SIST ISO 10160:2017
Information and documentation -- Open Systems Interconnection -- Interlibrary Loan Application Service Definition
Information and documentation -- Open Systems Interconnection -- Interlibrary Loan Application Service Definition
ISO 10160:2015 is an Application Layer standard within the Open Systems Interconnection framework defined by ISO 7498.
ISO 10160:2015 defines the services for Interlibrary Loan. These services are provided by the use of the ILL protocol in conjunction with the supporting telecommunications service which might be a store-and-forward messaging service, such as that provided by the MOTIS Standard, ISO/IEC 10021‑4; or a direct connection-mode service using ISO 8822 and ISO 8649.
ISO 10160:2015 does not specify individual implementations or products, nor does it constrain the implementation of entities and interfaces within a computer system. Computer systems might range from stand-alone workstations to mainframes.
ISO 10160:2015 is intended for use by libraries, information utilities such as union catalogue centres, and any other system which processes bibliographic information. These systems might participate in an interlibrary loan transaction in the role of requester (i.e. an initiator of ILL requests), responder (i.e. a provider of bibliographic material or information) and/or intermediary (i.e. an agent that acts on behalf of a requester to find suitable responders).
Various interworking topologies are supported, ranging from simple two-party interactions to multi-party interactions.
There is no requirement for conformance to this International Standard. Conformance is required only for the ILL protocol specification.
Information et documentation -- Interconnexion de systèmes ouverts (OSI) -- Définition du service d'application pour les prêts entre bibliothèques
Informatika in dokumentacija - Medsebojno povezani odprti sistemi - Definicija aplikacijskih storitev medknjižnične izposoje
Ta mednarodni standard je standard aplikacijske ravni znotraj okvira medsebojno povezanih odprtih sistemov, ki je opredeljen v standardu ISO 7498.
Ta mednarodni standard opredeljuje storitve medknjižnične izposoje. Te storitve se zagotavljajo pri uporabi protokola ILL skupaj s podporno telekomunikacijsko storitvijo, ki je lahko storitev za sporočanje vrste »shrani in posreduj«, kot jo na primer zagotavlja standard MOTIS, ISO/IEC 10021- 4, ali storitev z neposrednim povezovanjem, ki uporablja standarda ISO 8822 in ISO 8649.
Ta mednarodni standard ne opredeljuje posameznih izvedb ali proizvodov, niti ne
omejuje izvedbe entitet in vmesnikov v računalniškem sistemu. Med računalniške sisteme spadajo sistemi od samostojnih delovnih postaj do osrednjih računalnikov.
Ta mednarodni standard je namenjen za knjižnice, informacijske pripomočke, kot so enotna kataloška središča, in druge sisteme, ki obdelujejo bibliografske podatke. Ti sistemi imajo lahko v postopku medknjižnične izposoje vlogo prosilca (tj. vlagatelja zahtevkov ILL), vršilca (tj. ponudnika bibliografskega materiala ali informacij) in/ali posrednika (tj. zastopnika, ki deluje v imenu prosilca z namenom iskanja primernega vršilca).
Podprte so različne medsebojno delujoče topologije vse od preprostih dvostranskih interakcij do večstranskih interakcij.
Ni zahtev za skladnost s tem mednarodnim standardom. Skladnost se zahteva samo za specifikacije protokola ILL.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-februar-2017
,QIRUPDWLNDLQGRNXPHQWDFLMD0HGVHERMQRSRYH]DQLRGSUWLVLVWHPL'HILQLFLMD
DSOLNDFLMVNLKVWRULWHYPHGNQMLåQLþQHL]SRVRMH
Information and documentation -- Open Systems Interconnection -- Interlibrary Loan
Application Service Definition
Information et documentation -- Interconnexion de systèmes ouverts (OSI) -- Définition
du service d'application pour les prêts entre bibliothèques
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ISO 10160:2015
ICS:
01.140.20 Informacijske vede Information sciences
35.100.01 Medsebojno povezovanje Open systems
odprtih sistemov na splošno interconnection in general
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 10160
Third edition
2015-05-01
Information and documentation —
Open Systems Interconnection —
Interlibrary Loan Application Service
Definition
Information et documentation — Interconnexion de systèmes ouverts
(OSI) — Définition du service d’application pour les prêts entre
bibliothèques
Reference number
©
ISO 2015
© ISO 2015
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
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Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2015 – All rights reserved
Contents Page
Foreword .v
Introduction .vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
3.1 Reference model definitions . 1
3.2 Application Layer structure definitions . 2
3.3 Service conventions definitions . 3
3.4 ILL definitions . 3
4 Abbreviations. 5
5 Conventions . 5
6 Service model . 5
6.1 Service-user and service-provider . 5
6.1.1 Roles of the service-user . 6
6.2 ILL-transaction. 6
6.3 ILL-transaction types and topologies . 7
6.3.1 Simple ILL-transaction . 7
6.3.2 Chained ILL-transaction . 7
6.3.3 Partitioned ILL-transaction . 8
6.3.4 Distinct ILL-transactions .10
6.3.5 Forwarding . .11
6.3.6 Referrals .11
6.3.7 Retries .11
6.4 ILL-transaction state .13
6.4.1 Requester-state .14
6.4.2 Responder state .15
6.4.3 Terminal states .15
6.4.4 Intermediary states .16
6.4.5 ILL-transaction phases .16
7 Definition of services .17
7.1 Service features .17
7.1.1 General.17
7.1.2 ILL Requests .17
7.1.3 Request Forwarding .17
7.1.4 Forwarding Notification .18
7.1.5 Shipment .18
7.1.6 ILL Answer .18
7.1.7 Conditional Reply .18
7.1.8 Cancellation .18
7.1.9 Cancellation Reply .19
7.1.10 Receipt .19
7.1.11 Recall .19
7.1.12 Return . .19
7.1.13 Check-in .19
7.1.14 Overdue .19
7.1.15 Renewal .19
7.1.16 Renew Answer .19
7.1.17 Lost Notification .19
7.1.18 Damaged Notification .19
7.1.19 Message.19
7.1.20 Status Query . .20
7.1.21 Status-or-Error Report .20
7.1.22 Expiry .20
7.2 Specification method and notation .20
7.3 ILL services .21
7.3.1 ILL-REQUEST service .22
7.3.2 FORWARD Service .28
7.3.3 FORWARD-NOTIFICATION Service .29
7.3.4 SHIPPED Service .31
7.3.5 ILL-ANSWER Service .33
7.3.6 CONDITIONAL-REPLY Service.36
7.3.7 CANCEL Service .37
7.3.8 CANCEL-REPLY Service .38
7.3.9 RECEIVED Service.39
7.3.10 RECALL Service .40
7.3.11 RETURNED Service .41
7.3.12 CHECKED-IN Service .42
7.3.13 OVERDUE Service .43
7.3.14 RENEW Service .44
7.3.15 RENEW-ANSWER Service .45
7.3.16 LOST Service .46
7.3.17 DAMAGED Service .47
7.3.18 MESSAGE Service.48
7.3.19 STATUS-QUERY Service .48
7.3.20 STATUS-OR-ERROR-REPORT Service .49
7.3.21 EXPIRY Service .52
8 Sequences of Primitives .53
8.1 Resilience to Lost and Out-of-Sequence Messages .53
8.1.1 Lost Messages .53
8.1.2 Out-of-Sequence Messages.53
8.2 State Transitions .53
8.3 Additional Sequencing Rules .63
Annex A (informative) Time sequence diagrams .66
Annex B (informative) ILL service and document delivery .73
Bibliography .75
iv © ISO 2015 – All rights reserved
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity
assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical Barriers
to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword — Supplementary information.
The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 46, Information and documentation, Subcommittee
SC 4, Technical interoperability.
This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition (ISO 10160:1997) of which it constitutes a
minor revision.
It also incorporates the Amendment ISO 10160:1997/Amd 1:2002.
Introduction
The purpose of the Interlibrary Loan (ILL) standard is to provide a set of Application Layer services
which can be used by libraries to perform loan-related activities in an Open Systems Interconnection
(OSI) environment, as defined by ISO 7498.
The goal of Opens Systems Interconnection is to allow, with a minimum of technical agreement outside
the interconnection standards, the interconnection of information processing systems:
— from different manufacturers;
— under different managements;
— of different levels of complexity; and
— of different technologies.
The ILL service provides capabilities to request the loan of returnable bibliographic items, such as books,
or to request non-returnable items, such as photocopies of journal articles. Related procedures, such as
loan renewal, item recall, overdue notification, etc. are also supported by this service.
The purpose of the service definition is to define the communications aspects of ILL processing in terms
of a set of services provided to a user by an application-service-element (ASE). Performing an ILL-
transaction involves a user invoking the services in the prescribed order.
The focus of ILL activity is the bibliographic item, which may be a book, periodical, journal article,
microform, etc. The ILL application is concerned with procedures relating to the loan of these items
between libraries or to the interchange of copies thereof.
This service definition strives to satisfy a number of objectives, including:
— Control of ILL-transactions. The services must provide a means of controlling the ILL-transaction
in terms of constraining allowable actions, exchanging information, tracking a borrowed item, and
synchronizing the activity of the two or more sites involved in the ILL-transaction.
— Interworking of various systems. The ILL activity will continue to be performed using a combination
of manual and automated systems. The ILL service and protocol must recognize this fact and allow
systems with varying degrees of automation to be able to interwork, i.e. communicate with each
other in a meaningful way.
— Minimizing the costs of ILL-transactions. The costs associated with an ILL-transaction include
both operator costs and communications costs. An ILL protocol should attempt to minimize the
costs incurred by implementations conforming to the protocol. This can be done by minimizing the
operator intervention required by the protocol implementation, and by minimizing the number of
messages sent between the sites involved in an ILL-transaction.
— Reflection of current ILL practices. The purpose of defining a protocol is not to introduce a new
method for performing an ILL-transaction, but rather to formalize current practices in a way
that allows existing systems to communicate with each other in a standardized way, as well as to
allow newer automated systems to take full advantage of the protocol’s potential. However, it is
recognized that this International Standard may not be universally applicable to all existing ILL
systems without some modification, due to the wide variation in their capabilities.
There is an inherent trade off in any attempt to reconcile these divergent objectives. For example,
minimizing ILL-transaction costs may result in some loss of control over the ILL-transaction. Reducing
the number of messages sent lowers the telecommunications cost and also lowers the operator costs as
there is less need for the operator to initiate and control the communications operations. However, by
reducing the total number of messages, some level of information regarding the ILL-transaction is lost
as is the co-ordination between the requesting and responding libraries. By reducing the total number
of stages through which an ILL-transaction must go (i.e. states), the operator interface of an automated
system can be made simpler, with an associated reduction in requisite demands on the operator.
vi © ISO 2015 – All rights reserved
The approach taken in this International Standard is to set the mandatory requirements that all open
systems must support in order to achieve an acceptable degree of coordination between automated
parties to an ILL-transaction. Additional optional features are defined which allow implementors to
achieve a greater degree of control if it is desired.
NOTE The mandatory requirements of this International Standard might however exceed the capabilities
and/or needs of some existing manual or semi-automated ILL systems.
This International Standard is one of a number of related standards supporting the interconnection
of library systems. These standards can be used by themselves or in a cooperative manner to support
library applications requiring a mixture of communications services. For example, ISO 10163, which
supports remote access to bibliographic databases, could be used in conjunction with the ILL protocol
to obtain item identification information. The control and management of interactions among such
bibliographic applications are outside the scope of this International Standard.
Security and accounting issues as they relate to ILL operations are for further study.
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 10160:2015(E)
Information and documentation — Open Systems
Interconnection — Interlibrary Loan Application Service
Definition
1 Scope
This International Standard is an Application Layer standard within the Open Systems Interconnection
framework defined by ISO 7498.
This International Standard defines the services for Interlibrary Loan. These services are provided by
the use of the ILL protocol in conjunction with the supporting telecommunications service which might
be a store-and-forward messaging service, such as that provided by the MOTIS Standard, ISO/IEC 10021-
4; or a direct connection-mode service using ISO 8822 and ISO 8649.
This International Standard does not specify individual implementations or products, nor does it
constrain the implementation of entities and interfaces within a computer system. Computer systems
might range from stand-alone workstations to mainframes.
This International Standard is intended for use by libraries, information utilities such as union catalogue
centres, and any other system which processes bibliographic information. These systems might
participate in an interlibrary loan transaction in the role of requester (i.e. an initiator of ILL requests),
responder (i.e. a provider of bibliographic material or information) and/or intermediary (i.e. an agent
that acts on behalf of a requester to find suitable responders).
Various interworking topologies are supported, ranging from simple two-party interactions to multi-
party interactions.
There is no requirement for conformance to this International Standard. Conformance is required only
for the ILL protocol specification.
2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated
references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO/IEC 10026-1, Information technology — Open Systems Interconnection — Distributed Transaction
Processing — Part 1: OSI TP Model
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following definitions apply.
1)
3.1 Reference model definitions
3.1.1
application-entry
aspects of an application-process pertinent to OSI
1) This International Standard is based on the concepts developed in ISO 7498 (all parts) and makes use of the
following terms found in it. These terms are replicated here as a convenience to the reader.
3.1.2
Application Layer
seventh and highest layer in the Reference Model for Open Systems Interconnection (OSI), which serves
as the window between correspondent application-processes which are using the OSI to exchange
meaningful information
3.1.3
application-protocol-data-unit
unit of data specified in an application-protocol and consisting of application-protocol-information and
possibly application-user-data
3.1.4
application-service-element
that part of an application-entity which provides an OSI environment capability, using underlying
services when appropriate
3.1.5
(N)-service
capability of the (N)-layer and the layers beneath it, which is provided to (N+1)-entities at the boundary
between the (N)-layer and the (N+1)-layer
Note 1 to entry: An application-service does not provide a capability to higher layer entities, but rather to
application-processes.
3.1.6
presentation-service
capability of the Presentation Layer and the layers beneath it, which is provided to application-entities
at the boundary between the Presentation and the Application Layer (3.1.2)
2)
3.2 Application Layer structure definitions
3.2.1
application-association
cooperative relationship between two application-entity-invocations (3.2.4) for the purpose of
communication of information and coordination of their joint operation. This relationship is formed by
the exchange of application-protocol-control-information using the Presentation Service
3.2.2
application-context
set of rules shared in common by two application-entity-invocations (3.2.4) governing their behaviour in
order to enable their cooperative operation
Note 1 to entry: An application-context is a shared conceptual schema for the universe of discourse for
communication.
3.2.3
application-context-definition
description of an application-context (3.2.2)
3.2.4
application-entity-invocation
specific utilization of part or all of the capabilities of a given application-entity in support of the
communications requirements of an application-process-invocation (3.2.5)
3.2.5
application-process-invocation
specific utilization of part or all of the capabilities of a given application-process in support of a specific
occasion of information processing
2) This International Standard makes use of the following terms defined in ISO/IEC 9545.
2 © ISO 2015 – All rights reserved
3)
3.3 Service conventions definitions
3.3.1
indication primitive
representation of an interaction in which a service-provider (3.3.6) either
a) indicates that it has, on its own initiative, invoked some procedure, or
b) indicates that a procedure has been invoked by the service-user (3.3.7) at the peer service-access-point
3.3.2
non-confirmed service
distinct part of the total (N)-service (3.1.5) which does not result in an explicit confirmation from the
service-provider (3.3.6) to the initiating service-user (3.3.7)
3.3.3
provider-initiated service
distinct part of the total (N)-service (3.1.5) which is initiated by the service-provider (3.3.6) rather than
the service-user (3.3.7)
3.3.4
request primitive
representation of an interaction in which a service-user (3.3.7) invokes some procedure
3.3.5
service primitive
abstract, implementation-independent representation of an interaction between service-user (3.3.7) and
the service-provider (3.3.6)
3.3.6
service-provider
abstract of the totality of those entities which provide a service to peer service-users (3.3.7)
3.3.7
service-user
entity in a single open system that makes use of a service
3.4 ILL definitions
3.4.1
bibliographic item
monograph, serial, microform, film, video recording, sound recording or other item of information held
by a library or some organization
Note 1 to entry: A bibliographic item may assume different forms, e.g. a book may be printed on paper or
represented electronically.
3.4.2
chained ILL-transaction
ILL-transaction (3.4.5) involving three or more parties, i.e. a requester (3.4.14), a responder (3.4.15) and
one or more intermediaries (3.4.9), where each intermediary acts as a relay for all ILL messages
3.4.3
electronic delivery
delivery of an electronic representation of a requested item via a telecommunication-based service
3) This International Standard makes use of the following terms defined in ISO/IEC 10731.
3.4.4
final-responder
institution which supplies a requested item
Note 1 to entry: This term is used when it is necessary to distinguish between the responder of an ILL-transaction
and the responder of an ILL-sub-transaction.
3.4.5
ILL-transaction
single, complete instance of the whole ILL cycle, including all of the actions, service primitives (3.3.5) and
messages involved from the initial ILL-REQUEST until the cycle is concluded, as with the return of the
requested material
3.4.6
ILL-transaction group
set of related ILL-transactions (3.4.5) initiated by the same requester (3.4.14)
3.4.7
ILL-transaction state
information describing the current processing status of an ILL-transaction (3.4.5), which is the
combination of the requester state, the responder state and the states of all intermediaries involved in
an ILL-transaction
3.4.8
initial-requester
person or institution which initiates an ILL-transaction (3.4.5)
Note 1 to entry: This term is used when it is necessary to distinguish between the requester of an ILL-transaction
and the requester of an ILL-sub-transaction.
3.4.9
intermediary
responder (3.4.15) which either forwards a request to another library or institution for processing, or
initiates chained or partitioned sub-transactions with other responders
3.4.10
item
monograph, serial, microform, film, video recording, sound recording or other item of information held
by a library or some organization
3.4.11
parameter
functionally related group of one or more data elements
3.4.12
partitioned ILL-transaction
ILL-transaction (3.4.5) involving three parties, i.e. a requester (3.4.14), a responder (3.4.15) and an
intermediary (3.4.9), where the intermediary acts as a relay of ILL messages during the processing phase
(3.4.13), and where the requester and responder interact directly during the tracking phase (3.4.20)
3.4.13
processing phase
that phase of an ILL-transaction (3.4.5) up to and including shipment of a requested item
3.4.14
requester
party which has generated an ILL-REQUEST
3.4.15
responder
party which has received an ILL-REQUEST
4 © ISO 2015 – All rights reserved
3.4.16
simple ILL-transaction
ILL-transaction (3.4.5) involving only two active parties, a requester (3.4.14) and responder (3.4.15)
3.4.17
sub-transaction
part of an ILL-transaction (3.4.5) involving interactions between an intermediary (3.4.9) and a responder
(3.4.15) or another intermediary
3.4.18
supplier
party that has supplied the requested item
Note 1 to entry: It need not be the same as the final-responder.
3.4.19
terminal state
state from which no transition to another state can be made
EXAMPLE When a photocopy is provided, SHIPPED is the terminal state for the responder, RECEIVED is the
terminal state for the requester. CANCELLED is a terminal state for both the requester and responder.
3.4.20
tracking phase
phase of an ILL-transaction (3.4.5) after shipment and receipt of a returnable item, including renewals,
overdues and item return
3.4.21
user
entity in a single open system that makes use of a service
4 Abbreviations
ACID Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation and Durability
ASE Application Service Element
ASO Application Service Object
ILL Interlibrary Loan
MOTIS Message Oriented Text Interchange System
OSI Open Systems Interconnection
5 Conventions
This International Standard uses the conventions defined in ISO/IEC 10731.
6 Service model
6.1 Service-user and service-provider
The ILL application is modelled as a distributed collection of application-processes, each of which is
located in a separate real open system, e.g. a library system.
Within each application-process, there are two types of functions: local processing functions; and
communications-related functions, i.e. OSI-related functions. The local processing functions deal
with such activities as database manipulation, report generation, etc.; these are outside the scope of
this International Standard. Within each system, those aspects of the application-process which are
pertinent to OSI are called the application-entity.
Each application-entity in turn includes one or more application-service-elements (ASEs), one of which
is the ILL ASE. These ASEs provide communications-related services to the service-user. To do this they
engage in protocol exchanges with peer application-entities in other systems and they take advantage of
supporting services within the Application Layer and the layers below it. Relationships with other ASEs are
defined as part of an application-context-definition. This is outside the scope of this International Standard.
The set of all ILL ASEs, supporting ASEs and the lower layer services across all systems together form
the ILL service-provider.
6.1.1 Roles of the service-user
A service-user involved in ILL activity takes on one of three roles: requester, responder or intermediary.
The requester generates ILL requests.
The responder receives ILL requests and is the potential supplier of requested items.
The intermediary is a responder which does not itself satisfy an ILL request and which passes the
request to another responder on behalf of the requester.
The actual supplier of requested items is normally a responder; however, the service model allows for
institutions that do not receive ILL requests, as defined in this standard, to supply the requested items.
For example, an institution that supports only postal and telephone ILL requests may have another
institution that supports electronic ILL requests act as a responder on its behalf.
6.2 ILL-transaction
An ILL-transaction is a single, complete instance of the whole ILL cycle, including all of the actions,
service primitives, and messages involved from the initial ILL-REQUEST until the cycle is concluded,
as with the return of the requested material. The term “ILL-transaction” is used in this International
Standard in its most general sense, and does not imply an atomic unit of work with the ACID properties
of atomicity, consistency, isolation and durability, as applied to transactions in the OSI transaction
processing model (ISO/IEC 10026-1).
ILL-transactions may overlap in time, i.e. multiple ILL-transactions may be processed concurrently by
a given open system.
An ILL-transaction may be initiated only by a requester.
A sub-transaction refers to the set of communications activity involving an intermediary and a responder
or another intermediary, and is related to an ILL-transaction initiated by a requester. A sub-transaction
is not, in itself, an actual ILL-transaction.
A sub-transaction may be initiated only by an intermediary.
When an ILL-transaction involves three or more parties, the initial-requester is the party that generated the
initial ILL-REQUEST. The final-responder is the last recipient of an ILL-REQUEST for that ILL-transaction.
Individual ILL-transactions may be related to each other, for example a succession of attempts by a
requester to contact different responders directly. Such ILL-transactions form an ILL-transaction
group. It is at the discretion of the initiator to determine whether such ILL-transactions are to be related
explicitly through the ILL-transaction identifier; such grouping of ILL-transactions may be done for
example to provide a historical record of the related steps associated with an interlibrary loan.
6 © ISO 2015 – All rights reserved
Each ILL-transaction has a unique ILL-transaction identifier that is used to identify the state and
other descriptive information maintained by ILL-application-entities for that ILL-transaction. The ILL-
transaction identifier has the following components:
— initial-requester-id: identification of the requester who initiated the ILL-transaction;
— ILL-transaction-group-qualifier: distinguishes a group of ILL-transactions from all other active
ILL-transaction groups associated with the initial-requester;
— ILL-transaction-qualifier: distinguishes an ILL-transaction from all other ILL-transactions within
an ILL-transaction group.
The ILL-transaction identifier of each sub-transaction has the following additional component, which is
unique within, and only within, the scope of a single intermediary:
— sub-transaction-qualifier: distinguishes this sub-transaction from all other sub-transactions
within an ILL-transaction initiated by the intermediary.
6.3 ILL-transaction types and topologies
There are three types of ILL-transactions: simple, chained and partitioned.
6.3.1 Simple ILL-transaction
A simple ILL-transaction involves two active parties: the requester and responder. In its most basic
manifestation, the requester and responder interact in a point-to-point manner, as illustrated in Figure 1.
All ILL-transactions initiated by a requester begin as simple ILL-transactions. A requester may, however,
indicate as part of the ILL request that the responder has permission to change the ILL-transaction-
type to chained or partitioned. If the responder does change the type, this responder then becomes an
intermediary.
When a responder is unable to respond successfully to a request, it may supply a list of potential
responders to assist the requester.
6.3.2 Chained ILL-transaction
A chained ILL-transaction involves at least three parties: the requester, the responder and one or
more intermediaries. An ILL request is passed from one intermediary (to another intermediary) to the
responder in a chain, with each intermediary acting as a relay for all ILL messages. There is no direct
interaction between the requester and responder.
The interactions between the requester and the first intermediary define the main ILL-transaction.
The set of interactions between an intermediary and the responder constitute a sub-transaction, as do
the interactions between each pair of intervening intermediaries. Figure 2 a) illustrates a chained ILL-
transaction with two intermediaries (and hence two sub-transactions).
If a sub-transaction results in non-fulfillment of the ILL request, the intermediary may initiate a new sub-
transaction to another responder. The intermediary may try several potential responders in turn. This
leads to a star ILL-transaction topology with the intermediary as the hub, as illustrated in Figure 2 b).
The responder may supply a list of potential responders to the intermediary to assist it in making a selection.
The requested item could be delivered directly to the requester or client, or to one of the intermediaries
who would then be responsible for delivering it to the requester or client.
Key
Req. requester system
Resp. responder 1,2,3… order of interactions
Figure 1 — Simple transaction
a) Chained with two intermediaries b) Star topology
Key
Req. requester system
Resp. responder 1,2,3… order of interactions
Int. intermediary
Figure 2 — Chained transactions
The requester can allow or prohibit chaining and can specify, if desired, a list of potential responders to
which a request might be chained. It can also supply a list of responders which have already been tried,
so that unnecessary duplication of ILL requests does not occur.
6.3.3 Partitioned ILL-transaction
A partitioned ILL-transaction involves at least three parties: the requester, the responder, and one or
more i
...
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 10160
Third edition
2015-05-01
Information and documentation —
Open Systems Interconnection —
Interlibrary Loan Application Service
Definition
Information et documentation — Interconnexion de systèmes ouverts
(OSI) — Définition du service d’application pour les prêts entre
bibliothèques
Reference number
©
ISO 2015
© ISO 2015
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior
written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of
the requester.
ISO copyright office
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Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
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Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2015 – All rights reserved
Contents Page
Foreword .v
Introduction .vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
3.1 Reference model definitions . 1
3.2 Application Layer structure definitions . 2
3.3 Service conventions definitions . 3
3.4 ILL definitions . 3
4 Abbreviations. 5
5 Conventions . 5
6 Service model . 5
6.1 Service-user and service-provider . 5
6.1.1 Roles of the service-user . 6
6.2 ILL-transaction. 6
6.3 ILL-transaction types and topologies . 7
6.3.1 Simple ILL-transaction . 7
6.3.2 Chained ILL-transaction . 7
6.3.3 Partitioned ILL-transaction . 8
6.3.4 Distinct ILL-transactions .10
6.3.5 Forwarding . .11
6.3.6 Referrals .11
6.3.7 Retries .11
6.4 ILL-transaction state .13
6.4.1 Requester-state .14
6.4.2 Responder state .15
6.4.3 Terminal states .15
6.4.4 Intermediary states .16
6.4.5 ILL-transaction phases .16
7 Definition of services .17
7.1 Service features .17
7.1.1 General.17
7.1.2 ILL Requests .17
7.1.3 Request Forwarding .17
7.1.4 Forwarding Notification .18
7.1.5 Shipment .18
7.1.6 ILL Answer .18
7.1.7 Conditional Reply .18
7.1.8 Cancellation .18
7.1.9 Cancellation Reply .19
7.1.10 Receipt .19
7.1.11 Recall .19
7.1.12 Return . .19
7.1.13 Check-in .19
7.1.14 Overdue .19
7.1.15 Renewal .19
7.1.16 Renew Answer .19
7.1.17 Lost Notification .19
7.1.18 Damaged Notification .19
7.1.19 Message.19
7.1.20 Status Query . .20
7.1.21 Status-or-Error Report .20
7.1.22 Expiry .20
7.2 Specification method and notation .20
7.3 ILL services .21
7.3.1 ILL-REQUEST service .22
7.3.2 FORWARD Service .28
7.3.3 FORWARD-NOTIFICATION Service .29
7.3.4 SHIPPED Service .31
7.3.5 ILL-ANSWER Service .33
7.3.6 CONDITIONAL-REPLY Service.36
7.3.7 CANCEL Service .37
7.3.8 CANCEL-REPLY Service .38
7.3.9 RECEIVED Service.39
7.3.10 RECALL Service .40
7.3.11 RETURNED Service .41
7.3.12 CHECKED-IN Service .42
7.3.13 OVERDUE Service .43
7.3.14 RENEW Service .44
7.3.15 RENEW-ANSWER Service .45
7.3.16 LOST Service .46
7.3.17 DAMAGED Service .47
7.3.18 MESSAGE Service.48
7.3.19 STATUS-QUERY Service .48
7.3.20 STATUS-OR-ERROR-REPORT Service .49
7.3.21 EXPIRY Service .52
8 Sequences of Primitives .53
8.1 Resilience to Lost and Out-of-Sequence Messages .53
8.1.1 Lost Messages .53
8.1.2 Out-of-Sequence Messages.53
8.2 State Transitions .53
8.3 Additional Sequencing Rules .63
Annex A (informative) Time sequence diagrams .66
Annex B (informative) ILL service and document delivery .73
Bibliography .75
iv © ISO 2015 – All rights reserved
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity
assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical Barriers
to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword — Supplementary information.
The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 46, Information and documentation, Subcommittee
SC 4, Technical interoperability.
This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition (ISO 10160:1997) of which it constitutes a
minor revision.
It also incorporates the Amendment ISO 10160:1997/Amd 1:2002.
Introduction
The purpose of the Interlibrary Loan (ILL) standard is to provide a set of Application Layer services
which can be used by libraries to perform loan-related activities in an Open Systems Interconnection
(OSI) environment, as defined by ISO 7498.
The goal of Opens Systems Interconnection is to allow, with a minimum of technical agreement outside
the interconnection standards, the interconnection of information processing systems:
— from different manufacturers;
— under different managements;
— of different levels of complexity; and
— of different technologies.
The ILL service provides capabilities to request the loan of returnable bibliographic items, such as books,
or to request non-returnable items, such as photocopies of journal articles. Related procedures, such as
loan renewal, item recall, overdue notification, etc. are also supported by this service.
The purpose of the service definition is to define the communications aspects of ILL processing in terms
of a set of services provided to a user by an application-service-element (ASE). Performing an ILL-
transaction involves a user invoking the services in the prescribed order.
The focus of ILL activity is the bibliographic item, which may be a book, periodical, journal article,
microform, etc. The ILL application is concerned with procedures relating to the loan of these items
between libraries or to the interchange of copies thereof.
This service definition strives to satisfy a number of objectives, including:
— Control of ILL-transactions. The services must provide a means of controlling the ILL-transaction
in terms of constraining allowable actions, exchanging information, tracking a borrowed item, and
synchronizing the activity of the two or more sites involved in the ILL-transaction.
— Interworking of various systems. The ILL activity will continue to be performed using a combination
of manual and automated systems. The ILL service and protocol must recognize this fact and allow
systems with varying degrees of automation to be able to interwork, i.e. communicate with each
other in a meaningful way.
— Minimizing the costs of ILL-transactions. The costs associated with an ILL-transaction include
both operator costs and communications costs. An ILL protocol should attempt to minimize the
costs incurred by implementations conforming to the protocol. This can be done by minimizing the
operator intervention required by the protocol implementation, and by minimizing the number of
messages sent between the sites involved in an ILL-transaction.
— Reflection of current ILL practices. The purpose of defining a protocol is not to introduce a new
method for performing an ILL-transaction, but rather to formalize current practices in a way
that allows existing systems to communicate with each other in a standardized way, as well as to
allow newer automated systems to take full advantage of the protocol’s potential. However, it is
recognized that this International Standard may not be universally applicable to all existing ILL
systems without some modification, due to the wide variation in their capabilities.
There is an inherent trade off in any attempt to reconcile these divergent objectives. For example,
minimizing ILL-transaction costs may result in some loss of control over the ILL-transaction. Reducing
the number of messages sent lowers the telecommunications cost and also lowers the operator costs as
there is less need for the operator to initiate and control the communications operations. However, by
reducing the total number of messages, some level of information regarding the ILL-transaction is lost
as is the co-ordination between the requesting and responding libraries. By reducing the total number
of stages through which an ILL-transaction must go (i.e. states), the operator interface of an automated
system can be made simpler, with an associated reduction in requisite demands on the operator.
vi © ISO 2015 – All rights reserved
The approach taken in this International Standard is to set the mandatory requirements that all open
systems must support in order to achieve an acceptable degree of coordination between automated
parties to an ILL-transaction. Additional optional features are defined which allow implementors to
achieve a greater degree of control if it is desired.
NOTE The mandatory requirements of this International Standard might however exceed the capabilities
and/or needs of some existing manual or semi-automated ILL systems.
This International Standard is one of a number of related standards supporting the interconnection
of library systems. These standards can be used by themselves or in a cooperative manner to support
library applications requiring a mixture of communications services. For example, ISO 10163, which
supports remote access to bibliographic databases, could be used in conjunction with the ILL protocol
to obtain item identification information. The control and management of interactions among such
bibliographic applications are outside the scope of this International Standard.
Security and accounting issues as they relate to ILL operations are for further study.
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 10160:2015(E)
Information and documentation — Open Systems
Interconnection — Interlibrary Loan Application Service
Definition
1 Scope
This International Standard is an Application Layer standard within the Open Systems Interconnection
framework defined by ISO 7498.
This International Standard defines the services for Interlibrary Loan. These services are provided by
the use of the ILL protocol in conjunction with the supporting telecommunications service which might
be a store-and-forward messaging service, such as that provided by the MOTIS Standard, ISO/IEC 10021-
4; or a direct connection-mode service using ISO 8822 and ISO 8649.
This International Standard does not specify individual implementations or products, nor does it
constrain the implementation of entities and interfaces within a computer system. Computer systems
might range from stand-alone workstations to mainframes.
This International Standard is intended for use by libraries, information utilities such as union catalogue
centres, and any other system which processes bibliographic information. These systems might
participate in an interlibrary loan transaction in the role of requester (i.e. an initiator of ILL requests),
responder (i.e. a provider of bibliographic material or information) and/or intermediary (i.e. an agent
that acts on behalf of a requester to find suitable responders).
Various interworking topologies are supported, ranging from simple two-party interactions to multi-
party interactions.
There is no requirement for conformance to this International Standard. Conformance is required only
for the ILL protocol specification.
2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated
references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO/IEC 10026-1, Information technology — Open Systems Interconnection — Distributed Transaction
Processing — Part 1: OSI TP Model
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following definitions apply.
1)
3.1 Reference model definitions
3.1.1
application-entry
aspects of an application-process pertinent to OSI
1) This International Standard is based on the concepts developed in ISO 7498 (all parts) and makes use of the
following terms found in it. These terms are replicated here as a convenience to the reader.
3.1.2
Application Layer
seventh and highest layer in the Reference Model for Open Systems Interconnection (OSI), which serves
as the window between correspondent application-processes which are using the OSI to exchange
meaningful information
3.1.3
application-protocol-data-unit
unit of data specified in an application-protocol and consisting of application-protocol-information and
possibly application-user-data
3.1.4
application-service-element
that part of an application-entity which provides an OSI environment capability, using underlying
services when appropriate
3.1.5
(N)-service
capability of the (N)-layer and the layers beneath it, which is provided to (N+1)-entities at the boundary
between the (N)-layer and the (N+1)-layer
Note 1 to entry: An application-service does not provide a capability to higher layer entities, but rather to
application-processes.
3.1.6
presentation-service
capability of the Presentation Layer and the layers beneath it, which is provided to application-entities
at the boundary between the Presentation and the Application Layer (3.1.2)
2)
3.2 Application Layer structure definitions
3.2.1
application-association
cooperative relationship between two application-entity-invocations (3.2.4) for the purpose of
communication of information and coordination of their joint operation. This relationship is formed by
the exchange of application-protocol-control-information using the Presentation Service
3.2.2
application-context
set of rules shared in common by two application-entity-invocations (3.2.4) governing their behaviour in
order to enable their cooperative operation
Note 1 to entry: An application-context is a shared conceptual schema for the universe of discourse for
communication.
3.2.3
application-context-definition
description of an application-context (3.2.2)
3.2.4
application-entity-invocation
specific utilization of part or all of the capabilities of a given application-entity in support of the
communications requirements of an application-process-invocation (3.2.5)
3.2.5
application-process-invocation
specific utilization of part or all of the capabilities of a given application-process in support of a specific
occasion of information processing
2) This International Standard makes use of the following terms defined in ISO/IEC 9545.
2 © ISO 2015 – All rights reserved
3)
3.3 Service conventions definitions
3.3.1
indication primitive
representation of an interaction in which a service-provider (3.3.6) either
a) indicates that it has, on its own initiative, invoked some procedure, or
b) indicates that a procedure has been invoked by the service-user (3.3.7) at the peer service-access-point
3.3.2
non-confirmed service
distinct part of the total (N)-service (3.1.5) which does not result in an explicit confirmation from the
service-provider (3.3.6) to the initiating service-user (3.3.7)
3.3.3
provider-initiated service
distinct part of the total (N)-service (3.1.5) which is initiated by the service-provider (3.3.6) rather than
the service-user (3.3.7)
3.3.4
request primitive
representation of an interaction in which a service-user (3.3.7) invokes some procedure
3.3.5
service primitive
abstract, implementation-independent representation of an interaction between service-user (3.3.7) and
the service-provider (3.3.6)
3.3.6
service-provider
abstract of the totality of those entities which provide a service to peer service-users (3.3.7)
3.3.7
service-user
entity in a single open system that makes use of a service
3.4 ILL definitions
3.4.1
bibliographic item
monograph, serial, microform, film, video recording, sound recording or other item of information held
by a library or some organization
Note 1 to entry: A bibliographic item may assume different forms, e.g. a book may be printed on paper or
represented electronically.
3.4.2
chained ILL-transaction
ILL-transaction (3.4.5) involving three or more parties, i.e. a requester (3.4.14), a responder (3.4.15) and
one or more intermediaries (3.4.9), where each intermediary acts as a relay for all ILL messages
3.4.3
electronic delivery
delivery of an electronic representation of a requested item via a telecommunication-based service
3) This International Standard makes use of the following terms defined in ISO/IEC 10731.
3.4.4
final-responder
institution which supplies a requested item
Note 1 to entry: This term is used when it is necessary to distinguish between the responder of an ILL-transaction
and the responder of an ILL-sub-transaction.
3.4.5
ILL-transaction
single, complete instance of the whole ILL cycle, including all of the actions, service primitives (3.3.5) and
messages involved from the initial ILL-REQUEST until the cycle is concluded, as with the return of the
requested material
3.4.6
ILL-transaction group
set of related ILL-transactions (3.4.5) initiated by the same requester (3.4.14)
3.4.7
ILL-transaction state
information describing the current processing status of an ILL-transaction (3.4.5), which is the
combination of the requester state, the responder state and the states of all intermediaries involved in
an ILL-transaction
3.4.8
initial-requester
person or institution which initiates an ILL-transaction (3.4.5)
Note 1 to entry: This term is used when it is necessary to distinguish between the requester of an ILL-transaction
and the requester of an ILL-sub-transaction.
3.4.9
intermediary
responder (3.4.15) which either forwards a request to another library or institution for processing, or
initiates chained or partitioned sub-transactions with other responders
3.4.10
item
monograph, serial, microform, film, video recording, sound recording or other item of information held
by a library or some organization
3.4.11
parameter
functionally related group of one or more data elements
3.4.12
partitioned ILL-transaction
ILL-transaction (3.4.5) involving three parties, i.e. a requester (3.4.14), a responder (3.4.15) and an
intermediary (3.4.9), where the intermediary acts as a relay of ILL messages during the processing phase
(3.4.13), and where the requester and responder interact directly during the tracking phase (3.4.20)
3.4.13
processing phase
that phase of an ILL-transaction (3.4.5) up to and including shipment of a requested item
3.4.14
requester
party which has generated an ILL-REQUEST
3.4.15
responder
party which has received an ILL-REQUEST
4 © ISO 2015 – All rights reserved
3.4.16
simple ILL-transaction
ILL-transaction (3.4.5) involving only two active parties, a requester (3.4.14) and responder (3.4.15)
3.4.17
sub-transaction
part of an ILL-transaction (3.4.5) involving interactions between an intermediary (3.4.9) and a responder
(3.4.15) or another intermediary
3.4.18
supplier
party that has supplied the requested item
Note 1 to entry: It need not be the same as the final-responder.
3.4.19
terminal state
state from which no transition to another state can be made
EXAMPLE When a photocopy is provided, SHIPPED is the terminal state for the responder, RECEIVED is the
terminal state for the requester. CANCELLED is a terminal state for both the requester and responder.
3.4.20
tracking phase
phase of an ILL-transaction (3.4.5) after shipment and receipt of a returnable item, including renewals,
overdues and item return
3.4.21
user
entity in a single open system that makes use of a service
4 Abbreviations
ACID Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation and Durability
ASE Application Service Element
ASO Application Service Object
ILL Interlibrary Loan
MOTIS Message Oriented Text Interchange System
OSI Open Systems Interconnection
5 Conventions
This International Standard uses the conventions defined in ISO/IEC 10731.
6 Service model
6.1 Service-user and service-provider
The ILL application is modelled as a distributed collection of application-processes, each of which is
located in a separate real open system, e.g. a library system.
Within each application-process, there are two types of functions: local processing functions; and
communications-related functions, i.e. OSI-related functions. The local processing functions deal
with such activities as database manipulation, report generation, etc.; these are outside the scope of
this International Standard. Within each system, those aspects of the application-process which are
pertinent to OSI are called the application-entity.
Each application-entity in turn includes one or more application-service-elements (ASEs), one of which
is the ILL ASE. These ASEs provide communications-related services to the service-user. To do this they
engage in protocol exchanges with peer application-entities in other systems and they take advantage of
supporting services within the Application Layer and the layers below it. Relationships with other ASEs are
defined as part of an application-context-definition. This is outside the scope of this International Standard.
The set of all ILL ASEs, supporting ASEs and the lower layer services across all systems together form
the ILL service-provider.
6.1.1 Roles of the service-user
A service-user involved in ILL activity takes on one of three roles: requester, responder or intermediary.
The requester generates ILL requests.
The responder receives ILL requests and is the potential supplier of requested items.
The intermediary is a responder which does not itself satisfy an ILL request and which passes the
request to another responder on behalf of the requester.
The actual supplier of requested items is normally a responder; however, the service model allows for
institutions that do not receive ILL requests, as defined in this standard, to supply the requested items.
For example, an institution that supports only postal and telephone ILL requests may have another
institution that supports electronic ILL requests act as a responder on its behalf.
6.2 ILL-transaction
An ILL-transaction is a single, complete instance of the whole ILL cycle, including all of the actions,
service primitives, and messages involved from the initial ILL-REQUEST until the cycle is concluded,
as with the return of the requested material. The term “ILL-transaction” is used in this International
Standard in its most general sense, and does not imply an atomic unit of work with the ACID properties
of atomicity, consistency, isolation and durability, as applied to transactions in the OSI transaction
processing model (ISO/IEC 10026-1).
ILL-transactions may overlap in time, i.e. multiple ILL-transactions may be processed concurrently by
a given open system.
An ILL-transaction may be initiated only by a requester.
A sub-transaction refers to the set of communications activity involving an intermediary and a responder
or another intermediary, and is related to an ILL-transaction initiated by a requester. A sub-transaction
is not, in itself, an actual ILL-transaction.
A sub-transaction may be initiated only by an intermediary.
When an ILL-transaction involves three or more parties, the initial-requester is the party that generated the
initial ILL-REQUEST. The final-responder is the last recipient of an ILL-REQUEST for that ILL-transaction.
Individual ILL-transactions may be related to each other, for example a succession of attempts by a
requester to contact different responders directly. Such ILL-transactions form an ILL-transaction
group. It is at the discretion of the initiator to determine whether such ILL-transactions are to be related
explicitly through the ILL-transaction identifier; such grouping of ILL-transactions may be done for
example to provide a historical record of the related steps associated with an interlibrary loan.
6 © ISO 2015 – All rights reserved
Each ILL-transaction has a unique ILL-transaction identifier that is used to identify the state and
other descriptive information maintained by ILL-application-entities for that ILL-transaction. The ILL-
transaction identifier has the following components:
— initial-requester-id: identification of the requester who initiated the ILL-transaction;
— ILL-transaction-group-qualifier: distinguishes a group of ILL-transactions from all other active
ILL-transaction groups associated with the initial-requester;
— ILL-transaction-qualifier: distinguishes an ILL-transaction from all other ILL-transactions within
an ILL-transaction group.
The ILL-transaction identifier of each sub-transaction has the following additional component, which is
unique within, and only within, the scope of a single intermediary:
— sub-transaction-qualifier: distinguishes this sub-transaction from all other sub-transactions
within an ILL-transaction initiated by the intermediary.
6.3 ILL-transaction types and topologies
There are three types of ILL-transactions: simple, chained and partitioned.
6.3.1 Simple ILL-transaction
A simple ILL-transaction involves two active parties: the requester and responder. In its most basic
manifestation, the requester and responder interact in a point-to-point manner, as illustrated in Figure 1.
All ILL-transactions initiated by a requester begin as simple ILL-transactions. A requester may, however,
indicate as part of the ILL request that the responder has permission to change the ILL-transaction-
type to chained or partitioned. If the responder does change the type, this responder then becomes an
intermediary.
When a responder is unable to respond successfully to a request, it may supply a list of potential
responders to assist the requester.
6.3.2 Chained ILL-transaction
A chained ILL-transaction involves at least three parties: the requester, the responder and one or
more intermediaries. An ILL request is passed from one intermediary (to another intermediary) to the
responder in a chain, with each intermediary acting as a relay for all ILL messages. There is no direct
interaction between the requester and responder.
The interactions between the requester and the first intermediary define the main ILL-transaction.
The set of interactions between an intermediary and the responder constitute a sub-transaction, as do
the interactions between each pair of intervening intermediaries. Figure 2 a) illustrates a chained ILL-
transaction with two intermediaries (and hence two sub-transactions).
If a sub-transaction results in non-fulfillment of the ILL request, the intermediary may initiate a new sub-
transaction to another responder. The intermediary may try several potential responders in turn. This
leads to a star ILL-transaction topology with the intermediary as the hub, as illustrated in Figure 2 b).
The responder may supply a list of potential responders to the intermediary to assist it in making a selection.
The requested item could be delivered directly to the requester or client, or to one of the intermediaries
who would then be responsible for delivering it to the requester or client.
Key
Req. requester system
Resp. responder 1,2,3… order of interactions
Figure 1 — Simple transaction
a) Chained with two intermediaries b) Star topology
Key
Req. requester system
Resp. responder 1,2,3… order of interactions
Int. intermediary
Figure 2 — Chained transactions
The requester can allow or prohibit chaining and can specify, if desired, a list of potential responders to
which a request might be chained. It can also supply a list of responders which have already been tried,
so that unnecessary duplication of ILL requests does not occur.
6.3.3 Partitioned ILL-transaction
A partitioned ILL-transaction involves at least three parties: the requester, the responder, and one or
more intermediaries. An ILL request is passed from the intermediary to the responder who responds to
the intermediary, who then responds to the requester. After the desired item has been shipped and the
requester has received notification that it has been shipped, all further interactions take place directly
between the requester and responder; the intermediary no longer participates in the ILL-transaction.
Figure 3 illustrates a partitioned ILL-transaction.
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Partitioned ILL-transactions are useful in situations where the intermediary acts as an agent of
the requester to find a suitable responder but has no interest in participating any further in an ILL-
transaction. This is typical of some union catalogue facilities.
A partitioned ILL-transaction is divided into two phases. The first phase, the “processing phase”, consists
of interactions between the requester and the responder via the intermediary or intermediaries.
During this phase, the sets of interactions between intermediaries and between the intermediary and
a responder constitute sub-transactions. The second phase of the main ILL-transaction, the “tracking
phase”, consists of the direct interactions between the requester and responder. It
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