SIST-TS CEN/TS 15427-2-2:2023
(Main)Railway applications - Wheel/Rail friction management - Part 2-2: Properties and Characteristics - Top of Rail materials
Railway applications - Wheel/Rail friction management - Part 2-2: Properties and Characteristics - Top of Rail materials
This document specifies the requirements of materials intended to be applied to the interface between the wheel tread and the rail crown (active interface). It can be applied either directly or indirectly to the wheel tread or rail.
It outlines the information required for most approval procedures, the method of testing and routine control/monitoring of the material.
This document does not deal with adhesion materials, for example:
- sand;
- adhesion enhancers.
Bahnanwendungen - Reibungsmanagement zwischen Rad und Schiene - Teil 2-2: Eigenschaften und Merkmale - Kraftschlussmodifikatoren
Dieses Dokument legt die Anforderungen an Materialien für die Anwendung auf der Kontaktfläche zwischen der Radlauffläche und der Fahrfläche der Schiene (aktive Kontaktfläche) fest. Diese können direkt oder indirekt auf die Radlauffläche oder die Schiene angewendet werden.
Es beschreibt die erforderlichen Informationen für die meisten Genehmigungsverfahren, das Prüfverfahren und die regelmäßige Kontrolle/Überwachung des Materials.
Dieses Dokument behandelt keine kraftschlusserhöhenden Materialien wie etwa:
Sand;
Haftverstärker.
Applications ferroviaires - Gestion des frottements roue/rail - Partie 2-2 : Propriétés et caractéristiques - Lubrifiants de tête de rail
Železniške naprave - Trenje na stiku kolo-tirnica - 2-2. del: Lastnosti in karakteristike - Materiali za zgornjo površino tirnic
Ta dokument določa zahteve materialov, namenjenih za uporabo na vmesniku med kolesnim obročem in zgornjim robom tirnice (aktivni vmesnik). Uporabljati ga je mogoče posredno ali neposredno za kolesni obroč oziroma tirnico.
Podaja informacije, ki se zahtevajo pri večini postopkov odobritve, preskusno metodo in rutinsko kontrolo/spremljanje materiala.
Dokument ne obravnava lepilnih materialov, na primer:
– peska;
– izdelkov za izboljšanje lepljenja.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-december-2023
Nadomešča:
SIST-TS CEN/TS 15427-2-2:2021
Železniške naprave - Trenje na stiku kolo-tirnica - 2-2. del: Lastnosti in
karakteristike - Materiali za zgornjo površino tirnic
Railway applications - Wheel/Rail friction management - Part 2-2: Properties and
Characteristics - Top of Rail materials
Bahnanwendungen - Reibungsmanagement zwischen Rad und Schiene - Teil 2-2:
Eigenschaften und Merkmale - Kraftschlussmodifikatoren
Applications ferroviaires - Gestion des frottements roue/rail - Partie 2-2 : Propriétés et
caractéristiques - Lubrifiants de tête de rail
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: CEN/TS 15427-2-2:2023
ICS:
45.040 Materiali in deli za železniško Materials and components
tehniko for railway engineering
45.080 Tračnice in železniški deli Rails and railway
components
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
CEN/TS 15427-2-2
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
SPÉCIFICATION TECHNIQUE
October 2023
TECHNISCHE SPEZIFIKATION
ICS 45.080; 45.120 Supersedes CEN/TS 15427-2-2:2021
English Version
Railway applications - Wheel/rail friction management -
Part 2-2: Properties and characteristics - Top of rail
materials
Applications ferroviaires - Gestion des frottements Bahnanwendungen - Reibungsmanagement zwischen
roue/rail - Partie 2-2 : Propriétés et caractéristiques - Rad und Schiene - Teil 2-2: Eigenschaften und
Lubrifiants de tête de rail Merkmale - Kraftschlussmodifikatoren
This Technical Specification (CEN/TS) was approved by CEN on 9 July 2023 for provisional application.
The period of validity of this CEN/TS is limited initially to three years. After two years the members of CEN will be requested to
submit their comments, particularly on the question whether the CEN/TS can be converted into a European Standard.
CEN members are required to announce the existence of this CEN/TS in the same way as for an EN and to make the CEN/TS
available promptly at national level in an appropriate form. It is permissible to keep conflicting national standards in force (in
parallel to the CEN/TS) until the final decision about the possible conversion of the CEN/TS into an EN is reached.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye and
United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2023 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. CEN/TS 15427-2-2:2023 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
Contents Page
European foreword .4
Introduction .6
1 Scope .7
2 Normative references .7
3 Terms and definitions .8
4 Design requirements . 10
5 Technical specification and product approval . 10
5.1 Introduction . 10
5.2 Product specification . 10
5.3 Technical file . 11
6 Control and monitoring of product . 11
6.1 Manufacturing process . 11
6.2 Composition of material . 11
6.3 Routine tests . 11
6.4 Additional measures . 11
7 Technical datasheet. 11
7.1 General . 11
7.2 Liquid based material characteristics . 11
7.3 Solid based material characteristics . 12
8 Packaging, labelling and storage . 12
Annex A (normative) Requirements for top of rail materials and testing . 13
A.1 Explanation of Annex A: Tables A.1 to A.3 . 13
A.2 Key to Annex A table columns . 13
A.3 Key to Annex A table column ‘Use’ . 13
Annex B (informative) Determination of the volatile constituents in liquid Top of Rail
Materials . 19
B.1 Purpose . 19
B.2 Short description . 19
B.3 Conditions for testing . 19
B.4 Test process. 19
B.5 Recording of test results . 20
Annex C (informative) Functional test on specific equipment . 21
C.1 General . 21
C.2 Sprayability of liquid top of rail materials . 21
Annex D (informative) Twin-disc machine retentivity and coefficient of traction test . 23
D.1 Purpose . 23
D.2 Description . 23
D.3 Conditions for test . 23
Annex E (informative) Twin-disc machine test for determining Creep force vs Creep rate
curve (for solid sticks comparable to Mini Traction Machine (MTM) test) . 27
E.1 Purpose . 27
E.2 Description . 28
E.3 Conditions for test . 28
Annex F (informative) Mini Traction Machine (MTM) creep curve test . 32
F.1 General . 32
F.2 Test equipment . 32
F.3 Application of top of rail material to metal disk . 33
F.4 Performance of the test . 35
F.5 Evaluation of the test . 36
Bibliography . 37
European foreword
This document (CEN/TS 15427-2-2:2023) has been prepared by Technical Committee
CEN/TC 256 “Railway applications”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the
subject of patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent
rights.
This document supersedes CEN/TS 15427-2-2:2021.
CEN/TS 15427-2-2:2021:
— document has been editorially updated based on the feedback received on the previous
edition;
— corrections and clarifications have been introduced based on the feedback received on the
previous edition;
— consistency with the other parts of the series has been improved.
This document is part of the following series:
— EN 15427-1-1, Railway applications - Wheel/Rail friction management - Part 1-1: Equipment
and Application – Flange lubrication;
— CEN/TS 15427-1-2, Railway applications - Wheel/rail friction management - Part 1-2:
Equipment and application – Top of rail materials;
— CEN/TS 15427-1-3, Railway applications - Wheel/rail friction management - Part 1-3:
Equipment and application – Adhesion materials;
— EN 15427-2-1, Railway applications - Wheel/Rail friction management - Part 2-1: Properties
and Characteristics – Flange lubricants;
— CEN/TS 15427-2-2, Railway applications - Wheel/rail friction management - Part 2-2:
Properties and characteristics – Top of rail materials;
— CEN/TS 15427-2-3, Railway applications - Wheel/Rail friction management - Part 2-3:
Properties and Characteristics – Adhesion materials;
— CEN/prTR 15427-3, Railway applications – Wheel/Rail friction management – Part 3:
Rationale for requirements and further background information.
Any feedback and questions on this document should be directed to the users’ national standards
body. A complete listing of these bodies can be found on the CEN website.
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organisations of the
following countries are bound to announce this Technical Specification: Austria, Belgium,
Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece,
Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain,
Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye and the United Kingdom.
Introduction
Friction management using solid or fluid (oil, grease, etc.) substances at the wheel-rail interface
is a complex subject and includes the following aspects:
— lubrication of the wheel flange / rail gauge corner interface, commonly referred to as “flange
or rail lubrication”;
— lubrication of the back of flange/ check rail interface; commonly referred to as “check rail
lubrication”;
— controlling the level of friction at the interface between the top of rail and the wheel tread,
commonly referred to as “top of rail friction management”;
— altering the level of adhesion at the interface between the top of rail and the wheel tread.
This document sets out requirements for the material to be used on the top of rail. It specifies
requirements for the material, how to test it and how to approve it.
The material for top of rail should be tested to confirm there is:
— compatibility with top of rail material applicator equipment;
— no intolerable increased risk of fire;
— no harmful environmental effects;
— no incompatibility between the different materials/lubricants in use, particularly between
solid and fluid systems;
— satisfactory and consistent product quality and performance;
— no degradation to the safety of the railway (braking, signalling, electrical traction return).
The main purpose of a top of rail material is to influence the interface between the wheel and rail
(referred to as the third body layer) to control friction to a level where a reduction in noise or
wear can be realized.
1 Scope
This document specifies the requirements of materials intended to be applied to the interface
between the wheel tread and the rail crown (active interface). It can be applied either directly or
indirectly to the wheel tread or rail.
It outlines the information required for most approval procedures, the method of testing and
routine control/monitoring of the material.
This document does not deal with adhesion materials, for example:
— sand;
— adhesion enhancers.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies.
For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any
amendments) applies.
EN ISO 868, Plastics and ebonite — Determination of indentation hardness by means of a durometer
(Shore hardness) (ISO 868)
EN ISO 2160, Petroleum products — Corrosiveness to copper — Copper strip test (ISO 2160)
EN ISO 2592, Petroleum and related products — Determination of flash and fire points - Cleveland
open cup method (ISO 2592)
EN ISO 3104, Petroleum products — Transparent and opaque liquids — Determination of
kinematic viscosity and calculation of dynamic viscosity (ISO 3104)
EN ISO 3146, Plastics — Determination of melting behaviour (melting temperature or melting
range) of semi-crystalline polymers by capillary tube and polarizing-microscope methods (ISO
3146)
EN ISO 3675, Crude petroleum and liquid petroleum products — Laboratory determination of
density — Hydrometer method (ISO 3675)
EN ISO 4589-1, Plastics — Determination of burning behaviour by oxygen index — Part 1: General
requirements (ISO 4589-1)
EN ISO 4589-2, Plastics — Determination of burning behaviour by oxygen index — Part 2: Ambient-
temperature test (ISO 4589-2)
EN ISO 5659-1, Plastics — Smoke generation — Part 1: Guidance on optical-density testing
(ISO 5659-1)
EN ISO 5659-2, Plastics — Smoke generation — Part 2: Determination of optical density by a single-
chamber test (ISO 5659-2)
EN ISO 9439, Water quality — Evaluation of ultimate aerobic biodegradability of organic
compounds in aqueous medium — Carbon dioxide evolution test (ISO 9439)
EN ISO 12185, Crude petroleum and petroleum products — Determination of density — Oscillating
U-tube method (ISO 12185)
ISO 2049, Petroleum products — Determination of colour (ASTM scale)
ISO 3016, Petroleum and related products from natural or synthetic sources — Determination of
pour point
ISO 6072, Rubber — Compatibility between hydraulic fluids and standard elastomeric materials
ISO 7120, Petroleum products and lubricants — Petroleum oils and other fluids — Determination
of rust-preventing characteristics in the presence of water
ISO 9772, Cellular plastics — Determination of horizontal burning characteristics of small
specimens subjected to a small flame
DIN 51418-1, X-ray spectrometry — X-ray emissions and X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF) —
Part 1: Definitions and principles
DIN 51418-2, X-ray spectrometry — X-ray emissions and X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF) —
Part 2: Definitions and basic principles for measurements, calibration and evaluation of results
DIN 51451, Testing of petroleum products and related products — Analysis by infrared
spectrometry — General working principles
DIN 51820, Testing of lubricants — Analysis of greases by infrared spectrometry — Taking and
evaluating an infrared spectrum
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following
addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://www.iso.org/obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https://www.electropedia.org/
3.1
top of rail (TOR) material
substance that controls the coefficient of friction of the wheel / rail interface
3.2
liquid top of rail material
oil, water or emulsion-based friction modifiers
Note 1 to entry: Oil can be mineral, natural or synthetic in origin and can have additives included. Products
can have a range of viscosity levels from highly fluid to semi-solid materials.
3.3
stick
encapsulated solid top of rail material
Note 1 to entry: Typically, the stick comprises a solid lubricant which is encapsulated in a polymeric
binder/carrier. The product is designed for direct contact with a rotating wheel tread; the polymeric binder
has a sufficiently high melting point such that it does not melt but rather wears when in contact with the
wheel tread to ensure dimensional stability.
3.4
batch
entire content of a single identified production of material from the same manufacturing process
3.5
active interface
contact area between the wheel tread and the crown of the rail
Note 1 to entry: For more information on this definition, see EN 15427-1-2.
3.6
application system
components required to apply top of rail materials to the active interface
3.7
trainborne equipment
type of equipment that delivers product to the active interface installed on a train
3.8
trackside equipment
type of equipment that delivers product to the active interface installed on or adjacent to the track
3.9
customer
railway undertaking, infrastructure manager, manufacturer or buyer of railway products or
subassemblies, or their representative
3.10
supplier
provider of equipment, material and/or support services
3.11
product specification
document prepared by the customer that describes the conditions and requirements for the
lubricant to meet and the tests to validate it
3.12
Coefficient of friction (COF)
relationship between the friction force of the wheel and the wheel load on the rail independent
of the direction
3.13
Coefficient of Traction (COT)
ratio of the tangential force at the wheel-rail interface and the force at this interface acting
perpendicular to the surface of the rail
3.14
creep
slip
measure of the relative displacement or motion of the wheel against the rail, usually caused by
imperfect steering of a bogie in a curve
Note 1 to entry: Creep is usually expressed as a percentage of the rolling displacement.
Note 2 to entry: Creep can be longitudinal, lateral or in a spin direction relative to the rail.
4 Design requirements
The material shall be designed to meet at least one of the following:
— reduction in noise and vibration;
— reduction in the rate of wear;
— reduction of the rate of corrugation growth;
— reduction in the number of wheel and rail defects.
When applied within the specified limits to the active interface the material shall not compromise
the safety of the railway (i.e. braking distances, signalling systems).
NOTE Specified limits are normally understood and agreed between relevant parties before use of
material.
5 Technical specification and product approval
5.1 Introduction
This clause outlines the information required to gain approval on most railway networks. It does
not cover its performance on the railway.
5.2 Product specification
The product specification shall be fully documented and shall consider the following information:
a) purpose of top of rail material;
b) conformity to the applicable type tests as set out in Tables A.1 to A.2;
c) conformance with other relevant local requirements (such as environmental, fire, toxicity,
etc.);
d) application data:
1) including equipment, it can be used with;
2) operating temperatures;
e) additional validation tests (see TableA.3);
f) any previous relevant experience;
g) conditions for packaging, storage and labelling (see Clause 8);
h) environmental tests are defined in Tables A.1 to A.2.
NOTE Where legislation and regulations (European, national or local) concerning ecological and
environmental compatibility of lubricants (biodegradability, toxicity, etc.) are applicable, consideration will
need to be given to the relevant requirements.
5.3 Technical file
A file of technical data showing compliance with the requirements in the product specification
and the results of type tests and trials shall be provided. A technical datasheet shall also be
provided (see Clause 7).
A material safety data sheet (MSDS) for the product in the language of the interested customer or
country shall be included.
6 Control and monitoring of product
6.1 Manufacturing process
If the manufacturing process is changed in a way that may affect the properties and
characteristics of the product, the new process shall be documented and the customer shall be
notified.
NOTE In some cases, this leads to a new approval being required.
6.2 Composition of material
If the composition of the material is changed in any way that affects its properties or
characteristics, it shall be documented and the customer shall be notified.
NOTE In some cases, this leads to a new approval being required.
6.3 Routine tests
Routine tests ensure product consistency from batch to batch.
The routine tests are listed in Tables A1 to A2. If additional tests are required (such as those not
included in the tables or a type test) this and the frequency can be agreed between the customer
and supplier.
The sample of material assessed for quality testing shall have been manufactured in a regular
production batch. The entire sample of material used for the routine tests shall be taken from the
same production batch and delivered in a single consignment.
The results of the routine tests shall be recorded.
6.4 Additional measures
Retention of test records and samples, witnessing of tests, calibration of test equipment shall be
considered.
7 Technical datasheet
7.1 General
The technical datasheet shall include the individual identifying code or name of the material, a
description of the product’s field of use and typical means of application. For each material type,
the information in the following subclauses shall also be included.
7.2 Liquid based material characteristics
The material, which includes, water based, oil based and hybrid based, shall be described by, for
example, its viscosity, its temperature range and by the type of oil used. Further technical data
shall be provided as listed under the ‘datasheet’ column in Table A.1.
7.3 Solid based material characteristics
The product shall be described by, for example, its melting point, hardness, dimensions and its
temperature range. Further technical data shall be provided as listed under the ‘datasheet’
column in Table A.2.
The product shall be designed to minimize stick debris on the ballast.
8 Packaging, labelling and storage
The packaging shall protect the contents from contamination and damage.
The labelling shall include at least the following:
— supplier’s name;
— brand name and/or code of the material;
— batch number and date of manufacture, uncoded or coded;
— net mass/quantity/volume.
NOTE Local regulatory requirements will apply.
The following additional information shall be included if specified in the product specification:
— customer stock number;
— an indication that the batch has been accepted by the customer.
The storage conditions and, if necessary, the date limit of use of the material shall be provided.
Annex A
(normative)
Requirements for top of rail materials and testing
A.1 Explanation of Annex A: Tables A.1 to A.3
The tables have two purposes:
1. tests to show the product can be used in the railway environment;
2. product consistency.
For each required property of the material, Tables A.1, and A.2 list the mandatory and optional
tests for oil, water based and sticks respectively, and parameters for trainborne and trackside
applications.
Table A.3 lists additional tests to check the performance characteristics of the material and that
the material will operate correctly with the equipment it is to be used with.
A.2 Key to Annex A table columns
The key to the columns ‘Type’, ‘Routine’ and ‘Technical Datasheet’ in Tables A.1 to A.3 is as
follows:
— ‘Type’ = This indicates the type tests required for the purpose of approval testing (see 6.1 and
6.2).
— ‘Routine’ = This indicates the routine tests required for testing from approved mass-
produced batches (see 6.3).
— ‘Technical Datasheet’ = This indicates the characteristics to be listed in the product
documentation.
In each column, a symbol is used to indicate the required test or information:
— ‘X’ indicates the test or piece of information is mandatory;
— ‘O’ indicates the test or piece of information is optional.
A.3 Key to Annex A table column ‘Use’
Tables A.1 to A.3 include a column headed ‘Use’ and the letters used mean the following:
— A = Trainborne using liquid based materials;
— B = Trackside using liquid based materials;
— C = Trainborne using a solid material.
This column identifies the most common systems in current use. Most trainborne equipment
sprays the material and most trackside equipment pumps the material. However, where
alternatives exist, careful consideration to the tests required is needed.
Table A.1 — Requirements for liquid materials
Item Property Use Unit Test method Values Type Routine Datasheet Comments
A.1.1 Appearance A and B - Visual Homogenous X X X Appearance is a holistic assessment
of the product.
A.1.2 Colour A and B - ISO 2049 Homogenous X O X
A.1.3 Flash point A and B °C EN ISO 2592 ≥ 200 X X
A.1.4 Corrosion test A and B
a) Steel level ISO 7120 1 O O O
b) Copper grade EN ISO 2160 1b O O O
3 h at 50 °C
A.1.5 Compatibility with A and B Where applicable
elastomers (60 °C for
required to check compatibility
168 h)
with rubber valves and seals.
a) Change in volume for % ISO 6072 +15/-0 O Other elastomer types may be
NBR1 tested as necessary (change in
volume of elastomer)
b) Change in hardness for IRHD ISO 6072 ±8 O Other elastomer types may be
NBR1 tested as necessary (change in
hardness of elastomer)
A.1.6 Identity testing: A and B Standard laboratory method. For routine O O Applicable standards:
tests compare
Using Infrared, or (See comments for applicable DIN 51418-1
with approved
standards)
Xray fluorescence, or DIN 51418-2
batch using
ICP DIN 51451
same process
DIN 51820-1
A.1.7 Density at 15 °C A and B 3 EN ISO 12185 Informative – O O O
kg/m
no criteria
EN ISO 3675
Item Property Use Unit Test method Values Type Routine Datasheet Comments
A.1.8 Biodegradability A and B % EN ISO 9439 Local conditions X O As defined in Product Specification.
may apply
See normative references in
Clause 2.
A.1.9 Fire behaviour A and B As defined in the Product O O
Specification
a) Smoke
b) Spread of flame
c) Toxicity
A.1.10 Pour point A and B °C ISO 3016 Lower than O O
operating range
lower limit
A.1.11 Dynamic viscosity at A and B mPa⋅s EN ISO 3104 Informative – O O O
40 °C no criteria
A.1.12 Brookfield viscosity at A and B mPa⋅s DIN 51398 Informative – O O O (Required to give the kinematic
40 °C no criteria viscosity which is required for ISO
class)
A.1.13 Water pollution A and B As As defined in the Product Local conditions O For example, in Germany:
require Specification, see comment may apply Verwaltungsvorschrift
d wassergefährdender Stoffe
[German Administrative Regulation
on Substances Hazardous to
Water].
A.1.14 Volatile constituents A and B Annex B Informative – O Some products are designed as
no criteria drying products and some as non-
drying
A.1.15 Electrical resistance A and B As defined in the Product O Reference to standard.
Specification
ERA/ERTMS 033281
Table A.2 — Requirements for sticks
Item Property Use Unit Test method Values Type Routine Datasheet Comments
A.2.1 Appearance C - Visual Homogeneous X X X Batch to batch comparison.
A.2.2 Colour C - ISO 2049 Homogeneous X X X Batch to batch comparison.
A.2.3 Dimensions C mm Measurement Informative – no X X X See note 2.
criteria
A.2.4 Density C 3 EN ISO 1183-1 Informative – no X X See note 3.
kg/m
Method A criteria
A.2.5 Melting C °C EN ISO 3146 Higher than normal X
point operating range
A2.6 Fire C
behaviour
a) Smoke - See comments As defined in the O O EN ISO 5659-1
Product Specification
EN ISO 5659-2
(see also ISO/TR 5659-3)
b) Spread of - See comments As defined in the O O EN ISO 4589-1
flame Product Specification
EN ISO 4589-2
ISO 9772
c) Toxicity - See comments As defined in the O O
Product Specification
A.2.7 Chemical C Standard For routine tests O Using ICP / LECO or
Analysis laboratory method compare with
X-ray fluorescence
approved batch using
same process
A.2.8 Hardness C Shore EN ISO 868 For routine tests X X See Note 3.
compare with
approved batch
A.2.9 Water C As required As defined in the Local conditions might O For example, in Germany: Verwaltungsvorschrift
pollution Product also apply wassergefährdender Stoffe [German Administrative
Specification, see Regulation on Substances Hazardous to Water]
comment
Item Property Use Unit Test method Values Type Routine Datasheet Comments
NOTE 1 Consistent stick dimensions are critical to ensure that the solid sticks fit and do not jam in the applicator.
NOTE 2 Significant differences in density could indicate a change in composition or level of solid lubricants, or presence of voids in product.
NOTE 3 Different hardness value could lead to differing stick consumption values under similar operating conditions.
Table A.3 — Functional tests for all material types
Item Property Use Unit Test method Values Type Routine Datasheet Comments
A.3.1 Functional tests using A and Annex C See Annex C O
application B
equipment (at low,
normal and high
temperature)
A.3.2 Field testing A, B Refer to O Refer to CEN/TS 15427-1-2,
and C CEN/TS 15427-1-2, Annex B for more guidance
Annex B for more
guidance
A.3.3 Film retention A, B Twin disc test in Top of rail material O Time from film saturation to
and C Annex D film retention time film starvation
A.3.4 Friction value/Creep A, B Mini Traction O
test Machine (MTM) test
Annex F
A.3.5 Friction value/Creep A, B Twin disk test O
test and C Annex E
Annex B
(informative)
Determination of the volatile constituents in liquid Top of Rail Materials
B.1 Purpose
The volatile constituents determined with the method below are predominantly solvents. It is of
considerable interest in real-life practice to know the solvent content of a liquid based Top of Rail
Material; and since no suitable standard exists to date, the method described below has been developed
as a guide.
This method can help identify where solvents are used to lower the viscosity at low temperature.
B.2 Short description
A defined amount of top of rail material is weighed out onto an evaporating dish and placed in a heating
cabinet for a period of time. It is then weighed to determine the volatile constituent content.
B.3 Conditions for testing
B.3.1 Test conditions
The test is carried out at a temperature of (60 ± 0,5) °C for a duration of 24 h. The conditions for the tests
are set by a heating cabinet.
B.3.2 Required testing and measuring equipment
— Thermometer, with a measuring range of 0 °C to 70 °C and accuracy of 0,5 °C;
— analytical balance, with a range of 0 g to 200 g and accuracy of 0,001 g;
— heating cabinet;
— flat porcelain evaporating dish, 95 mm in diameter. For the test described, here, the dish above is
used. Where other sizes or types are used, the result might be different;
— desiccator.
B.4 Test process
B.4.1 Preparation of test
None.
B.4.2 Performance of test
1) Weigh the empty porcelain evaporating dish with the analytical balance. Add (10 ± 0,1) g of the
grease to be examined to the dish and spread over the base.
2) Place the evaporating dish in the heating cabinet set at the temperature given above for the specified
time duration.
3) Transfer the dish to the dessicator and allow it to cool to ambient temperature. Weigh the dish with
the analytical balance.
4) Repeat the test with a fresh quantity of grease so that the average of the results can be used in the
evaluation.
B.4.3 Evaluation
The content of volatile constituents is calculated in mass percentage rates according to the following
numerical value formula:
ab−
F ×100 %
A
m
E
where
F is the volatile constituents as mass percentage rates;
A
a is the mass of porcelain dish and test top of rail material before heat treatment;
b is the mass of porcelain dish and test top of rail material after heat treatment;
m is the mass of the test top of rail material spread on the dish.
E
Therefore, the two tests can be regarded as conforming if they do not deviate from each other by more
than 1 %.
Calculate the mean of the two values of F .
A
B.5 Recording of test results
The test report is to include the mean value of the individual measurements of the volatile constituents
(FA) rounded to 0,1 mass percentage rate.
=
Annex C
(informative)
Functional test on specific equipment
C.1 General
The test for sprayability of liquid top of rail materials is to ensure the top of rail material can be delivered
from the reservoir to the outlet. Apart from the lubricant, the sprayability is also dependent on the
temperature, the type of system used and the pipe length.
To select suitable top of rail materials for practical use, it is advisable to perform testing with original
components at representative temperatures for the climatic zone and in suitable systems for top of rail
application.
C.2 Sprayability of liquid top of rail materials
C.2.1 Purpose
This annex describes a test to determine sprayability in a sample top of rail system at ambient, low and
raised temperatures.
C.2.2 Short description
The test carried out in order to see whether a top of rail product can be fed and sprayed under various
temperatures. This appliance is modelled on a top of rail application installation using original
components for the pressure and the pipe length. Ten impulses in the form of spray patterns are recorded
on paper.
C.2.3 Conditions for testing
C.2.3.1 Test conditions
C.2.3.1.1 Test temperatures should reflect the ambient temperatures in the region where top of rail
material is to be applied.
C.2.3.1.2 When changing between each test temperature, a stabilization time of one hour should be
allowed for each 10 °C temperature difference. The test conditions are set by means of a climatic chamber.
C.2.3.2 Required testing and auxiliary equipment
— Climatic test chamber, with a measuring range reflecting the ambient temperature of the region
where the equipment is to be used (for example −25 °C to 30 °C) and accuracy of 1 °C;
— control unit for solenoid valves, with a measuring range of 0 s to 100 s and accuracy of 0,1 s;
— analytical balance, with a measuring range of 0 g to 200 g and accuracy of 0,1 g;
— appliance, to test pumpability;
— test nozzle;
— pressure reduction valve;
— steel sheet;
— recording paper, (typically 80 g/m white office paper).
C.2.3.3 Devices/equipment
An appliance to test the sprayability should consist of a reservoir with a pump, a mixing bar and a
lubricant pipe, see Figure C.1. A test nozzle is connected to the end of the lubricant pipe.
Key
1 cover
2 reservoir
3 mixing bar
4 application pipe
5 to test nozzle
Figure C.1 — Appliance to test the sprayability of liquid top of rail materials
C.2.4 Test process
C.2.4.1 Preparation of test
1) Set the nozzle at the required distance away from the spraying surface. This will vary dependent
upon the equipment used.
2) Check that the appliance is clean of material.
3) Add the material to be tested to the reservoir.
C.2.4.2 Performance of test
1) Allow the appliance to reach its test temperature. Operate the appliance to allow it to stabilize.
2) Operate the appliance and capture the first ten impulses as a spray pattern on a sheet of paper.
3) Repeat the test at the next test temperature.
C.2.4.3 Evaluation and reporting of test
Inspect the ten spray patterns on the paper. There should be signs of the material on the paper from the
fifth impulse onwards.
Annex D
(informative)
Twin-disc machine retentivity and coefficient of traction test
D.1 Purpose
The purpose of the test is to determine the friction levels and the functional durability of top of rail
products under simulated wheel-rail conditions. Achieving intermediate friction levels is desirable with
application of top of rail materials, which is required for adequate traction and braking performance. The
durability (normally referred to as retentivity) of top of rail materials under high load and slip is used as
an indicator of potential performance in the field, such as relative carry-down distances and required
application rates. Correlation between product twin disc retentivity and field performance has previously
been reported in literature. The results of this type of test are indicative only and do not replace the
requirement for full scale field testing, see Annex B of CEN/TS 15427-1-2:2023.
D.2 Description
The top of rail material to be tested could be coated on one of the discs prior to test run. Alternatively, the
TOR material could be applied directly to rotating discs using an applicator that can apply small doses
after achieving desirable tests conditions. The dynamic application of the material is more suitable to
study TOR materials that have different drying properties. Different product application amounts could
be used in the test, which depends on disc diameter and contact area. Testing with several application
amounts will provide data showing the effect of product application rates on performance. Relatively
small creep values of up to 3 %, disc speed of 300 rpm to 600 rpm (typically equivalent to 0,8 m/s to
1,6 m/s), and contact pressure conditions of 0,5 GPa to 1,5 GPa are normally used for top of rail material
retentivity tests. Actual twin disc conditions and product quantity may be tuned for the specific
application. The coefficient of friction (COF) is recorded throughout the test (calculated from torque
sensor and load data). The number of disc revolutions required for the COF to reach 0,4 is considered the
product’s retentivity. At this point most of the product on the contact surface of the discs is considered
worn off.
D.3 Conditions for test
D.3.1 Test conditions
Testing is usually conducted at ambient temperature. Temperature and relative humidity conditions
should be recorded for each test.
D.3.2 Twin discs
Ideally, the “wheel” and “rail” discs should be manufactured from actual sections of wheel and rail sources
(for example EN 13674-2:2019, R260 grade rail and EN 13262:2020, ER8) in order to match their typical
characteristics (metallurgy, hardness, etc.). The discs need to be extracted from the rail and wheel parallel
to the running surface in order to give as little as possible property variation cross the discs as shown in
Figure D.1. Both discs should be finished to the same roughness. The discs themselves should generally
be free from corrosion and contaminants. The discs may vary in diameter depending on the test
apparatus employed to generate the slip/creepage. For example, a twin disc machine may employ wheel
and rail discs of the same diameter and use independent motors to generate the required slip/creepage.
Other test machines may use a single motor but will utilize wheel and rail discs of different diameters in
order to generate the required slip/creepage. The discs may or may not be profiled in order to generate
CEN/TS 1542
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