SIST EN 12101-13:2022
(Main)Smoke and heat control systems - Part 13: Pressure differential systems (PDS) - Design and calculation methods, installation, acceptance testing, routine testing and maintenance
Smoke and heat control systems - Part 13: Pressure differential systems (PDS) - Design and calculation methods, installation, acceptance testing, routine testing and maintenance
This document gives calculation methods, guidance and requirements for the design, installation, acceptance testing, routine testing and maintenance for pressure differential systems (PDS).
PDSs are designed to hold back smoke at a leaky physical barrier in a building, such as a door (either open or closed) or other similarly restricted openings and to keep tenable conditions in escape and access routes depending on the application.
It covers systems intended to protect means of escape e.g. staircases, corridors, lobbies, as well as systems intended to provide a protected firefighting space (bridgehead) for the fire services.
It provides details on the critical features and relevant procedures for the installation.
It describes the commissioning procedures and acceptance testing criteria required to confirm that the calculated design is achieved in the building.
This document gives rules, requirements and procedures to design PDS for buildings up to 60 m.
For buildings taller than 60 m the same requirements are given (e.g. Table 1), but additional methods of calculation and verification are necessary. Requirements for such methods and verification are given in Annex D, but the methods fall outside the scope of this document [e.g. Additional mathematical analysis and/or Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)].
Routine testing and maintenance requirements are also defined in this document.
In the absence of national requirements and under expected ambient and outside conditions, the requirements in Table 1 are fulfilled by the PDS.
Rauch- und Wärmefreihaltung - Teil 13: Differenzdrucksysteme — Rauchschutz-Druckanlagen (RDA) - Planung, Bemessung, Einbau, Abnahmeprüfung, Funktions-Tests, Betrieb und Instandhaltung
Dieses Dokument enthält Berechnungsverfahren, Leitlinien und Anforderungen für Entwurf, Installation, Abnahmeprüfung, regelmäßige Funktionsprüfung und Instandhaltung für Druckdifferenzsysteme (RDA).
RDA wurden entwickelt, um Rauch an einer undichten physischen Barriere in einem Gebäude wie einer Tür (entweder offen oder geschlossen) oder anderen ähnlich eingeschränkten Öffnungen zurückzuhalten und dauerhafte Bedingungen in Flucht- und Zugangswegen abhängig von der Anwendung aufrechtzuerhalten.
RDA behandeln sowohl Systeme, die zur Sicherung von Rettungswegen gedacht sind, z. B. Treppenräume, Flure und Vorräume, als auch Systeme, die dazu dienen, einen geschützten Brückenkopf für die Brandbekämpfungsmaßnahmen der Feuerwehr zu schaffen.
Dieses Dokument gibt Einzelheiten zu den kritischen Merkmalen und Abläufen für den Einbau.
Es beschreibt die Inbetriebnahmeverfahren und Abnahmeprüfkriterien, die erforderlich sind, um zu bestätigen, dass die berechnete Planung im Gebäude erreicht wird.
Dieses Dokument enthält vollständige Regeln, Anforderungen und Verfahren für die Planung von RDA für Gebäude bis zu 60 m.
Für Gebäude mit einer Höhe von mehr als 60 m gelten die gleichen Anforderungen (z. B. Tabelle 1), jedoch sind zusätzliche Berechnungsverfahren und Überprüfungen erforderlich. Die Anforderungen für solche Verfahren und deren Überprüfung sind in Anhang D aufgeführt, die Verfahren fallen jedoch nicht in den Anwendungsbereich dieser Norm (z. B. zusätzliche mathematische Analyse und/oder Computational Fluid Dynamics [CFD]).
Regelmäßige Funktionsprüfungen und Instandhaltungsanforderungen sind ebenfalls in diesem Dokument definiert.
Bei fehlenden nationalen, gesetzlichen Anforderungen und unter den zu erwarteten Umgebungs- und Außenbedingungen müssen die Anforderungen in Tabelle 1 von der RDA erfüllt werden.
Systèmes pour le contrôle des fumées et de la chaleur - Partie 13 : Systèmes à différentiel de pression (SDP) - Méthodes de conception et de calcul, installation, essais de réception, essais périodiques et maintenance
Le présent document fournit des méthodes de calcul ainsi que des recommandations et des exigences relatives à la conception, à l’installation, aux essais de réception, aux essais périodiques et à la maintenance des systèmes à différentiel de pression (SDP).
Les SDP sont conçus pour retenir la fumée au niveau d’une fuite d’une barrière physique dans un bâtiment, comme une porte (ouverte ou fermée) ou une ouverture restreinte similaire, et pour maintenir des conditions durables des issues de secours et des voies d’accès selon l’application.
Il couvre les systèmes prévus pour la protection des moyens d’évacuation tels que les cages d’escaliers, les couloirs et les paliers, ainsi que les systèmes permettant de disposer d’un espace (tête de pont) protégé pour les services de pompiers.
Il fournit des détails sur les caractéristiques essentielles et les modes opératoires pertinents pour l’installation.
Il présente le mode opératoire à suivre pour la mise en service et les critères d’essai de réception requis pour confirmer que le concept calculé a bien été réalisé dans le bâtiment.
Le présent document fournit les règles, exigences et modes opératoires nécessaires à la conception des SDP pour les bâtiments allant jusqu’à 60 m.
Dans le cas de bâtiments dont la hauteur dépasse 60 m, les mêmes exigences s’appliquent (Tableau 1 par exemple). Toutefois, des méthodes de calcul et de vérification supplémentaires sont nécessaires. Les exigences relatives à de telles méthodes et vérifications sont présentées dans l’Annexe D. Néanmoins, les méthodes sont en dehors du domaine d’application du présent document [par exemple, analyse mathématique supplémentaire et/ou dynamique des fluides computationnelle (CFD)].
Les exigences relatives aux essais périodiques et à la maintenance sont également définies dans le présent document.
En l’absence de prescriptions nationales et dans les conditions ambiantes et extérieures prévues, le SDP satisfait aux exigences énoncées dans le Tableau 1.
Sistemi za nadzor dima in toplote - 13. del: Sistemi za zagotovitev tlačnih razlik (PDS) - Načrtovanje in računske metode, vgradnja, preskušanje ustreznosti, rutinsko preskušanje in vzdrževanje
Ta dokument vsebuje smernice in zahteve za metode načrtovanja oziroma računske metode, vgradnjo, preskušanje ustreznosti, rutinsko preskušanje in vzdrževanje sistemov za zagotovitev tlačnih razlik (PDS).
Sistemi za zagotovitev tlačnih razlik so zasnovani tako, da zadržujejo dim pri puščajočih fizičnih ovirah v stavbi, kot so vrata (odprta ali zaprta) ali druge podobno omejene odprtine, ter odvisno od uporabe ohranjajo vzdržljive pogoje na evakuacijskih in dostopnih poteh.
Zajema sisteme, namenjene zaščiti sredstev za izhod v sili (npr. stopnišč, hodnikov, avl), kot tudi sisteme, namenjene zagotavljanju zaščitene prehodne poti za gasilske službe.
Zagotavlja podrobnosti o kritičnih funkcijah in ustreznih postopkih za namestitev.
Opisuje postopke zagona in merila preskušanja ustreznosti, ki so potrebna za potrditev, da je izračunana zasnova v stavbi dosežena.
Ta dokument vsebuje vsa pravila, zahteve in postopke za načrtovanje sistemov za zagotovitev tlačnih razlik v stavbah višine do 60 m.
Za stavbe, višje od 60 m, so podane enake zahteve (npr. preglednica 1), vendar so potrebni dodatni izračuni in metode preverjanja. Zahteve za takšne metode in preverjanje so podane v dodatku D, vendar metode ne spadajo na področje uporabe tega dokumenta (npr. računalniška dinamika tekočin (CFD)).
V dokumentu so opredeljene tudi zahteve za rutinsko preskušanje in vzdrževanje.
Ob odsotnosti nacionalnih zahtev ter v pričakovanih okoljskih in zunanjih pogojih sistem za zagotovitev tlačnih razlik izpolnjuje zahteve iz preglednice 1.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-junij-2022
Nadomešča:
SIST EN 12101-6:2005
SIST EN 12101-6:2005/AC:2006
Sistemi za nadzor dima in toplote - 13. del: Sistemi za zagotovitev tlačnih razlik
(PDS) - Načrtovanje in računske metode, vgradnja, preskušanje ustreznosti,
rutinsko preskušanje in vzdrževanje
Smoke and heat control systems - Part 13: Pressure differential systems (PDS) - Design
and calculation methods, installation, acceptance testing, routine testing and
maintenance
Rauch- und Wärmefreihaltung - Teil 13: Differenzdrucksysteme — Rauchschutz-
Druckanlagen (RDA) - Planung, Bemessung, Einbau, Abnahmeprüfung, Funktions-
Tests, Betrieb und Instandhaltung
Systèmes pour le contrôle des fumées et de la chaleur - Partie 13 : Systèmes à
différentiel de pression (SDP) - Méthodes de conception et de calcul, installation, essais
de réception, essais périodiques et maintenance
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN 12101-13:2022
ICS:
13.220.20 Požarna zaščita Fire protection
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
EN 12101-13
EUROPEAN STANDARD
NORME EUROPÉENNE
April 2022
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 13.220.99 Supersedes EN 12101-6:2005, EN 12101-
6:2005/AC:2006
English Version
Smoke and heat control systems - Part 13: Pressure
differential systems (PDS) - Design and calculation
methods, installation, acceptance testing, routine testing
and maintenance
Systèmes pour le contrôle des fumées et de la chaleur - Rauch- und Wärmefreihaltung - Teil 13:
Partie 13 : Systèmes à différentiel de pression (SDP) - Differenzdrucksysteme - Rauchschutz-Druckanlagen
Méthodes de conception et de calcul, installation, essais (RDA) - Planung, Bemessung, Einbau,
de réception, essais périodiques et maintenance Abnahmeprüfung, Funktions-Tests, Betrieb und
Instandhaltung
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 14 February 2022.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and
United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2022 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN 12101-13:2022 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
Contents Page
European foreword . 4
Introduction . 5
1 Scope . 6
2 Normative references . 6
3 Terms and definitions . 7
4 Design objectives . 8
4.1 General. 8
4.2 Protection of means of escape . 8
4.3 Protection of firefighting routes . 8
4.4 Property protection . 8
4.5 Additional functions . 8
5 Normative requirements . 9
5.1 General. 9
5.2 Application of Class 1 and Class 2 . 10
5.3 Response delay – time period definitions . 10
5.4 Door opening force . 12
5.5 Pressure differential systems . 12
5.6 Pressurization systems . 14
6 Interaction . 29
6.1 General. 29
6.2 Requirements . 30
7 Equipment and components – specification and installation . 31
7.1 General. 31
7.2 Software based fire control systems . 32
7.3 Automatic control of a PDS . 32
7.4 Manual control of a PDS . 32
7.5 Description of components and their requirements . 34
8 Testing and measuring . 43
8.1 General. 43
8.2 Preconditions . 43
8.3 Tests . 44
8.4 Minimum number of tests; floor positions and other information . 45
8.5 Test procedures . 47
9 Additional considerations for design and testing . 54
9.1 General. 54
9.2 Parameters for consideration during design and performance testing . 54
10 Documentation . 55
10.1 General. 55
10.2 Requirements by the authorities having jurisdiction . 55
10.3 Technical description of the PDS. 55
10.4 “As built/installed” information . 55
10.5 Controls . 56
10.6 Components list (inventory) and datasheets . 56
10.7 Completion certification . 57
11 Testing and Maintenance, design changes, faults, routine testing and operation . 57
11.1 General . 57
11.2 Records . 57
11.3 Building design changes . 58
11.4 Faults . 58
11.5 Routine testing . 59
11.6 Maintenance . 61
Annex A (informative) Calculation procedures . 62
Annex B (informative) Design example and possible calculation procedures . 81
Annex C (informative) Further information on wind and temperature effects . 91
Annex D (informative) Guidance for PDS design for buildings taller than 60 m . 94
Annex E (informative) (Example) PDS drawing . 99
Annex F (informative) Documentation and responsibilities in the process . 100
Annex G (informative) (Example) PDS concept report . 103
Annex H (informative) (Example) PDS test report . 106
Annex I (informative) Risk assessment – List of potential disturbances . 114
Annex J (informative) Practical suggestions for successful commissioning . 116
Annex K (normative) Labelling . 117
Bibliography . 118
European foreword
This document (EN 12101-13:2022) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 191 “Fixed
fire-fighting systems”, the secretariat of which is held by BSI.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by October 2022, and conflicting national standards shall
be withdrawn at the latest by October 2022.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document together with EN 12101-6 supersedes EN 12101-6:2005 which will be withdrawn.
This document has the general title “Smoke and heat control systems” and consists of the following
parts:
— Part 1: Specification for smoke barriers;
— Part 2: Specification for natural smoke and heat exhaust ventilators;
— Part 3: Specification for powered smoke and heat exhaust ventilators;
— Part 4: Installed SHEVS systems for smoke and heat ventilation (published as CEN/TR 12101-4);
— Part 5: Design and calculation for smoke and heat exhaust ventilation systems using a steady-state fire
(published as CEN/TR 12101-5);
— Part 6: Specification for pressure differential systems;
— Part 7: Smoke control duct sections;
— Part 8: Specification for smoke control dampers;
— Part 10: Power supplies;
— Part 11: Design, installation and commissioning requirements for enclosed car parks;
— Part 12: Design and calculation for smoke and heat exhaust ventilation systems using a time
dependent fire;
— Part 13: Pressure differential systems (PDS) - Design and calculation methods, installation, acceptance
testing, routine testing and maintenance.
Any feedback and questions on this document should be directed to the users’ national standards body.
A complete listing of these bodies can be found on the CEN website.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organisations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland,
Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of
North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the
United Kingdom.
Introduction
This document covers information and requirements on the design and calculation methods,
installation, acceptance testing, routine testing and maintenance of Pressure Differential Systems (PDS).
PDSs are installed in buildings to prevent smoke in hazardous amounts from entering into protected
spaces via leakage paths through physical barriers (e.g. cracks around closed doors) or open doors by
using pressure differentials.
The requirements and test methods for kits used in PDS are published in EN 12101-6. For certain
components as part of the kits, additional tests must be carried out in accordance with Part 6 prior to
the kit test.
Figure 1 — Pressurization (General)
Pressure differential systems provide a means of maintaining tenable conditions in protected spaces,
that are required to be kept free of smoke – e.g. escape routes, firefighting access routes, firefighting lift
shafts, lobbies, staircases, and other spaces. It is necessary to determine where the fresh air supply for
the PDS is to be introduced into a building as well as where that air and smoke will leave the building
and what paths it will follow in the process, including during firefighting (e.g. with fire compartment
door open) and in the event of likely events such as window failure.
By means of a PDS, a positive pressure difference is always achieved between the protected space and
the unprotected space. This is achieved by pressurizing the protected space(s) (see Figure 1).
The aim therefore is to establish a pressure gradient from the protected space to the unprotected space
while the doors are closed and an airflow from the protected space via the unprotected space to outside
when specific doors are open.
The figures that accompany the text in this document are informative and are intended for clarification
purposes only.
It is recommended that the designer should discuss the design and evacuation concept, including safety
targets, with the authorities having jurisdiction, early in the building design process.
NOTE 1 From experience gained since EN 12101-6 was first published, this document now simply prescribes
two systems only and these are specifically described in terms of the closed-door differential pressure and the
open-door velocity only. Consequently the 10 Pa previously required in some scenarios is now withdrawn.
NOTE 2 It is recommended that an engineered solution for a PDS should adopt the functional requirements set
out in this document where appropriate, inclusive of Table 1 as a minimum, in the absence of any national
requirements.
1 Scope
This document gives calculation methods, guidance and requirements for the design, installation,
acceptance testing, routine testing and maintenance for pressure differential systems (PDS).
PDSs are designed to hold back smoke at a leaky physical barrier in a building, such as a door (either
open or closed) or other similarly restricted openings and to keep tenable conditions in escape and
access routes depending on the application.
It covers systems intended to protect means of escape e.g. staircases, corridors, lobbies, as well as
systems intended to provide a protected firefighting space (bridgehead) for the fire services.
It provides details on the critical features and relevant procedures for the installation.
It describes the commissioning procedures and acceptance testing criteria required to confirm that the
calculated design is achieved in the building.
This document gives rules, requirements and procedures to design PDS for buildings up to 60 m.
For buildings taller than 60 m the same requirements are given (e.g. Table 1), but additional methods of
calculation and verification are necessary. Requirements for such methods and verification are given in
Annex D, but the methods fall outside the scope of this document [e.g. Additional mathematical analysis
and/or Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)].
Routine testing and maintenance requirements are also defined in this document.
In the absence of national requirements and under expected ambient and outside conditions, the
requirements in Table 1 are fulfilled by the PDS.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
EN 12101-2, Smoke and heat control systems - Part 2: Natural smoke and heat exhaust ventilators
EN 12101-3, Smoke and heat control systems - Part 3: Specification for powered smoke and heat control
ventilators (Fans)
EN 12101-6, Smoke and heat control systems - Part 6: Specification for pressure differential systems - Kits
EN 12101-7, Smoke and heat control systems - Part 7: Smoke duct sections
EN 12101-8, Smoke and heat control systems - Part 8: Smoke control dampers
EN 12101-10, Smoke and heat control systems - Part 10: Power supplies
EN 13501-4, Fire classification of construction products and building elements - Part 4: Classification
using data from fire resistance tests on components of smoke control systems
ISO 21927-9, Smoke and heat control systems - Part 9: Specification for control equipment
EN 16763, Services for fire safety systems and security systems
EN 12259-1, Fixed firefighting systems - Components for sprinkler and water spray systems - Part 1:
Sprinklers
EN 54 (all parts), Fire detection and fire alarm systems
EN 60770-1, Transmitters for use in industrial-process control systems - Part 1: Methods for performance
evaluation
EN 60751, Industrial platinum resistance thermometers and platinum temperature sensors
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in EN ISO 13943 and the following
apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— IEC Electropedia: available at https://www.electropedia.org/
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://www.iso.org/obp
3.1
accommodation
any part of the construction works which is not part of the protected escape route
3.2
air inlet
connection from the outside of the building to allow air entry
3.3
authorities
authorities having jurisdiction
AHJ
organizations, officers or individuals responsible for approving pressure differential systems, e.g. the
local/national fire and building control authorities having jurisdiction, or other approved third parties
3.4
barometric relief damper
damper which opens at automatically without a controlled actuator at a specific pressure to allow
pressure relief by providing flow of air to outside
3.5
control panel
multi-operational device to activate and/or control a PDS.
3.6
fire compartment
space (room or set of rooms) contained by boundaries with classified fire resistance
3.7
pressurized space
space (e.g. lift shaft, staircase, lobby, corridor, or other compartment) in which the air pressure is
maintained at a higher level than that in the space where a fire is located
3.8
protected space
space where the design prevents smoke entry
3.9
smoke and heat exhaust ventilation system
SHEVS
system in which components are jointly selected to exhaust smoke and heat in order to establish a
buoyant layer of warm gases above cooler, cleaner air
3.10
stack effect
movement of air into and out of buildings, resulting from air buoyancy
3.11
unpressurized space
space adjacent to or separate from the protected space where the pressure and airflow are not
controlled by the PDS
4 Design objectives
4.1 General
The following design objectives are addressed in this document and can be selected to match the
required application.
4.2 Protection of means of escape
It is essential that tenable conditions for life safety are maintained in protected spaces for as long as
they are likely to be in use by the building occupants.
4.3 Protection of firefighting routes
To enable firefighting operations to proceed efficiently, protected firefighting access routes shall be
maintained essentially free of smoke so that access to the fire-affected storey can be achieved without
the use of breathing apparatus. The pressure differential system shall be designed so as to limit the
spread of smoke into the dedicated firefighting route under normal firefighting conditions, but not
compromising means of escape or firefighting objectives which remain the top priority.
4.4 Property protection
The spread of smoke shall be prevented from entering sensitive spaces such as those containing
valuable equipment, data processing and other items that are particularly sensitive to smoke damage.
NOTE The purpose of a pressure differential system, whether used for the protection of means of escape,
firefighting operations or property protection, has a significant influence on the system design and specification. It
is therefore essential that the fire safety objectives are clearly established and agreed with the appropriate
authorities having jurisdiction at an early stage in the design process.
4.5 Additional functions
If designed accordingly, the PDS may have a secondary function as a ventilation system, provided that it
shall close the ventilation system down and switch to operation specifically as a PDS alone when a
smoke alarm is received.
5 Requirements
5.1 General
For this document the PDS will only have to deal with one fire at any one time, following generally
accepted practice. Designs and calculations will reflect this approach to fulfil the normative
requirements of this document.
The PDS shall be designed in such a way, that the PDS can fulfil its function throughout the required
operating time (e.g. 30, 60, 90 min) in accordance with national requirements.
If there is more than one PDS installed in a building, each PDS shall have its own control system. The
failure of any one PDS control system shall not negatively affect any other PDS.
Therefore, in operation, pressure differential and airflow velocity criteria shall only be required to be
met on the fire floor, but it shall be proven that the PDS can meet these requirements on all floors
during acceptance testing, but not necessarily at the same time. It is not acceptable for the PDS to draw
smoke into the protected space.
The PDS shall be triggered automatically by smoke detectors in accordance with EN 54 series. This may
also be achieved by the PDS receiving smoke signals from a separate fire/smoke detection system.
There shall be at least one single smoke detector on each floor installed on the unprotected side of the
door to the protected space (e.g. in the corridor or lobby). The smoke detection system may be zoned to
cover the whole building. Once the fire has been detected in a defined place by either smoke detection
or a fire detection system, the PDS shall be activated. Any stray smoke, which may be detected in
another place or in the protected space on another floor shall not change the operation of the PDS.
If there is a smoke detector or fire alarm activation within the protected space (e.g. staircase) before
smoke has been detected on a specific floor, this shall not lead to activation of the PDS.
Any additional signals from smoke detectors or fire detection systems shall be ignored by the PDS.
NOTE 1 Early detection is given when smoke detectors are placed in spaces with fire load (e.g.
accommodation), and not in the lobby or corridor, for example. However, if placing smoke detectors in
accommodation or other areas, access for maintenance and testing shall be provided.
Each escape and rescue route, protected by PDS, shall be a stand-alone system (e.g. independent fan,
ductwork, controls).
NOTE 2 PDSs for staircases and firefighters lift shafts, connected in one common lobby, are handled as one PDS,
however consideration should be given to the use of separate fans for the staircase and for the firefighting lift
shafts to give easier control and balancing of airflows.
Stack effect, convective airflow, airflow resistance, external wind etc. are amongst other influences
which can adversely affect the function of a PDS and therefore shall be taken into account.
The following parameters are defined for the design and shall be met and confirmed by the acceptance
test on site:
— Maximum door opening force (N);
— Minimum pressure differential (Pa);
— Minimum air flow velocity (m/s);
— Maximum response delay (s) – defined by initiation, operation and response times.
Table 1 — Design requirements of a PDS
Parameter Class 1 Class 2
Door opening force ≤ 100 N
Pressure differential ≥ 30 Pa
Airflow velocity ≥ 1 m/s ≥ 2 m/s
Initiation time ≤ 60 s
Operation time ≤ 120 s
Response time ≤ 5 s
NOTE Refer to Clause 8 when measuring the normative requirements given in Table 1.
5.2 Application of Class 1 and Class 2
5.2.1 Class 1
Class 1 will be required:
— in buildings with automatic water extinguishing systems using quick response sprinkler according
to EN 12259-1 (with response time index (RTI)≤50) which operate in response to
temperatures ≤ 72 °C; or
— in residential buildings up to 30 m or below the high-rise buildings limit (in accordance with
national requirements); or
— in residential buildings, if there are at least two rooms without fire load between the protected
space and the potential fire source and self-closing doors are present; or
— if accepted by authorities having jurisdiction.
5.2.2 Class 2
Class 2 will be required:
— where Class 1 is not applicable; or
— if required by authorities having jurisdiction.
5.3 Response delay – time period definitions
5.3.1 General
For the successful design and operation of the PDS, the initiation, operation and response times shall
meet the requirements stated in Table 1, as further explained below and in Figure 2. The times for the
start and detection of the fire are outside the scope of this document.
Key
1 tFire start of a fire
2 t detection of the fire
Det
3 t0 activation of the Pressure Differential System (PDS)
4 t60 initiation time
5 t operation time
6 t time door closed
Door_c
7 tDoor_o time door open
8 tDoor_c time door closed
t time
NOTE The times within the scope of this document are shown in the key.
Figure 2 — PDS Response delay – time period definitions
5.3.2 The start of a fire (t )
Fire
This is the point of the start of the fire (shown in Figure 2). It is outside the scope of this document and
the results but is included to show the relationship to the other times specifically defined.
5.3.3 Detection of a fire (t )
Det
This is the point of the detection of the fire (shown in Figure 2). It is outside the scope of this document
and the results but is included to show the relationship to the other times specifically defined.
5.3.4 Activation of the PDS (t )
This is the point of the PDS activation and occurs as soon as the PDS receives an alarm signal from the
detection system (Figure 2).
5.3.5 Initiation time (t )
The initiation time is the time period which starts at the activation of the PDS (t ) and ends after 60 s, by
which time all the necessary components shall be in the correct operating position (e.g. damper, vents) -
see Table 1 and Figure 2 - and the fan shall have started.
)
5.3.6 Operation time (t120
The operation time is the time period which starts4 at the activation of the PDS (t ) and ends after
120 s, by which time the PDS shall be in its fully operational status (see Table 1 and Figure 2).
5.3.7 Response times (t , t )
door_c door_o
The response time is the time period under which the PDS shall achieve the objective of either the
pressure differential requirements (including maximum door opening force) or the air velocity
requirements as the door is opened (5 s) and closed (5 s) (see Table 1 and Figure 2).
NOTE The requirement for the response time of 5 s in this document is with regard to site variances to allow
a site tolerance on the test performed in EN 12101-6.
5.4 Door opening force
5.4.1 General
The PDS shall be designed so that the opening force at the door handle does not exceed 100 N. This
requirement shall be met on all floors including the fire floor and for each door within the escape
routes, when the PDS is in operation.
The characteristics of doors and their door closers (size, closing force and location of door handle) shall
be taken into account when designing the PDS (see calculation information in Annex A).
All doors shall be kept closed while the PDS is in operation to maintain fire compartmentation except
when manually or intentionally opened for escape or firefighting. All doors between pressurized and
unpressurized spaces shall be fitted with automatic closing mechanisms including the final exit door
(e.g. door closers with brake mechanism, to prevent accidents).
Door opening forces apply to all doors leading to protected spaces and to the outside as long as the PDS
is in operation.
Door opening forces for doors along escape routes shall not exceed 100 N limit, if the PDS is in
operation or not.
5.4.2 Doors (doors between pressurized and unpressurized spaces)
The opening force for these doors shall not exceed 100 N if the PDS is in operation or not.
All the requirements for the PDS in Table 1 shall be met on the fire floor despite the fact that, in some
instances, the final exit door may not be completely closed.
NOTE 1 See also Annex A. Be aware that all combinations of door size and door closer cannot be acceptable as
the 100 N value can be exceeded.
Where doors must open against pressure, the designer shall ensure that the door opening force does
not exceed the requirements and that the door does not close with excessive force under the influence
of the pressure (e.g. door closers with brake mechanism to prevent accidents).
If the door opening is aided by the pressurization (e.g. the final exit door), the designer shall ensure that
either the door is kept closed, without causing excess door opening forces when the PDS is not in
operation, or, if the door is not fully closed, the requirements of Table 1 are still met.
NOTE 2 As an option, door closers with dual functionality are available. If the PDS is not in operation, the door
closer acts as a standard door closer. However, if the PDS is in operation, the door closer activates an additional,
second door closer and increases the force used to close the door (e.g. the final exit door against the PDS).
5.5 Pressure differential systems
5.5.1 General
Pressure differential systems can be designed using overpressure (named pressurization).
The design of a PDS is influenced by the choice and definition of the protected and unprotected spaces
together with the type and position of the air supply and air release routes.
The structure used in Clause 5 follows Figure 3.
Figure 3 — Structure of the requirements depending on the system in use
5.5.2 PDS system types
5.5.2.1 General
Pressurization systems can be designed with passive (natural) or active (powered) air release;
NOTE See subclause 7.5 for component requirements.
5.5.2.2 Pressurization systems with passive air release
These systems have air supply fans which produce an overpressure within the protected space in
reference to the unprotected space.
Air release is provided by means of controlled openings (e.g. natural vents to outside (in accordance
with EN 12101-2), smoke control dampers (in accordance with EN 12101-8) to shafts).
Main feature of this system:
— controlled overpressure in the protected space (e.g. staircase).
5.5.2.3 Pressurization systems with active air release
These systems have air supply fans which produce an overpressure within the protected space in
reference to the unprotected space.
Air release for these systems is provided by means of additional smoke control fans in accordance with
EN 12101-3 (and EN 12101-6 when required), with associated ducts or shafts if appropriate to exhaust
the hot air or smoke to the outside.
Main features of these systems:
— controlled overpressure in the protected space (e.g. staircase, lobby, lift shaft).
5.6 Pressurization systems
5.6.1 General
Requirements for the installation and equipment, including the function of the various essential
components involved, are described in the following and in subclause 7.5.
Figure 4 shows a typical pressurization system with staircase and firefighters lift shaft protection and
air release in the façade(s).
Figure 4 — Typical pressurization system
Examples of pressurization systems (floor plans) are described in subclause 5.6.3.
A firefighters’ lift shaft, connected to the same lobby (see also Figure 6) as the staircase may have the
same, or a separate air supply fan.
An example of a more complex pressurisation system is found in Annex E.
5.6.2 Connected lobbies and corridors
5.6.2.1 Connected lobbies
In most cases, the connected lobby is not protected in the same way as the protected staircase because,
depending on the position of air release, there is only airflow if the relevant doors are all open at the
same time (see e.g. Figure 7).
Examples of protected lobbies are shown in Figure 12 and Figure 13.
NOTE Additional pressurized spaces may have to be provided and this should be in accordance with project
specific requirements and/or national requirements where they apply.
5.6.2.2 Connected corridors
Connected corridors are considered in the same way as above.
5.6.3 Design examples showing protected spaces and airflow directions for pressurization
systems
5.6.3.1 General
The following floor plans represent examples of possible pressurization systems.
A key is given with each figure to indicate protected spaces, pre-conditions and other essential
information. The protected areas are marked in grey.
The air release path shall be designed in accordance with 5.6.7 and may be either by a shaft or by façade
openings.
The direction of the airflow shall be in accordance with the arrows in the Figures 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12,
and 13.
The air supply is shown as an individual supply to each protected space in some of the examples.
However, this might be designed and solved in practice differently using qualified construction
products (e.g. dampers) and in accordance with national requirements (see Figures 6, 8, 11, 12 and 13).
In any variation the requirements of table 1 still have to be met.
NOTE The examples shown in this section are for pressurization only.
5.6.3.2 Example 1: Staircase protection (pressurization system)
Key
1 staircase 6 air release airflow direction
2 lobby 7 door to staircase protected space
3 — 8 —
4 accommodation 9 door to accommodation
5 air supply 10 —
Figure 5 — Pressurization system for a staircase with air release in the lobby
Preconditions
— PDS is activated and air release (6) is open on the fire floor only;
— between staircase (1) and lobby (2) an Air Transfer Damper (ATD) may be installed (in accordance
with national requirements);
— door (7) shall be equipped with a door closer;
— in the absence of national requirements, door(s) (9) may be equipped with door closers.
5.6.3.3 Example 2: Staircase, firefighters lift, and/or other lift shaft(s), protection
(pressurization system)
Key
1 staircase 6 air release airflow direction
2 lobby 7 door to staircase protected space
3 — 8 —
4 accommodation 9 door to accommodation
5 air supply 10 firefighters’ lifts, or other lift shaft(s), that
require protection
Figure 6 — Pressurization system for staircase and firefighters lift shaft with air release in the
lobby
Preconditions
— PDS is activated and air release (6) is open on the fire floor only;
— between staircase (1) and lobby (2) an Air Transfer Damper (ATD) may be installed (in accordance
with national requirements);
— door (7) shall be equipped with a door closer;
— in the absence of national requirements door(s) (9) may be equipped with door closers.
5.6.3.4 Example 3: Staircase protection (pressurization system)
Key
1 staircase 6 air release airflow direction
2 lobby 7 door to staircase protected space
3 corridor 8 door to lobby
4 accommodation 9 door to accommodation
5 air supply 10 —
Figure 7 — Pressurization system for staircase with air release in the corridor
Preconditions
— PDS is activated and air release (6) is open on the fire floor only;
— between staircase (1) and lobby (2) and between lobby (2) and corridor (3) Air Transfer Damper
(ATD)s may be installed (in accordance with national requirements) to allow pressurization of the
lobby (2) and ventilation of the corridor (3);
— doors (7, 8) shall be equipped with door closers;
— in the absence of national requirements door(s) (9) may be equipped with door closers;
— if openings in the façade are used for air release, refer to the specific subclause in 5.6.7.
5.6.3.5 Example 4: Staircase, firefighters lift and/or other lift shaft(s), protection (pressurization
system)
Key
1 staircase 6 air release airflow direction
2 lobby 7 door to staircase protected space
3 corridor 8 door to lobby
4 accommodation 9 door to accommodation
5 air supply 10 firefighters’ lifts, or other lift shaft(s), that
require protection
Figure 8 — Pressurization system for staircase and firefighters lift shaft with air release in the
corridor
Preconditions
— PDS is activated and air release (6) is open on the fire floor only;
— between staircase (1) and lobby (2), between lift shaft (10) and lobby (2), and between lobby (2)
and corridor (3) Air Transfer Damper (ATD)s may be installed (in accordance with national
requirements) to allow pressurization of the lobby (2) and ventilation of the corridor (3);
— doors (7, 8) shall be equipped with door closers;
— in the absence of national requirements door(s) (9) may be equipped with door closers;
— if openings in the façade are used for air release, refer to the specific subclause 5.6.7.
5.6.3.6 Example 5: Staircase protection (pressurization system)
Key
1 staircase 6 air release airflow direction
2 — 7 door to staircase protected space
3 corridor/lobby 8 —
4 accommodation 9 door to accommodation
5 air supply 10 —
Figure 9 — Pressurization system for staircase and air release in the corridor/lobby
Preconditions
— PDS is activated and air release (6) is open on the fire floor only;
— between staircase (1) and corridor/lobby (3) an Air Transfer Damper (ATD) may be installed (in
accordance with national requirements);
— door (7) shall be equipped with a door closer;
— in the absence of national requirements door(s) (9) may be equipped with door closers;
— if openings in the façade are used for air release, refer to the specific subclause 5.6.7.
5.6.3.7 Example 6: Staircase protection (pressurization system)
Key
1 staircase 6 air release airflow direc
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