SIST EN ISO 3405:2019

Petroleum and related products from natural or synthetic sources - Determination of distillation characteristics at atmospheric pressure (ISO 3405:2019)

This document specifies a laboratory method for the determination of the distillation characteristics
of light and middle distillates derived from petroleum and related products of synthetic or biological
origin with initial boiling points above 0 °C and end-points below approximately 400 °C, utilizing either
manual or automated equipment. Light distillates are typically automotive engine petrol, automotive
engine ethanol fuel blends with up to 85 % (V/V) ethanol, and aviation petrol. Middle distillates are
typically aviation turbine fuel, kerosene, diesel, diesel with up to 30 % (V/V) FAME, burner fuel, and
marine fuels that have no appreciable quantities of residua.
NOTE For the purposes of this document, the term “% (V/V)” is used to represent the volume fraction of a
material.
The distillation (volatility) characteristics of hydrocarbons and related products of synthetic or
biological origin have an important effect on their safety and performance, especially in the case of
fuels and solvents. The boiling range gives important information on composition and behaviour during
storage and use, and the rate of evaporation is an important factor in the application of many solvents.
Limiting values to specified distillation characteristics are applied to most distillate petroleum product
and liquid fuel specifications in order to control end-use performance and to regulate the formation
of vapours which may form explosive mixtures with air, or otherwise escape into the atmosphere as
emissions (VOC).

Mineralölerzeugnisse und verwandte Produkte mit natürlichem oder synthetischem Ursprung - Bestimmung des Destillationsverlaufes bei Atmosphärendruck (ISO 3405:2019)

Dieses Dokument legt ein Laborprüfverfahren mittels manuellen als auch automatisierten Prüfgeräten zur Bestimmung des Destillationsverlaufes von aus Erdöl gewonnenen niedrig siedenden Fraktionen und Mitteldestillaten und verwandten synthetischen oder biologischen Produkten fest, die einen Destillationsbeginn über 0 °C und einen Destillationsendpunkt unter etwa 400 °C aufweisen. Niedrig siedende Fraktionen sind üblicherweise Ottokraftstoffe, Benzin Ethanol Gemische mit einem Ethanolgehalt von bis zu 85 % (V/V) und Flugzeugbenzine. Mitteldestillate sind üblicherweise Flugturbinenkraftstoffe, Kerosin, Diesel, Diesel mit Gehalten an Fettsäuremethylester (FAME) bis zu 30 % (V/V), Heizöl und Schifffahrtsbrennstoffe, die keine nennenswerten Rückstandsanteile aufweisen.
ANMERKUNG   Für die Zwecke dieses Dokumentes wird zur Angabe des Volumenanteiles einer Substanz der Aus-druck „% (V/V)“ verwendet.
Der Destillationsverlauf (die Flüchtigkeit) von Kohlenwasserstoffen und verwandten Produkten mit natür-lichem oder synthetischem Ursprung hat eine große Bedeutung hinsichtlich der Sicherheit und Gebrauchs-fähigkeit, vor allem bei Kraftstoffen und Lösemitteln. Der Siedebereich gibt wichtige Informatio¬nen über die Zusammensetzung und das Verhalten bei Lagerung und Gebrauch, und die Verdampfungsrate ist ein wichtiger Faktor bei der Verwendung vieler Lösemittel. In den meisten Anforderungen für Destillate auf Mineralölbasis und flüssige Brennstoffe werden Grenzwerte für den Destillationsverlauf festgelegt, um die Endgebrauchsfähigkeit zu kontrollieren und die Bildung von Dämpfen zu begrenzen, die möglicherweise mit Luft explosionsfähige Gemische bilden oder auch als Emissionen (en: volatile organic compounds, VOC) in die Atmosphäre entweichen.

Produits pétroliers et connexes d'origine naturelle ou synthétique - Détermination des caractéristiques de distillation à pression atmosphérique (ISO 3405:2019)

Le présent document spécifie une méthode de laboratoire pour la détermination des caractéristiques de distillation des distillats pétroliers légers et moyens, ainsi que des produits connexes d'origine biologique ou synthétique, ayant un point initial de distillation supérieur à 0 °C et un point final inférieur à environ 400 °C, utilisant un équipement manuel ou automatisé. Les distillats légers habituels sont les essences pour moteur automobiles, les essences pour moteurs automobiles contenant jusqu'à 85 % (V/V) d'éthanol et l'essence aviation. Les distillats moyens habituels sont le carburéacteur, le kérosène, le gazole, le gazole contenant jusqu'à 30 % (V/V) d'EMAG, le combustible de chauffe et les combustibles pour la marine qui n'ont pas une quantité de résidus appréciable.
NOTE       Pour les besoins du présent document, l'expression "% (V/V)" est utilisée pour désigner la fraction volumique des produits.
Les caractéristiques de distillation (volatilité) des hydrocarbures et des produits connexes d'origine synthétique ou biologique sont importantes en matière de sécurité et de performances, en particulier dans le cas des carburants et des solvants. L'intervalle de distillation donne des renseignements importants sur la composition et le comportement pendant le stockage et l'utilisation, et la vitesse d'évaporation est une caractéristique essentielle dans l'utilisation de nombreux solvants. La plupart des spécifications applicables aux distillats pétroliers et aux carburants liquides fixent des valeurs limites pour certaines caractéristiques de distillation, afin de mieux maîtriser les performances en utilisation et pour contrôler la formation de vapeurs qui pourraient devenir explosives en présence d'air ou s'échapper dans l'atmosphère (COV).

Naftni in sorodni proizvodi iz naravnih ali sintetičnih virov - Določevanje destilacijskih značilnosti pri atmosferskem tlaku (ISO 3405:2019)

Ta dokument določa laboratorijsko metodo za določanje destilacijskih značilnosti lahkih in srednjih destilatov iz naftnih in sorodnih proizvodov iz naravnih ali sintetičnih virov z začetnim vreliščem nad 0 °C in končno točko pod približno 400 °C pri uporabi ročne ali avtomatske opreme. Lahki destilati so običajno bencin za avtomobilski motor, mešanice z etanolom za avtomobilski motor z do 85-odstotno (V/V) vsebnostjo etanola in letalsko gorivo. Srednji destilati so običajno gorivo za letalske turbine, kerozin, dizel, dizel z do 30-odstotno (V/V) vsebnostjo metilnih estrov maščobnih kislin, kurilno olje in ladijska goriva, ki nimajo znatne količine ostankov.
OPOMBA: Za namene tega dokumenta se termin »% (V/V)« uporablja za prostorninski delež snovi.
Destilacijske značilnosti (hlapnost) ogljikovodikov in sorodnih proizvodov iz sintetičnih ali naravnih virov imajo pomemben učinek na njihovo varnost in lastnosti, predvsem v primeru goriv in topil. Območje vrelišča je pomembna informacija o sestavi in vedenju med skladiščenjem in uporabo, stopnja izhlapevanja pa je pomemben dejavnik pri uporabi številnih topil. Mejne vrednosti določenih destilacijskih značilnosti se uporabljajo za večino destiliranih naftnih proizvodov in specifikacij tekočih goriv, da bi nadzorovali končne lastnosti in nastajanje hlapov, ki lahko z zrakom tvorijo eksplozivne zmesi, ali kako drugače preidejo v atmosfero kot emisije (VOC).

General Information

• Status: Published
• Public Enquiry End Date: 31-Jan-2018
• Publication Date: 05-Jun-2019
• ICS: 75.080 - Petroleum products in general
• Technical Committee: NAD - Petroleum products, lubricants and related products
• Current Stage: 6060 - National Implementation/Publication (Adopted Project)
• Start Date: 15-May-2019
• Due Date: 20-Jul-2019
• Completion Date: 06-Jun-2019
• Directive: TP220 - Uredba o fizikalno-kemijskih lastnostih tekočih goriv
• Directive: TRRTP198 - Uredba o fizikalno-kemijskih lastnostih tekočih goriv
• Ref Project: EN ISO 3405:2019 - Petroleum and related products from natural or synthetic sources - Determination of distillation characteristics at atmospheric pressure (ISO 3405:2019)

Relations

• Replaces: SIST EN ISO 3405:2011 - Petroleum products - Determination of distillation characteristics at atmospheric pressure (ISO 3405:2011)
• Effective Date: 01-Jul-2019
• Replaces: SIST EN ISO 3405:2011 - Petroleum products - Determination of distillation characteristics at atmospheric pressure (ISO 3405:2011)
• Effective Date: 08-Jun-2022

Standards Content (Sample)

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN ISO 3405:2019
01-julij-2019
Nadomešča:
SIST EN ISO 3405:2011
Naftni in sorodni proizvodi iz naravnih ali sintetičnih virov - Določevanje
destilacijskih značilnosti pri atmosferskem tlaku (ISO 3405:2019)

Petroleum and related products from natural or synthetic sources - Determination of

distillation characteristics at atmospheric pressure (ISO 3405:2019)
Mineralölerzeugnisse und verwandte Produkte mit natürlichem oder synthetischem
Ursprung - Bestimmung des Destillationsverlaufes bei Atmosphärendruck (ISO
3405:2019)

Produits pétroliers et connexes d'origine naturelle ou synthétique - Détermination des

caractéristiques de distillation à pression atmosphérique (ISO 3405:2019)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO 3405:2019
ICS:
75.080 Naftni proizvodi na splošno Petroleum products in
general
SIST EN ISO 3405:2019 en,fr,de

2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

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SIST EN ISO 3405:2019
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SIST EN ISO 3405:2019
EN ISO 3405
EUROPEAN STANDARD
NORME EUROPÉENNE
May 2019
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 75.080 Supersedes EN ISO 3405:2011
English Version
Petroleum and related products from natural or synthetic
sources - Determination of distillation characteristics at
atmospheric pressure (ISO 3405:2019)

Produits pétroliers et connexes d'origine naturelle ou Mineralölerzeugnisse und verwandte Produkte mit

synthétique - Détermination des caractéristiques de natürlichem oder synthetischem Ursprung -

distillation à pression atmosphérique (ISO 3405:2019) Bestimmung des Destillationsverlaufes bei

Atmosphärendruck (ISO 3405:2019)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 7 March 2019.

CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this

European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references

concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN

member.

This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by

translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management

Centre has the same status as the official versions.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,

Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,

Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,

Turkey and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels

© 2019 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 3405:2019 E

worldwide for CEN national Members.
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SIST EN ISO 3405:2019
EN ISO 3405:2019 (E)
Contents Page

European foreword ....................................................................................................................................................... 3

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SIST EN ISO 3405:2019
EN ISO 3405:2019 (E)
European foreword

This document (EN ISO 3405:2019) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 28 "Petroleum

and related products, fuels and lubricants from natural or synthetic sources" in collaboration with

Technical Committee CEN/TC 19 “Gaseous and liquid fuels, lubricants and related products of

petroleum, synthetic and biological origin.” the secretariat of which is held by NEN.

This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an

identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by November 2019, and conflicting national standards

shall be withdrawn at the latest by November 2019.

Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of

patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.

This document supersedes EN ISO 3405:2011.

According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the

following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,

Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia,

France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta,

Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,

Turkey and the United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice

The text of ISO 3405:2019 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO 3405:2019 without any modification.

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SIST EN ISO 3405:2019
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SIST EN ISO 3405:2019
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 3405
Fifth edition
2019-03
Petroleum and related products
from natural or synthetic sources —
Determination of distillation
characteristics at atmospheric
pressure
Produits pétroliers et connexes d'origine naturelle ou synthétique —
Détermination des caractéristiques de distillation à pression
atmosphérique
Reference number
ISO 3405:2019(E)
ISO 2019
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SIST EN ISO 3405:2019
ISO 3405:2019(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2019

All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may

be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting

on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address

below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: [phone]
Fax: [phone]
Email: [e-mail]
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2019 – All rights reserved
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SIST EN ISO 3405:2019
ISO 3405:2019(E)
Contents Page

Foreword ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................v

1 Scope ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1

2 Normative references ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 1

3 Terms and definitions ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 1

4 Principle ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 3

5 Apparatus ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3

5.1 General ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3

5.2 Distillation flasks ................................................................................................................................................................................... 4

5.3 Condenser tube and cooling bath ........................................................................................................................................... 4

5.4 Metal shield or enclosure for flask (manual apparatus only) ......................................................................... 4

5.5 Heat source(s) ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 8

5.6 Flask-support ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 8

5.7 Graduated cylinders ........................................................................................................................................................................... 9

5.8 Temperature measurement system ...................................................................................................................................10

5.9 Centring device ....................................................................................................................................................................................10

5.10 Barometer ................................................................................................................................................................................................10

6 Samples and sampling .................................................................................................................................................................................12

6.1 Sample grouping .................................................................................................................................................................................12

6.2 Sample maintenance prior to testing ...............................................................................................................................12

6.2.1 General...................................................................................................................................................................................12

6.2.2 Groups 1 and 2 ................................................................................................................................................................13

6.2.3 Groups 3 and 4 ................................................................................................................................................................13

6.3 Removing water from sample .................................................................................................................................................13

6.3.1 General...................................................................................................................................................................................13

6.3.2 Groups 1 and 2 ................................................................................................................................................................14

6.3.3 Groups 3 and 4 ................................................................................................................................................................14

7 Preparation of apparatus .........................................................................................................................................................................14

8 Apparatus verification .................................................................................................................................................................................16

8.1 Level follower ........................................................................................................................................................................................16

8.2 Electronic temperature-measurement devices .......................................................................................................16

8.3 Electronic pressure measuring device ............................................................................................................................17

9 Procedure — Manual apparatus .......................................................................................................................................................17

10 Procedure — Automated apparatus ..............................................................................................................................................20

11 Calculations.............................................................................................................................................................................................................21

12 Expression of results .....................................................................................................................................................................................24

13 Precision (Manual Apparatus) ............................................................................................................................................................25

13.1 General ........................................................................................................................................................................................................25

13.2 Repeatability ..........................................................................................................................................................................................26

13.3 Reproducibility ....................................................................................................................................................................................26

14 Precision (automated apparatus)....................................................................................................................................................27

14.1 General ........................................................................................................................................................................................................27

14.2 Repeatability ..........................................................................................................................................................................................27

14.3 Reproducibility ....................................................................................................................................................................................27

14.4 Bias .................................................................................................................................................................................................................28

14.4.1 Bias ...........................................................................................................................................................................................28

14.4.2 Relative bias ......................................................................................................................................................................29

15 Test report ................................................................................................................................................................................................................29

Annex A (normative) Thermometer specifications ...........................................................................................................................30

© ISO 2019 – All rights reserved iii
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SIST EN ISO 3405:2019
ISO 3405:2019(E)

Annex B (normative) Determination of temperature-sensor lag times .......................................................................31

Annex C (normative) Determination of specified distillation data ...................................................................................32

Annex D (informative) Examples of data calculations ....................................................................................................................34

Annex E (informative) Emulation of emergent-stem errors .....................................................................................................37

Annex F (informative) Examples of a test report ..................................................................................................................................38

Bibliography .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................40

iv © ISO 2019 – All rights reserved
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SIST EN ISO 3405:2019
ISO 3405:2019(E)
Foreword

ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards

bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out

through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical

committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International

organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.

ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of

electrotechnical standardization.

The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are

described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the

different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the

editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/directives).

Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of

patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of

any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or

on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/patents).

Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not

constitute an endorsement.

For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and

expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the

World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see www .iso

.org/iso/foreword .html.

This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 28, Petroleum and related products, fuels

and lubricants from natural or synthetic sources.

This fifth edition cancels and replaces the fourth edition (ISO 3405:2011), which has been technically

revised. The main changes compared to the previous edition are as follows:

— extension of the scope to include synthetic and biological products in general and automotive petrol-

ethanol blends and to diesel with up to 30 % (V/V) FAME specifically;
[1]

— the procedure has been aligned with ASTM D86 and ASTM International has granted usage of its

precision data on 5 July 2017;

— update of the precision (for automated apparatus) for groups 1, 2, and 3, with the slope-based

[2]
precision obtained from a 2010 Interlaboratory Study ;

— for T95, group 4 now has a valid range of 260 °C to 360 °C and an updated precision, as a review of

a 2006 Interlaboratory Study revealed the absence of some group 4 samples having a final boiling

point near 360 °C, as well final boiling points above;

— the test report example in Annex F has been updated as group 0 is not addressed since the fourth

edition of this document;

— introduction of a solution for the replacement of mercury-in-glass thermometers.

Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A

complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/members .html.
© ISO 2019 – All rights reserved v
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SIST EN ISO 3405:2019
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SIST EN ISO 3405:2019
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 3405:2019(E)
Petroleum and related products from natural or synthetic
sources — Determination of distillation characteristics at
atmospheric pressure

WARNING — The use of this document can involve hazardous materials, operations and

equipment. This document does not purport to address all the safety problems associated with

its use. It is the responsibility of users of this document to take appropriate measures to ensure

the safety and health of personnel prior to the application of the standard, and to determine the

applicability of any other restrictions for this purpose.
1 Scope

This document specifies a laboratory method for the determination of the distillation characteristics

of light and middle distillates derived from petroleum and related products of synthetic or biological

origin with initial boiling points above 0 °C and end-points below approximately 400 °C, utilizing either

manual or automated equipment. Light distillates are typically automotive engine petrol, automotive

engine ethanol fuel blends with up to 85 % (V/V) ethanol, and aviation petrol. Middle distillates are

typically aviation turbine fuel, kerosene, diesel, diesel with up to 30 % (V/V) FAME, burner fuel, and

marine fuels that have no appreciable quantities of residua.

NOTE For the purposes of this document, the term “% (V/V)” is used to represent the volume fraction of a

material.

The distillation (volatility) characteristics of hydrocarbons and related products of synthetic or

biological origin have an important effect on their safety and performance, especially in the case of

fuels and solvents. The boiling range gives important information on composition and behaviour during

storage and use, and the rate of evaporation is an important factor in the application of many solvents.

Limiting values to specified distillation characteristics are applied to most distillate petroleum product

and liquid fuel specifications in order to control end-use performance and to regulate the formation

of vapours which may form explosive mixtures with air, or otherwise escape into the atmosphere as

emissions (VOC).
2 Normative references

The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content

constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For

undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.

ISO 918, Volatile organic liquids for industrial use — Determination of distillation characteristics

ISO 3170, Petroleum liquids — Manual sampling
ISO 3171, Petroleum liquids — Automatic pipeline sampling
ISO 4788, Laboratory glassware — Graduated measuring cylinders
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.

ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:

— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https: //www .iso .org/obp
© ISO 2019 – All rights reserved 1
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SIST EN ISO 3405:2019
ISO 3405:2019(E)
— IEC Electropedia: available at https: //www .electropedia .org/
3.1
decomposition point

thermometer reading (corrected) which coincides with the first indications of thermal decomposition

of the liquid in the flask

Note 1 to entry: Characteristic indications of thermal decomposition are an evolution of fumes and erratic

thermometer readings which usually show a decided decrease after any attempt has been made to adjust the heat.

3.2
dry point

thermometer reading (corrected) that is observed at the instant the last drop of liquid evaporates from

the lowest point in the flask, any drops or film of liquid on the side of the flask or on the thermometer

being disregarded

Note 1 to entry: The end-point (final boiling point), rather than the dry point is intended for general use. The dry

point can be reported in connection with special purpose naphthas, such as those used in the paint industry.

Also, it is substituted for the end-point (final boiling point) whenever the sample is of such a nature that the

precision of the end-point cannot consistently meet the precision requirements given in Clauses 13 or 14.

3.3
final boiling point
end-point maximum thermometer reading (corrected) obtained during the test

Note 1 to entry: This usually occurs after evaporation of all liquid from the bottom of the flask.

3.4
initial boiling point

thermometer reading (corrected) that is observed at the instant that the first drop of condensate falls

from the lower end of the condenser tube
3.5
percent evaporated
sum of the percent recovered and the percent loss
3.6
percent loss
calculated amount of uncondensed material

Note 1 to entry: Sometimes called “front-end loss”; this is the amount of uncondensed material lost in the initial

stages of the distillation.
3.7
corrected loss
percent loss corrected for barometric pressure
3.8
percent recovered

volume of condensate observed in the receiving cylinder at any point in the distillation, expressed as a

percentage of the charge volume, in connection with a simultaneous temperature reading

3.9
percent recovery
maximum percent recovered, as observed in accordance with 9.10 or 10.10
3.10
percent residue

volume of residue measured in accordance with 9.11 or 10.11, and expressed as a percentage of the

charge volume
2 © ISO 2019 – All rights reserved
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SIST EN ISO 3405:2019
ISO 3405:2019(E)
3.11
percent total recovery

combined percent recovery and residue in the flask, as determined in accordance with 11.1

3.12
thermometer reading

temperature recorded by the sensor of the saturated vapour measured in the neck of the flask below

the vapour tube, under the specified conditions of this test
3.13
temperature reading

thermometer or temperature-measurement device reading (3.12) which is corrected to 101,3 kPa

standard pressure
3.14
emergent stem effect

offset in temperature reading caused by the use of a total immersion mercury-in-glass thermometer in

the partial immersion mode

Note 1 to entry: The emergent part of the mercury column is at a lower temperature than the immersed portion,

resulting in a lower temperature reading than that obtained when the thermometer was completely immersed

for calibration.
3.15
temperature lag

offset in temperature reading between a mercury-in-glass thermometer and an electronic temperature-

measurement device, caused by the different response time of the systems involved

4 Principle

The sample is assigned into one of four groups based on its composition and expected volatility

characteristics, each group defining the apparatus arrangement, condenser temperature and

operational variables. A 100 ml test portion is distilled under the specified conditions appropriate

to the group into which the sample falls, and systematic observations of thermometer readings and

volumes of condensate recovered are made. The volume of the residue in the flask is measured, and the

loss on distillation recorded. The thermometer readings are corrected for barometric pressure, and

the data are then used for calculations appropriate to the nature of the sample and the specification

requirements.
5 Apparatus
5.1 General

Typical assemblies of the manual apparatus are shown in Figures 1 and 2. In addition to the basic

components described in Clause 5, automated apparatus are equipped with a system to measure and

automatically record the vapour temperature and the associated recovered volume in the receiving

cylinder.

Automated equipment manufactured from 1999 onwards shall be equipped with a device to

automatically shut down power to the unit and to spray an inert gas or vapour in the chamber where

the distillation flask is mounted in the event of fire.

NOTE Some causes of fires are breakage of the distillation flask, electrical shorts, and foaming and spilling

of liquid sample through the top opening of the flask.
© ISO 2019 – All rights reserved 3
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SIST EN ISO 3405:2019
ISO 3405:2019(E)
5.2 Distillation flasks

The distillation flasks shall have a capacity of 125 ml and be constructed of heat-resistant glass,

according to the dimensions and tolerances shown in Figure 3.

For tests specifying the dry point, especially selected flasks with bottoms and walls of uniform

thickness are recommended.
5.3 Condenser tube and cooling bath

5.3.1 Typical types of condenser and cooling bath are illustrated in Figures 1 and 2.

Other types of apparatus may be used, provided that the test results obtained by their use are such as

to correlate with the results obtained with those illustrated, and to satisfy the precision criteria given

in Clauses 13 or 14.
5.3.2 The condenser shall be made of seamless n
...