oSIST prEN 14439:2014
(Main)Cranes - Safety - Tower cranes
Cranes - Safety - Tower cranes
The main aspects that the proposed revision will cover are:
Introduction detailed guidelines for application of EN 13001-
Series: • modification of clause 5.2 • modification of Annex F
• addition of a new annex concerning wind calculation •
addition of a new annex concerning limit stress range
Krane - Sicherheit - Turmdrehkrane
Appareils de levage à charge suspendue - Sécurité - Grues à tour
Dvigala (žerjavi) - Varnost - Stolpna dvigala
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-december-2014
Dvigala (žerjavi) - Varnost - Stolpna dvigala
Cranes - Safety - Tower cranes
Krane - Sicherheit - Turmdrehkrane
Appareils de levage à charge suspendue - Sécurité - Grues à tour
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: prEN 14439 rev
ICS:
53.020.20 Dvigala Cranes
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
EUROPEAN STANDARD
DRAFT
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
September 2014
ICS 53.020.20 Will supersede EN 14439:2006+A2:2009
English Version
Cranes - Safety - Tower cranes
Appareils de levage à charge suspendue - Sécurité - Grues Krane - Sicherheit - Turmdrehkrane
à tour
This draft European Standard is submitted to CEN members for enquiry. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/TC 147.
If this draft becomes a European Standard, CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which
stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration.
This draft European Standard was established by CEN in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language
made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United
Kingdom.
Recipients of this draft are invited to submit, with their comments, notification of any relevant patent rights of which they are aware and to
provide supporting documentation.
Warning : This document is not a European Standard. It is distributed for review and comments. It is subject to change without notice and
shall not be referred to as a European Standard.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2014 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. prEN 14439 rev:2014 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
prEN 14439:2014 (E)
Contents Page
Foreword .3
Introduction .4
1 Scope .5
2 Normative references .5
3 Terms and definitions .7
4 List of significant hazards .7
5 Safety requirements and/or protective measures . 10
6 Verification of the safety requirements and/or protective measures . 41
7 Information for use . 43
Annex A (informative) Wind coming from all directions – calculation of the maximum load effect . 48
Annex B (normative) Outside indicators on the crane . 54
Annex C (normative) Verification of the safety requirements and/or protective measures . 55
Annex D (normative) Noise test code . 58
Annex E (normative) Climbing system . 64
Annex F (informative) Calculated values of limit design stress range ∆σ . 71
Rd
Annex G (informative) Marking – Example of layout . 73
Annex H (normative) Additional and specific requirements for mobile self-erecting tower cranes . 78
Annex I (normative) Requirements on a tower crane for installation of a powered access system . 85
Annex J (informative) Selection of a suitable set of crane standards for a given application . 90
Annex ZA (informative) Relationship between this European Standard and the Essential
Requirements of EU Directive 2006/42/EC . 91
Bibliography . 92
prEN 14439:2014 (E)
Foreword
This document (prEN 14439:2014) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 147 “Cranes -
Safety”, the secretariat of which is held by BSI.
This document is currently submitted to the CEN Enquiry.
This document will supersede EN 14439:2006+A2:2009.
This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the
European Free Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of EU Directive(s).
For relationship with EU Directive(s), see informative Annex ZA, which is an integral part of this document.
CEN/TC 147/WG 12 "Cranes – Tower Cranes" has developed a revision of this document, which differs from
EN 14439:2006+A2:2009 as follows:
Integration of mobile self-erecting tower cranes, including introduction of a new dedicated Annex H
integration and rules for application of EN 13001 series of standards
modification of clause 5.2
integration and rules for application of EN ISO 13849-1
modification of Annex E – Climbing system
addition of a new annex concerning calculation of the maximum load effect at the load case wind coming
from all directions
addition of a new annex concerning calculation of standards values of the limit design stress range
addition of a new annex concerning the requirements on a tower crane for installation of a powered
access system
To select a suitable set of crane standards for a given application see Annex J.
NOTE Some of the standards listed are in preparation.
prEN 14439:2014 (E)
Introduction
This is a harmonised European Standard to provide one means for tower cranes to conform with the relevant
Essential Health and Safety Requirements of the Machinery Directive 2006/42/EC modified.
This European Standard is a type C standard as stated in EN ISO 12100.
The machinery concerned and the extent to which hazards, hazardous situations and hazardous events are
covered are indicated in the scope of this European Standard.
When provisions of this type C standard are different from those which are stated in type A or B standards, the
provisions of this type C standard take precedence over the provisions of the other standards, for cranes that
have been designed and built according to the provisions of this type C standard.
prEN 14439:2014 (E)
1 Scope
This European Standard specifies safety requirements:
for tower cranes and
for climbing systems used with the masts of tower cranes for which they have been designed. They are
classified as external or internal systems.
This European Standard applies to tower cranes for construction work, which are either erected by parts or
self-erecting cranes, including mobile self-erecting tower cranes. Tower cranes for construction work are
exclusively equipped with a hook as load-handling device.
This European Standard is not applicable to mobile cranes, mobile harbour cranes, crawler cranes, slewing jib
cranes, bridge and gantry cranes, offshore cranes, floating cranes, loader cranes, hand operated cranes or
railway cranes.
This European Standard deals with all significant hazards, hazardous situations and events relevant to tower
cranes, when used as intended and under conditions foreseen by the manufacturer. This European Standard
specifies the appropriate technical measures to eliminate or reduce risks arising from the significant hazards
(see Clause 4).
The significant hazards covered by this European Standard are identified in Clause 4.
This European Standard does not cover hazards related to:
the lifting of persons by the tower crane itself.
The requirements related to Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC), the specific hazards due to external
influence on electrical equipment, potentially explosive atmospheres and ionising radiation are not covered by
this European Standard.
This European Standard covers hazards related to the lifting of persons using a climbing system.
This European Standard is not applicable to tower cranes and climbing systems which are manufactured
before the date of publication by CEN of this European Standard.
2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references,
the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
EN 1050:1996, Safety of machinery — Principles for risk assessment
EN 12077-2:1998+A1:2008, Cranes safety — Requirements for health and safety — Part 2: Limiting and
indicating devices
EN 12644-1:2001+A1:2008, Cranes — Information for use and testing — Part 1: Instructions
EN 13001-1:2008+A1:2009, Cranes — General design — Part 1: General principles and requirement
EN 13001-2:2011, Cranes — General design — Part 2: Load effects
prEN 14439:2014 (E)
EN 13001-3-1:2013, Cranes — General design — Part 3-1: Limit states and proof of competence of steel
structures
EN 13135-1:2003+A1:2010, Cranes — Safety — Design — Requirements for equipment — Part 1:
Electrotechnical equipment
EN 13135-2:2004+A1:2010, Cranes — Equipment — Part 2: Non-electrotechnical equipment
EN 13135:2011, Cranes — Safety — Design — Requirements for equipment
EN 13557:2003+A2:2008, Cranes — Controls and control stations
EN 13586:2004+A1:2008, Cranes — Access
EN 60204-32:2008, Safety of machinery — Electrical equipment of machines — Part 32: Requirements for
hoisting machines (IEC 60204-32)
EN ISO 3744:2010, Acoustics — Determination of sound power levels of noise sources using sound pressure
— Engineering method in an essentially free field over a reflecting plane (ISO 3744)
EN ISO 4871:2009, Acoustics — Declaration and verification of noise emission values of machinery and
equipment (ISO 4871)
EN ISO 11201:2010, Acoustics — Noise emitted by machinery and equipment — Measurement of emission
sound pressure levels at a work station and at other specified positions — Engineering method in an
essentially free field over a reflecting plane (ISO 11201)
EN ISO 11203:2009, Acoustics — Noise emitted by machinery and equipment — Determination of emission
sound pressure levels at a work station and at other specified positions from the sound power level (ISO
11203)
EN ISO 12100:2010, Safety of machinery — General principles for design — Risk assessment and risk
reduction (ISO 12100)
EN ISO 13849-1, Safety of machinery — Safety-related parts of control systems — Part 1: General principles
for design (ISO 13849-1)
EN ISO 13857:2008, Safety of machinery — Safety distances to prevent hazard zones being reached by
upper and lower limbs (ISO 13857)
ISO 3864 (all parts), Graphical symbols — Safety colours and safety signs
ISO 4306-1:2007, Cranes — Vocabulary — Part 1: General
ISO 4306-3:2003, Cranes — Vocabulary — Part 3: Tower cranes
ISO 4306-3:2003/A1:2011), Cranes — Vocabulary — Part 3: Tower cranes
ISO 4309, Cranes — Wire ropes — Care, maintenance, installation, examination and discard
FEM 1.001 — Booklet 2:1998, Rules for the design of hoisting appliances — Classification and loading on
structures and mechanisms
prEN 14439:2014 (E)
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in in EN ISO 12100, ISO 4306-1 and
ISO 4306-3 and the following apply.
Note 1 to entry: Additional definitions for climbing systems and powered access systems are given in Annex G and
Annex I.
3.1
rated capacity
load, having mass m , which is lifted by the crane and suspended from the fixed load-lifting attachment(s).
NL
Mass m is the sum of the pay load m and the non-fixed load-lifting attachment(s) m :
NL PL NA
m = m + m .
NL PL NA
The maximum net load that the crane is designed to lift for a given crane configuration and load location
during normal operation.
3.2
tower crane
power-driven slewing jib type crane with the jib located at the top of a tower which stays approximately vertical
in the working position
Note 1 to entry: A tower crane is equipped with means for raising and lowering suspended loads and for the
movement of such loads by changing the load-lifting radius, travelling of the load, slewing or travelling of the complete
appliance. Some tower cranes perform several, but not necessarily all of these movements.
3.2.1
tower crane erected from parts
tower crane assembled from component parts where the design of the crane allows the crane to remain in the
erected position in out-of-service conditions and to be dismantled for movement to another site
3.2.2
self-erecting tower crane
tower crane which is transported to site and mostly assembled without use of a separate lifting appliance,
where the design of the crane allows the crane to remain in the erected position in out-of-service conditions
and to be lowered for movement to another site
3.2.3
mobile self-erecting tower crane
self-erecting tower crane mounted on a self-propelled chassis and designed for a significantly lower load
spectrum compared to tower cranes according to 3.2.1 and 3.2.2
4 List of significant hazards
Table 1 contains all the significant hazards, hazardous situations and events, as far as they are dealt with in
this European Standard, identified by risk assessment as significant for this type of machinery and which
require action to eliminate or reduce the risk.
prEN 14439:2014 (E)
Table 1 — List of significant hazards and associated requirements
NOTE Numbering in first column is in accordance with EN 1050:1996.
Relevant clause(s) in this European
No. Hazards
Standard
Hazards, hazardous situations and hazardous events
1 Mechanical hazards due to machine parts or work pieces, e.g.:
– Shape 5.4.1
– Inadequacy of mechanical strength 5.2, 5.3.2, E.2.2
1.1 Crushing hazard 5.4.3, 5.4.4, 5.4.4.2
1.2 Shearing hazard 5.4.3, E.2.4.1, E.2.4.5
1.3 Cutting or severing hazard 5.4.3
1.4 Entanglement hazard 5.4.3, 5.4.3.1
1.5 Drawing-in or trapping hazard 5.4.3
1.6 Impact hazard 5.4.2, 5.4.1.7, 5.4.2.9, 5.4.3, E.2.4.3
1.9 High pressure fluid injection or ejection hazard (on cranes with 5.3.2, E.3.2
hydraulic)
2 Electrical hazards due to:
2.1 Contact of persons with live parts (direct contact) 5.3.1, E.2.3
2.2 Contact of persons with parts which have become live under faulty 5.3.1, E.2.3
conditions (indirect contact)
2.3 Approach to live parts under high voltage 5.3.1
3 Thermal hazards, resulting in:
3.1 Burns, scalds and other injuries by a possible contact of persons with 5.4.1
objects or materials with an extreme high or low temperature, by flames
or explosions and also by the radiation of heat sources
3.2 Damage to health by hot or cold working environment 5.4.1, 5.4.1.8
4 Hazards generated by noise 5.5, 7.2.5, Annex F
4.1 Hearing loss 5.5, 7.2.5, Annex F
4.2 Interference with speech communication 5.5, 7.2.5, Annex F
7 Hazards generated by materials and substances (and their
constituent elements) processed or used by the machinery
7.2 Fire or explosion hazard 5.4.1
8 Hazards generated by neglecting ergonomic principles in
machinery design as, e.g. hazards from:
8.1 Unhealthy postures or excessive effort 5.4.4.3, E.2.4.4
8.2 Inadequate consideration of hand-arm foot-leg anatomy 5.4.1, 5.4.1.3
8.3 Neglected use of personal protection equipment 5.4.4, 5.4.4.5.1, E.2.4.4
8.4 Inadequate local lighting 5.4.1, 5.4.5
8.6 Human error, human behaviour 5.4.1, 5.4.1.1, 5.4.1.2, 5.4.2, 5.4.6,
prEN 14439:2014 (E)
Relevant clause(s) in this European
No. Hazards
Standard
E.2.4.1, E.2.4.3
8.7 Inadequate design, location or identification of manual controls 5.4.1, 5.4.1.3, E.2.4.2
8.8 Inadequate design or location of visual display unit 5.4.1, 5.4.1.2
10 Unexpected start-up, unexpected overrun/overspeed (or any
malfunction) from:
10.1 Failure/disorder of the control system 5.4.1, 5.4.1.9, 5.4.2, 5.4.2.1, 5.4.2.2,
E.2.4.3
10.4 Other external influences (gravity, wind etc.) 5.4.2.6, 7.2.6, E.2.2, E.2.4.3
10.5 Errors in software 5.3.1, E.2.3
10.6 Errors made by the operator (due to mismatch of machinery with human 5.4.1, 5.4.2.4, 5.4.2.5, 5.4.2.6, 5.4.6
characteristics and abilities)
13 Failure of the power supply 5.3.1, E.2.3
14 Failure of the control circuit
5.3.1, E.2.3
16 Break-up during operation 5.2, 5.3.2, 5.4.2.8, 5.4.2.9, 5.4.3.2,
E.2.2, E.2.4.3
17 Falling or ejected objects or fluids 5.4.3.2
18 Loss of stability/overturning of machinery
5.2, 5.4.2, 5.4.2.3, 5.4.2.7, 5.4.2.8,
5.4.2.9
19 Slip, trip and fall of persons (related to machinery)
5.4.4, 5.4.4.2, 5.4.4.4, E.2.4.4
Additional hazards, hazardous situations and hazardous event due to mobility
21 Linked to the work position (including driving station) on the machine
21.1 Fall of persons during access to (or at/from) the work position 5.4.4, E.2.4.4
21.3 Fire (flammability of cab, lack of extinguishing means) 5.4.1
21.4 Mechanical hazards at the work position:
d) Break-up of parts rotating at high speed 5.4.3.1, 5.4.3.2, 5.4.4.1,
21.5 Insufficient visibility from the work positions 5.4.1, 5.4.1.4
21.6 Inadequate lighting 5.4.1
21.7 Inadequate seating 5.4.1
21.8 Noise at the work position 5.5, 7.1.4
21.10 Insufficient means for evacuation/emergency exit 5.4.1, 5.4.4
22 Due to the control system
22.1 Inadequate location of manual controls 5.3.1, 5.4.1, 5.4.1.2
22.2 Inadequate design of manual controls and their mode of operation 5.3.1, 5.4.1, 5.4.1.2, E.2.4.2
23 From handling of the machine (lack of stability) 7.1, 7.1.3
25 From/to third persons
25.2 Drift of part away from its stopping position 5.3.1, 5.3.2, 5.4.2, E.2.3
25.3 Lack or inadequacy of visual or acoustic warning means 5.4.6, 7.3.2, E.4.2.2
prEN 14439:2014 (E)
Relevant clause(s) in this European
No. Hazards
Standard
Additional hazards, hazardous situations and hazardous event due to lifting
27 Mechanical hazard and hazardous events
27.1 From load falls, collisions machine tipping caused by:
27.1.1 Lack of stability 5.2
27.1.2 Uncontrolled loading – overloading – overturning moment exceeded E.2.4.3.1, E.2.4.3.2
27.1.4 Unexpected/unintended movement of the load 5.3.1, 5.3.2, 5.4.2, E.2.3
27.1.6 Collision of more the one machine 5.4.2.8
27.2 From access of persons to load support 7.2.6
27.3 From derailment 5.3.2
27.4 From insufficient mechanical strength of parts 5.2, 5.3.2, E.2.2
27.5 From inadequate design of pulleys, drums 5.3.2
27.6 From inadequate selection of chains, ropes lifting and accessories and 5.3.2.3
their inadequate integration into the machine
27.7 From lowering of load under control of friction brake 5.3.2
27.8 From abnormal conditions of assembly/testing/use/maintenance 6.2, 6.3, E.2.4.1, E.3
28 Electrical hazards
28.1 From lightning 5.3.1
29 Hazards generated by neglecting ergonomic principles
29.1 Insufficient visibility from the driving position 5.4.1, 5.4.1.4
34 Mechanical hazards and hazardous events due to:
34.1 Inadequate mechanical strength – inadequate working coefficients E.2.2
34.3 Failing of controls in person carrier (function, priority) E.2.4.2
35 Falling of person from person carrier
E.2.4.4
5 Safety requirements and/or protective measures
5.1 General
Tower cranes shall comply with the safety requirements and/or protective measures of this clause. In addition,
the tower crane shall be designed according to the principles of EN ISO 12100 for hazards relevant but not
significant, which are not dealt with by this European Standard.
Additional requirements for climbing systems are given in Annex E.
Additional and specific requirements for mobile self-erecting tower cranes are given in Annex H.
prEN 14439:2014 (E)
5.2 Design requirements on the load bearing structure
5.2.1 General
The proof calculation (proof of strength and proof of stability) shall be done using the standards EN 13001-1,
EN 13001-2 and EN 13001-3-1 with requirements and recommendation of following clauses of 5.2 and
corresponding to the recognized state of the art in tower crane design.
General principles of calculation shall be done according to EN 13001-1, 4.2.
NOTE Calculations shall base on the assumption of a deformed system in a state of equilibrium (theory second
order). Structural deformations can be neglected only if they result in a not significant increase of load effect. An increase
greater equal 10% shall be considered as significant.
The documentation of the proof of competence shall include:
design assumptions including calculation models,
applicable loads and load combinations,
material properties,
weld quality classes, in accordance with EN 13001-3-1,
properties of connecting elements and
verification of the relevant limit states (e.g. proof of strength, fatigue proof, proof of stability).
5.2.2 Crane parts classification
Structural crane parts classification for the proof calculation of fatigue shall be done according to EN 13001-1,
4.3 and 4.4.
The classification for a tower crane for construction work shall be at least S2.
Exceptionally the class S1 could be allowed for parts of the jib at which the stress amplitudes are mainly
resulting from hoist load actions.
Alternatively, in case of better knowledge of the loading conditions of the design detail under consideration, a
specific stress history parameter s may be calculated.
m
5.2.3 Loads
5.2.3.1 General
Loads that are acting during the crane's life shall be considered and shall reflect unfavourable but realistic
operating conditions and sequences of actions by the crane driver.
These loads shall be defined and classified as regular loads (for load combinations A), occasional loads (for
load combinations B) and exceptional loads (for load combinations C) according to EN 13001-2, 4.2.
5.2.3.2 Loads and values for dynamic factors φ
i
Table 2 indicates loads that are generally relevant for tower cranes for construction work, and gives guidance
on values for appropriate dynamic factors.
Alternatively other values for dynamic factors may be used when determined by recognized theoretical
analysis or experimental method.
prEN 14439:2014 (E)
In case of a tower crane designed for a special use and/or with dedicated requirements additional loads and
relevant values of dynamic factors shall be considered and defined according to EN 13001-2, 4.2 and 4.3.
Table 2 — Loads and guidance on values for dynamic factors φ for tower cranes for construction work
i
Definitions and guidance on values for
Load dynamic factors φ
i
and load determination
4.2.2.1 1 Hoisting and gravity effects acting
φ φ shall be considered according to EN 13001-2.
1 1
on the mass of the crane
The value δ defined for tower cranes is:
0 ≤ δ ≤ 0,05
NOTE Hoisting class HC1 is defined for tower
4.2.2.2.1 2 Inertial and gravity effects by
φ
cranes.
hoisting an unrestrained grounded
load
For load combinations A1 and B1: φ = 1,3
2,max
The use of hoist drive classes HD1 and HD4 is
recommended:
- HD1: for hoist drives without the possibility of a
direct influence on the motor torque,
(e.g. pole-changing-drives)
- HD4: for hoist drives with the possibility of a
direct influence on the motor torque,
(e.g. frequency-inverter-drives)
For load combination C1: φ without limitation
For any kind of hoist drive class, φ2 shall be
calculated taking into account V .
h,max
NOTE: The use of the hoist drive classes HD2,
HD3 and HD5 is not recommended for tower
cranes, as the use of the creep speed or the pre-
stressing of the cranes structure to achieve low
hoisting coefficients is up to the crane driver only.
4.2.2.2.2 3 Inertial and gravity effects by Not applicable for tower crane for construction
φ
sudden release of a part of the work
hoist load
4.2.2.3 4 Loads caused by travelling on Not applicable for tower crane for construction
φ
uneven surface work
NOTE: The railway has to be in conformity with
ISO 12488-1 – Class 2.
4.2.2.4 5 Loads caused by acceleration of
φ φ shall be considered according to EN 13001-2.
5 5
drives
Usual values of the dynamic coefficient φ for
tower cranes are:
φ5 = 1,0 for centrifugal forces;
φ = 1,5 for drive forces for all typical drives of
tower cranes (with no backlash or in case where
existing backlash does not affect the dynamic
forces and with smooth change of forces);
4.2.2.5 6 Loads induced by displacements - Not applicable for tower cranes.
4.2.3.1 7 Loads due to in-service wind - The minimum in-service wind level that shall be
considered is state 2 (normal winds). The wind
pressure to consider is q = 250 N/m² (Wind
(3)
speed v = 20 m/s) – see note 1
(3)
4.2.3.2 8 Loads due to snow and ice - This load has to be considered only on special
request from a customer or local regulation.
4.2.3.3 9 Loads due to temperature variation - Not applicable for tower cranes.
4.2.3.4 10 Loads caused by skewing - Not applicable for tower cranes.
EN 13001-2
Ref. clause
Load line
number i
Dyn. factor
φ
i
prEN 14439:2014 (E)
Definitions and guidance on values for
Load
dynamic factors φ
i
and load determination
4.2.4.1 11 Loads caused by hoisting a Refer to load line number 2 of this table.
φ
grounded load at maximum
hoisting speed
4.2.4.2 12 Loads due to out-of-service wind - Refer to subclause 5.2.3.3.
4.2.4.3 13 Test loads According to EN 13001-2 and Annex C of this
φ
standard.
The minimum wind pressure to consider for test
loads is q = 40 N/m² (Wind speed v = 8 m/s) –
(3) (3)
see note 1
4.2.4.4 14 Loads due to buffer forces φ According to EN 13001-2 and subclause 5.2.2.5 of
this standard.
In this condition, not applicable for tower cranes.
4.2.4.5 15 Loads due to tilting forces - Not applicable for tower cranes.
4.2.4.6 16 Loads caused by emergency - This load can be evaluated by calculation on a
cut-out dynamic model analysis or by experiment
4.2.4.7 17 Loads caused by anticipated - This load can be evaluated by calculation on a
failure of mechanism or dynamic model analysis or by experiment
components
4.2.4.8 18 Loads due to external excitation of - To be considered only on special request from a
the crane foundation customer or local regulation.
4.2.4.9 19 Loads caused by erection, - Refer to subclause 5.2.3.4.
dismantling and transport
4.2.4.10 20 Loads on means provided for - According to EN 13001-2
access
- 21 Loads due to dynamic cut-out by φ , Not applicable for tower cranes, as already
L
rated capacity limiter covered by emergency cut-out situation.
φML
- 22 Loads due to unintentional loss of Refer to subclause 5.2.3.5.
φ
hoist load
NOTE According to EN 13001-2 the wind velocity v corresponds to the wind speed that can be measured at the
(3)
highest point of the crane.
5.2.3.3 Loads due to out-of-service wind
Wind loads due to out of service wind for tower cranes are split-up in 3 different wind load assumptions,
depending on the wind direction acting on the crane, with the requirement of a free slewing upper works.
These loads are converted into 3 different load combinations: C2.1, C2.2 and C2.3 according Table 4.
The static and stability proof shall be made with the following load combinations:
C2.1 (wind from rear) ,
C2.2 (wind from front) or C2.3 (wind from all direction).
5.2.3.3.1 Loads due to out-of-service wind from rear
The out-of-service wind loads from rear are assumed to act on a member of a tower crane or on the hoist load
remaining suspended at the crane and are calculated using the following formula:
F = c c * q(z) * c * A
s d
EN 13001-2
Ref. clause
Load line
number i
Dyn. factor
φ
i
prEN 14439:2014 (E)
where:
F is the wind load as defined in EN 13001-2, 4.2.4.2.
c c is the structural factor
s d
Due to the size and structure of tower cranes, the structural factor c c should take into account
s d
the effect of wind actions from the non-simultaneous occurrence of peak wind pressures on the
surface together with the effect of the vibrations of the structure due to turbulence.
c c is set to 0,95 for tower crane considering the existing gust response factor φ = 1,1
s d 8
included in the formula of q(z).
NOTE c c -factor is only allowed to be used at load combination C2.1.
s d
q(z) is the wind pressure as defined in EN 13001-2, 4.2.4.2.
c is the aerodynamic coefficient as defined in EN 13001-2, 4.2.4.2.
A is the characteristic area as defined in EN 13001-2, 4.2.4.2.
If the tower crane is not slewing freely out of service, this wind load action has to be applied from all sides.
The additional wind loads given in clause 5.2.3.3.2 and clause 5.2.3.3.3 can be ignored in that case.
For standard application, the reference wind speed and recurrence period shall conform with the following
minimum requirements:
reference wind speed v = 28 m/s (reference wind speed for region “C”)
ref
recurrence period R = 25 years.
Higher reference wind speed and recurrence period may be considered depending on the local conditions of
the use of the crane.
For specific applications or jobsite conditions (special cranes like very high cranes, cranes tied to a building,
jobsites with special wind effects, etc.) different parameters than those listed above based on more accurate
wind speed evaluation methods can be used.
5.2.3.3.2 Loads due to out-of-service wind from front
The wind load action for out of service wind from front is an additional safety load case to cover a transient
situation out of service until the crane has turned into the intended final out of service (weathervaning) position
with the wind coming from rear and shall be considered according to the following definition:
F = q * c * A
(3)
where:
gust wind pressure q = 710 N/m² (gust wind speed v = 33,7 m/s)
(3) (3)
This wind pressure has to be applied constant over the height of the crane.
5.2.3.3.3 Loads due to out-of-service wind from all directions
Alternatively to the previous load ‘wind from front’ the following approach can be chosen with the wind coming
from all sides. Again, this wind load action for out of service wind from all directions is seen mainly as an
additional safety load case to cover the transient situation out of service until the crane has turned into the
prEN 14439:2014 (E)
intended final out of service (weathervaning) position with the wind coming from rear and shall be considered
according to the following definition:
F = q * c * A
(3)
where:
gust wind pressure q = 425 N/m² (gust wind speed v = 26 m/s)
(3) (3)
This wind pressure has to be applied constant over the height of the crane.
Information about the calculation of the maximum load effect due to this load case are given in Annex A.
5.2.3.4 Loads caused by erection, dismantling and transport
Loads caused by erection, dismantling and transport shall be considered in accordance with EN 13001-2
clause 4.2.4.9. Accordingly, these loads are classified as exceptional load (load combination type C) as a
basic statement.
In some cases, these loads could be occasional or regular. Then the corresponding partial safety factors have
to be taken for these design and safety load cases.
At the erection, dismantling and transportation of tower cranes several different types of loads have to be
considered:
Weight forces
Weight forces have to be considered according to Table 1, load line 1 where applicable.
Mass forces from impact of a hoist load
In case of hoisting an unrestrained grounded load, the mass of the hoist load has to be multiplied by the
coefficient φ according to Table 2, load line 2 where applicable. The characteristic of the hoist drive has
to be considered.
Mass forces due to accelerations from drives
For loads induced in a crane by accelerations or decelerations caused by drive, the coefficient φ
according to Table 2, load line 5 has to be considered where applicable. The load effect of these mass
forces shall not be less than 10 % of the weight force in the direction of the actual motion.
For a typical self-erecting tower crane, the entire folding and unfolding procedure through its own drives
is meant hereby.
prEN 14439:2014 (E)
Key
G mass of a part of a crane creating mass forces caused by accelerations or decelerations of the assembly drive
A
Figure 1 - Sketch illustrating mass forces due to accelerations from drives
Mass forces from impact of assembled or disassembled parts
For loads induced in a crane by impact of assembled parts a vertical or horizontal force of 10% of the
weight of the assembled or disassembled part has to be applied that way to achieve the most
unfavourable load effect.
For a typical top slewing tower crane, a vertical load has to be considered e.g. while installing the
counter ballast. A horizontal load has to be considered e.g. while installing the jib.
Key
G mass of a part of a crane at assembly or disassembly creating a horizontal or vertical impact force
A
Figure 2 - Sketch illustrating mass forces from impact of assembled or disassembled parts
prEN 14439:2014 (E)
Wind forces
The minimum wind level that shall be considered during erection, dismantling and transport is state 1
(light winds). The wind pressure to consider is q = 125 N/m².
(3)
Erection load cases with climbing frame:
Additional requirements are given in Annex E.
5.2.3.5 Loads due to unintentional loss of hoist load
For tower cranes, this load case refers to hoist rope rupture or accidental drop of hoist load. For the proof of
strength, the value of dynamic factor φ shall be evaluated by calculation on a dynamic model analysis or by
experiment. For the proof of rigid body stability φ = -0,3 shall be used.
5.2.3.6 Loads due to buffer force
For travel gears of tower cranes, a verification of the energy absorption capacity of the buffers and of the
effect of the buffer forces on the supporting structure may be disregarded with, on condition that the rated
travelling speed is less than 40 m/min and that limit switches are installed in addition to buffer stops.
5.2.4 Load combinations
5.2.4.1 General
The tower crane, or parts of a tower crane, can be attached to a mass distribution class MDC1 or MDC2
depending on favourable or unfavourable gravitational load effects acting on the masses of the crane,
according definition in EN 13001-2 clause 4.3.3.
The proof calculation shall be based in general on the “limit state method” according EN 13001-1, 4.2.7.1,
which requires to multiply the selected loads of a load combination with partial safety factors γ .
p
For a tower crane or parts of a tower crane of class MDC1 with a linear relationship between the loads and the
load effects, the “allowable stress method” may be applied alternatively with the given overall safety factor γ .
f
5.2.4.2 Mass distribution classes MDC1 and MDC2 for the proof of strength
When calculating gravitational loads for a given crane configuration and load combination, the masses of parts
of the crane can either increase (“unfavourable”) or decrease the resulting load effect (“favourable”) at the
detail under review. The same mass may be favourable in some configurations and unfavourable in other
configurations, for each load combination which has to be considered according to 5.2.4.5 and 5.2.4.6.
For tower cranes the slewing axis can be defined as reference axis to determine the effect of the mass load
action. The evaluation takes place under non-deformed condition. Components with a centre of gravity (COG)
lying on the reference axis (e.g. tower section of top-slewing tower cranes) shall be considered as
unfavourable.
As a general guideline, a part of a tower crane, for which the design load is mainly due to the resulting
bending moment, e.g. tower of a tower crane, shall be classified MDC2 if the sign of this resulting bending
moment related to this part is changing when considering two load combinations:
load combination “state 1” only considering the dead weight of the crane structure
load combination “state 2” corresponding to one of the load combination of Table 4.
Following figures show the typical reference axis and possible crane mass distribution classes for the different
parts of the crane. All parts above the dash-dotted line are assumed to be MDC1 class components and all
parts below of MDC2 class.
prEN 14439:2014 (E)
Key
MDC1 components or parts of a crane that can be typically classified as MDC1 parts
MDC2 components or parts of a crane that can be typically classified as MDC2 parts
G1 mass and centre of gravity of the rotating upper works
G2 mass and centre of gravity of the stationary lower works
P mass of hoist load
1 reference axis to determine the mass distribution classes of a component or part for the proof of strength
Figure 3 - Reference axis and MDC class mass distribution for a trolley jib tower crane (top slewing)
with articulated connected counter-jib and rigidly connected tower top
prEN 14439:2014 (E)
Key
MDC1 components or parts of a crane that can be typically classified as MDC1 parts
MDC2 components or parts of a crane that can be typically classified as MDC2 parts
G1 mass and centre of gravity of the rotating upper works
G2 mass and centre of gravity of the stationary lower works
P mass of hoist load
1 reference axis to determine the mass distribution classes of a component or part for the proof of strength
Figure 4 - Reference axis and MDC class mass distribution for a luffing jib tower crane (top slewing),
with rigidly connected counter-jib, and articulated connected A-frame
prEN 14439:2014 (E)
Key
MDC1 components or parts of a crane that can be typically classified as MDC1 parts
MDC2 components or parts of a crane that can be typically classified as MDC2 parts
P mass of hoist load
1 reference axis to determine the mass distribution classes of a component or part for the proof of strength
G1 mass and centre of gravity of jib and tower incl. suspension system
G2 mass and centre of gravity of slewing table incl. counter ballast and undercarriage
Figure 5 - Reference axis and MDC class mass distribution for a self-erecting tower crane
(bottom slewing)
NOTE 1 The slewing table and undercarriage of self-erecting tower cranes (see Figure 5) shall be considered as
MDC2-parts, in case that the combined centre of gravity (COG) of all parts above the slewing ring is shifted behind the
slewing axis.
NOTE 2 The assignment of a part of the crane to the class MDC1 does not automatically imply a linear relationship
between loads and load effects. In many cases, some parts (e.g. the jib of a luffing jib crane or the tower of a self-erecting
tower crane) usually have to be calculated using the “limit state method” considering the deformed system in a state of
equilibrium (theory second order).
5.2.4.3 Partial safety factors for the mass of the crane
For the mass of parts of the crane, partial safety factors γ shall be chosen from Table 3 depending on the
p
method of determining the masses of the crane parts (by calculation or by weighing) and depending on the
assigned MDC-class considering the favourable or unfavourable load effect, defined according to guideline
given in 5.2.4.2.
A part of a tower crane, e.g. slewing upper structure of a top slewing tower crane, having both favourable and
unfavourable acting masses, may be assigned to only one partial safety factor in each load combination,
related to the centre of gravity of this part.
The use of the partial safety factors given in Table 3 is linked to the ratio between the sum load effect due to
favourable masses of crane parts and the sum load effect of unfavourable masses of crane parts together with
the load effect of the hoist load. This ratio shall be less than 0,6 (see equation below). The values of loads and
prEN 14439:2014 (E)
masses shall be used without application of any amplification factor (partial safety factor or dynamic
coefficients).
L
f
f = < 0,6
L
L +L
unf h
where:
f is the ratio of load effects
L
L is the load effect of favourable masses of crane parts
f
L is the load effect of unfavourable masses of crane parts
unf
L is the load effect of the hoist load
h
In case above condition is not fulfilled, partial safety factors according to Table 7 of EN 13001-2 shall be used.
Table 3 — Values of factor γ
p
Method of Load combinations according 5.2.4.5
determining
A B C
the masses
of crane
MDC1/MDC2 MDC2 MDC1/MDC2 MDC2 MDC1/MDC2 MDC2
parts and
their centres
unfavourable favourable unfavourable favourable unfavourable favourable
of gravity
by calculation 1,22 1,00 1,16 1,00 1,10 1,00
by weighing 1,16 1,10 1,10 1,05 1,05 1,00
5.2.4.4 High risk applications
For usual application of tower crane, the risk coefficient γ is not required. This coefficient can be applied for
n
special application on customer requirement according to EN 13001-2, 4.3.2.
5.2.4.5 Load combinations for the proof of strength
Load combinations to consider for tower cranes are given in Table 4, according to loads defined in 5.2.3 and
EN 13001-2, 4.3.6.
prEN 14439:2014 (E)
Table 4 — Loads, load combinations and partial safety factors for proof of strength
Load Load
Load combinations C
combinations A combinations B
Categories
Partial Partial Partial
Loads f i
i
of load
safety safety safety C2.1 C2.2 C2.3 C9.1 C9.2 C9.3
A1 A3 B1
...
Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.