . 117
70.10.5 HOPE. 118
70.10.6 Others . 118
70.11 Box sections . 119
70.11.1 NASP . 119
70.11.2 Hermes . 119
70.12 Cryogenic tanks . 120
70.13 Heat shield designs . 120
70.14 Air inlet-intakes . 123
70.15 Earth re-entry capsules . 124
70.16 Manned re-entry vehicles . 126
70.17 Deep space missions . 127
70.17.1 CNSR ROSETTA: Earth return capsule . 127
70.18 Mars landers . 128
70.18.1 General . 128
70.18.2 NASA Pathfinder/MESUR network landers . 128
70.18.3 MARSNET . 129
70.19 Cassini-Huygens . 129
70.19.1 General . 129
70.19.2 C-C aerobrake (heat shield) . 129
70.19.3 Nose cap front shield with AQ60 . 130
6

---------------------- Page: 8 ----------------------
kSIST-TP FprCEN/TR 17603-32-06:2021
FprCEN/TR 17603-32-06:2021 (E)
70.20 Planetary probes . 130
70.21 Aerobrake designs . 130
70.21.1 General . 130
70.21.2 NASA/ESA Cassini-Huygens mission . 130
70.22 PRORA: USV – unmanned space vehicle . 132
70.22.1 Background . 132
70.22.2 USV programme . 133
70.22.3 USV systems and flight test beds . 134
70.22.4 External configuration of FTB_1 and FTB_2. 135
70.22.5 External configuration of FTB_3 . 136
70.23 X-38 Body flap . 138
70.23.1 Background . 138
70.23.2 Body flaps . 140
70.23.3 Mechanical fasteners . 141
70.23.4 CMC to metal attachment . 142
70.23.5 Ceramic bearings . 143
70.23.6 Ceramic seals . 144
70.24 X-38 Nose cap . 145
70.24.1 Background . 145
70.24.2 Concept . 146
70.24.3 Thermal profiles . 146
70.24.4 Flexible insulation design . 147
70.24.5 Integration and qualification testing . 148
70.24.6 Summary . 150
70.25 Aerobrake: Deployable CMC decelerator . 151
70.25.1 Background . 151
70.25.2 Mars ISRU mission ‘in-situ resource unit’ . 152
70.25.3 Mars ISRU mission – Concept . 152
70.25.4 Mars ISRU mission – Environmental aspects . 155
70.26 References . 155
70.26.1 General . 155
71 Thermal protection systems . 160
71.1 Introduction . 160
71.1.1 Application . 160
71.1.2 European development programmes . 161
71.1.3 Concepts . 162
71.1.4 Non load-carrying TPS . 164
7

---------------------- Page: 9 ----------------------
kSIST-TP FprCEN/TR 17603-32-06:2021
FprCEN/TR 17603-32-06:2021 (E)
71.1.5 Load-carrying TPS . 164
71.1.6 Reusable structures . 165
71.2 Cooling modes . 166
71.2.1 General . 166
71.2.2 Passive TPS . 166
71.2.3 Active cooling concepts .
...